The aim of this study is to investigate the ways in which actions involving the construction of funerary mounds facilitated the continuity of Beaker and Bronze Age society in South-West Britain by creating and renewing meaningful traditions of knowledge. Following a brief introduction (Chapter 1) which reviews the character and contents of the study, the second chapter considers some theoretical issues arising from the practice of interpretative archaeology, and concludes with a discussion of death rituals and their archaeological appropriation. Chapter 3 is a critical review of the modem tradition of barrow study, and proposes an alternative perspective pursued in later chapters. Chapter 4 involves an examination of the environmental and social context surrounding later third and second millennium burial practices in the South-West in terms of its implications for community regionalization, social structure, and funerary function. Chapter 5 contains an overview of the funerary sites, a discussion of the analysis employed in their examination, and a contextual history of Bronze Age funerary practices, integrating the results into a general view of social and ritual development. Chapter 6 elaborates upon Beaker/Bronze Age traditions of knowledge by detailing the form and content of the meaningful taxonomies which structured perception, and how such taxonomies were forwarded and reproduced through tomb construction and related ritual actions. The chapter concludes by considering the results of the analysis against the current approaches to the subject. The picture of Bronze Age ceremonial burial which emerges differs from that produced by traditional and current perspectives, in that local contingent circumstances and cosmological constructs are shown to have been of equal importance to both power relations and large scale economic structures in influencing site location, monument appearance, material culture use, and funerary action. Appendices and tables summarise individual site histories and supporting data.

During the 1960s in the United States, AM radio stations began broadcasting an underground format. The purpose of this study is to examine the Beaker Street program on Little Rock's KAAY AM-1090. This show presented non-mainstream programming. Disc jockeys supported alternative points of view, while playing underground music. The 50,000-watt directional AM radio signal at night aired KAAY across the Western Hemisphere. The host, engineer Dale Seidenschwarz, was named Clyde Clifford. Research utilized interviews with Seidenschwarz and KAAY employees. Sources included newspapers, magazine, documents, audio recordings and artifacts. Findings reveal a popular, undocumented radio program. This study tells the significant story of a radio program that people remember and listen to today, now on an FM station.

No description available.

This essay is a study and analysis of the funnel beaker pottery at Gullarve 1:13 in Väte parish. The purpose of the study is to analyse the chronology of the settlement by determine the distribution, stratigraphic context and the ornamentation of the pottery. Another purpose is to discuss the geographical location of the settlement in the landscape.In this essay a short review of the pottery and the funnel beaker culture as well as a description of the pottery from the archaeological excavation from 1984 at Gullarve 1:13 is presented. Since the documentation of the archaeological excavation from 1984 is missing or is very inadequate, no spatial analysis can be carried out. The distribution of the pottery can’t contribute to the result of the essay, though if possible it probably would have provided some interesting results. A clear stratigraphic difference of pottery with ornamentation and flint is indicated. The earliest radiocarbon date of the settlement is approximately 5000 BC. The funnel beaker pottery is generally dated to 4200 BC, which suggests that the Väte settlements on Gotland are the earliest agriculture settlements in Sweden. This area provide a productive natural resource area around the settlement, including a sweet water lake and sandy soil, which indicates a typical funnel beaker settlement at Gotland. One can easily understand why the inhabitants of the early Neolithic settlement chose to live at Gullarve 7000 years ago.

Habilitationsschrift--Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 1973/74. / Includes bibliographical references (v. 1, p. 298-320).

Habilitationsschrift--Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, 1973/74. / Includes bibliographical references (v. 1, p. 298-320).

This thesis compares burial practices of Beaker-using communities in Britain and provides a corpus of British Beaker burials. Chronologically, this study covers the period from around the 25th until the 18th century BC, from the Chalcolithic to the Early Bronze Age. Beakers were a new feature in late British prehistory and were probably introduced through small-scale migration and cultural transfer. Together with the pottery, a new style of funerary practices was introduced, that was comparable to continental practices at that time and strictly distinguished between male and female individuals. The standard continental practice, e.g. in Bohemia, was that men were buried with their head to the north, lying on their left side, thus facing east. Women were also facing east, but were buried on the right side and were consequently orientated to the south. This particular pattern can be found in southern Britain but is less strict in its application. This peculiar finding has attracted much scholarly interest since its discovery. Therefore, the research of Beaker funerary practices has a long tradition and still forms a core area of research. This study considers two main questions: does the data confirm established opinions on Beaker burial practices, including a distinct regional division of burial traditions, e.g. in terms of body orientation between northern and southern Britain, and is it possible to identify which area of continental Europe exerted the greatest influence on developments in Britain? In order to be able to structurally compare these burials, a database containing 311 entries has been compiled from the published literature. All available data on the skeletons has been integrated, including orientation, position, and limb position. Additionally, data on grave construction and artefacts has been collected. This data has been analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, both comparatively and statistically. Through the collected data, this thesis argues that the general image of Beaker burial practices is still valid. However, certain generalisations require revision, for example the orientations of individuals. Chronologically, early Beaker burials follow strict standards, while during the course of Beaker currency these standards become less strictly adhered to. Possible regions of the origin of British Beaker burial practices are usually connected with the Lower Rhine area. The study agrees that this area had strong influences in northern Britain, but argues that southern Britain, on grounds of orientations and positions of the bodies, had more varied influences with a stronger input from central Europe.

Doctorat en philosophie et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

As mudanças dos hábitos de consumo do consumidor, força o desenvolvimento de produtos industrializados mais saudáveis. Assim, pesquisadores em ciência e tecnologia de produtos cárneos, têm focado parte de suas pesquisas no desenvolvimento de produtos com níveis reduzidos de sódio. O presente estudo teve como objetivo buscar por micro-organismos bioprotetores e proteolíticos para o uso em salames com baixo teor de cloreto de sódio (NaCl). O primeiro capitulo consiste em uma revisão de literatura, sendo o segundo o desenvolver salames italianos com 1,0% NaCl com a adição ou não de cloreto de potássio (KCl) e cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) com características sensoriais semelhantes aos descritos no salames comerciais com 2,5% de NaCl adicionado. Os resultados mostraram diferenças de pH e Aw, devido à redução de NaCl. As misturas substitutas de sal (KCl/CaCl2) nos salames não afetaram tecnologicamente a elaboração de salames. Para os consumidores, esta substituição não acarretou diferenças significativas (p> 0,05) na aparência (cor), porém observou-se diferenças nos demais atributos. Com relação ao teor de sal, os consumidores consideraram os tratamentos com baixo teor de NaCl adicionados dos substitutos KCl e CaCl2 como ideais. No terceiro capitulo, o objetivo foi analisar os aldeídos produzidos pela lipólise e proteólise assim como a aceitação sensorial de salames tipo Italiano com reduzido conteúdo de sódio. Das seis amostras elaboradas, todas foram monitoradas quanto ao pH e atividade de água e após a maturação do salame, foi realizada analise do perfil de voláteis e comparado com a sensorial. Os resultados mostraram a existência de uma relação entre a concentração de aldeídos e aceitação sensorial. Com a finalidade de elucidar a proteólise dos micro-organismos escolhidos, foi realizado no quarto capitulo um estudo com modelos Beaker Sausage (BS) para simular a produção de salame com baixo conteúdo de sódio para avaliar a produção de aminoácidos e peptídeos de culturas starters bacteriocigenicas. O BS contendo Enterococcus mundtii CRL35 apresentou a maior variedade de peptídeos pequenos, seguido pela BS contendo L. curvatus CRL1862. Embora o modelo de carne inoculadas com Lactobacillus plantarum CRL681 produziu o maior número de peptídeos derivados de proteínas sarcoplasmáticas. A pequena quantidade considerável de péptido produzido no BS inoculado permitiu inferir que os conteúdos mais baixos de sódio não afetam negativamente a ação das peptidases microbianas. O objetivo do último capitulo, foi avaliar o efeito das alegações de saúde sobre as aceitação dos salames tipo Italiano com reduzido conteúdo de sódio. Neste estudo, foi avaliada a expectativa gerada pelas alegações de saúde e os resultados mostraram que as alegações tiveram pouco efeito na aceitação dos consumidores decorrentes em valores de aceitação baixo para o protótipo de laboratório. Assim, pode-se concluir que a produção de salames tipo Italiano com teores reduzidos de NaCl, adicionados de CaCl2+ KCl é viável com a pouca adição destes substitutos e o uso de culturas starters bacteriocigênicas, que também são altamente proteolíticas de ser melhor estudado a fim de adequar a proteólise ideal para a formação dos compostos desejáveis no salame com baixo teor de sódio. / Changes in consumers\' eating habits and lifestyle have required the development of healthier processed products. Thus, researchers in science and meat products technology has focused their studies on the development of products with reduced sodium contents. This study investigated the use of bioprotectants and proteolytic microorganisms for low-sodium NaCl in salami. The chapter 1 consists in a literature review. In the second chapter, the objective was to develop Italian salami with 1.0% NaCl with or without the addition of potassium chloride (KCl) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) with sensory characteristics similar to those described in the commercial salami with 2.5% NaCl added. The results showed differences in pH and water activity (Aw) due to the reduction of NaCl. Salt substitutes chloride (KCl / CaCl2) in salamis did not technologically affectsalami preparation. For consumers, this replacement did not cause significant differences (p> 0.05) in appearance (color), but there were differences in other attributes. Regarding the salt content, consumers considered treatment with low NaCl content and added with KCl and CaCl2 as ideal substitutes. In the third chapter, the goal was to analyze the aldehydes produced by lipolysis and proteolysis as well as sensory acceptance of the Italian salami type with reduced sodium content. Allsix samples preparedwere monitored for pH and Aw and after salami maturation, thevolatile profile analysis was performed and compared with the sensory analysis. The results show the existence of a relationship between the concentration of aldehydes and sensory acceptance. In order to elucidate proteolysis of selected microorganisms, in the fourth chapter a study of models Beaker Sausage (BS) was conducted to simulate production of low-sodium salami to evaluate the production of amino acids and peptides of bacteriocigenicstarter cultures. The BS containing Enterococcus mundtii CRL35 showed the greatest variety of small peptides, followed by BS containing Lactobacilluscurvatus CRL1862. However, the meat model inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum CRL681 produced the largest number of sarcoplasmic proteins derived from peptides. A considerable number of peptides produced in the BS inoculated allowed to infer that lower sodium content did not affect the action of microbial peptidases. The purpose of the last chapter was to evaluate the effect of health claims on the acceptance of Italian-type salami with reduced sodium content. In this study, the expectation generated by health claims wereanalyzed and the results showed that health claims had little effect on the increase of consumer acceptance for the prototype developed in the laboratory. Thus, it can be concluded that the production of Italian-type salami with reduced levels of NaCl, KCl + CaCl2 added is feasible but low addition of these substitutesmust be considered. Moreover, the use of bacteriocigenicstarter cultures, highly proteolytic to achieve optimal proteolysis in the formation of the desired compounds, should adjusted to low-sodiumsalami.

This essay aims to investigate the use of an origin-ID within the Beaker Complex, as defined by John C. Barrett, seen through their different expressions of use in ceramic form and ornamentation, architecture and landscape through time and space with special emphasis on the late Neolihtics in the South of England. The analytic vehicle "the reinforcing circle" is used as a new diffusion model suggested by Stuart Needham, and the analytic tool "incubation" is used to structure the process the Beaker-cultures may have used to reach cultural hegemony. Id est, that the Beaker-cultures socially invites already existing cultures, offering within family and trading the results of new technolo­gies. And/or, occupy the space and use the authority needed by re-writing the narrative as seen in the grave use and grave deposits. The use of a Beaker origin-ID is identified as a peaceful strategy to successfully implement and fullfill a process towards cultural hegemony in areas in Europe where the Beaker cultures presence over time have been identified. / Uppsatsen är inte paginerad.