The polycultural settlement area in Libeznice (Prague-East district) represents a relatively large complex of many different settlement structures, mostly of Funnel Beaker culture and Hallstat period, as well as three Unetice culture tombs and a skeleton burial probably of La-Téne period. An archaeological excavation, which was caused by the construction of a ring road, took place in the years 2008 and 2009. During the works several dozens of settlement structures of Funnel Beaker culture were uncovered - a large open settlement with a number of long houses and other structures. This thesis follows my bachelor thesis, where a chosen group of sixteen structures is analysed. In this thesis a remaining group of nineteen settlement structures is dealt with and published and its ceramic artefacts and also chipped stone industry, polished stone industry and bone industry are analysed in detail. On the basis of its morphological features coincident with previous results was this settlement dated to the younger period of Funnel Beaker culture, i.e. to the salzmünde phase, followed by a small collection of ceramics of Boleráz phase (Baden culture). Middle Eneolithic period - Funnel Beaker culture - Salzmünde phase - habitation area - Bohemia

This thesis deals mainly with the Middle Neolithic period (ca. 3200-2300 BC) on the island of Gotland in the Baltic Sea. The aim is to deepen the understanding of how the islanders related to their surroundings, to the landscape, to places, to objects, to animals and to humans, both living and dead. The archaeological material is studied downwards and up with a focus on practices, especially the handling and deposition of materials and objects in graves, within sites and in the landscape. The study is comparative and the Middle Neolithic is described in relation to the Early Neolithic and the Mesolithic period on the island. From a long term perspective the island is presented as a region where strong continuity can be identified, regarding both way of life and economy. In contrast, substantial changes did occur through time regarding the islander’s conceptions of the world and of social relations. This in turn affected the way they looked upon the landscape, different sites and animals, as well as other human beings. During the Mesolithic, the islanders first saw it as possible to create their world, their micro-cosmos, wherever they were, and they saw themselves as living in symbiosis with seals. With time, though, they started to relate, to connect and to identify themselves with the island, its landscape and its material, with axe sites and a growing group identity as results. The growing group identity culminated during the Early Neolithic with a dualistic conception of the world and with ritualised depositions in border zones. The Middle Neolithic is presented as a period when earlier boundaries were dissolved. This concerned, for example, boundaries towards the world around the islanders and they were no longer keeping themselves to their own sphere. At the same time individuals became socially important. It became accepted and also vital to give expression to personal identity, which was done through objects, materials and animals. Despite this, group identity continued to be an important part in their lives. This is most evident through the specific Pitted Ware sites, where the dead were also treated and buried. These places were sites for ritual and social practices, situated in visible, central and easy accessible locations, like gates in and out of the islands’ different areas. The dead were very important for the islanders. In the beginning of MN B they started to adopt aspects from the Battle Axe culture, but they never embraced Battle Axe grave customs. Instead they held on to the Pitted Ware way of dealing with the dead and buried, and to the Pitted Ware sites, through the whole period, with large burial grounds as a result.

This thesis analyses the Funnel Beaker Culture on the island of Gotland. Since no comprehensive studies of the remains of the pottery have been made, this is one of the reasons why I chose to study this topic. The purpose of this study is to analyze the pottery and to discuss the chronological and spatial implications. Four sites from the Funnel Beaker Culture on Gotland are studied; Mölner/Gullarve, Gräne, Ardags and Suderkvie. Ceramic samples are analyzed with respect to its ornament and it is discussed if the pottery found at various sites are contemporary. This is done by comparing with pottery from Funnel Beaker sites in Scania. A comparison with Öland is also made, mainly with the site of Runsbäck. Another well excavated Funnel Beaker site is discussed, Skogsmossen in Västmanland. Finally, I have done a detailed spatial analysis of the site Mölner/Gullarve, with focus on the area of Gullarve, to understand the distribution of the ceramics and some of the flint material. This is an attempt to discuss the relations between Gullarve and Mölner, as well as all the sites regionally and their possible interregional relationships with Öland and the Swedish mainland. This thesis has shown that it is possible that the site of Mölner/Gullarve might belong to the earlier part of the early Neolithic era whilst the sites Gräne and Suderkvie might belong to the later part of the same period. Ardags has been a complicated site to date and seem to have been of importance to the people for a long time. The spatial analysis of Mölner/Gullarve has shown that some flint-artifacts have seemingly been more common on Gullarve whilst ceramics seems to have been more common on Mölner. Other things that have been discussed is the possibility of a megalithic tomb near the site of Suderkvie and that the site of Ardags should be further discussed out of a perspective of possible ertebølle-pottery. / Skärvor av en forntid

Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before. Investigating Neolithic pottery and vessel use could elucidate the duality between the farming Funnel Beaker Culture and the hunter-gathering Pitted Ware Culture during the Neolithic. The two archaeological groups differ on several accounts that are of great importance when interpreting past societies. However, it is the suggested differential subsistence economies that are of specific interest for this particular investigation. A comparative study based on the absorbed fatty acids in the ceramic material from two different Neolithic sites addresses the food cultures of the farming subsistence and the contrasting, contemporary hunter-gatherer society and the differences in resource-use. The investigation argues that food acts as an active social binder, and stress the importance of incorporating this aspect when discussing past cultures. The results of the analyses display difference in vessel use between the two sites as well as an intra-site difference at Korsnäs. It is argued that these differences are indicative of deviating food-cultures and spatial organisation at Korsnäs respectively. These results are combined with the previously conducted osteological analyses and stable isotopic analyses an approach that contribute to a more dynamic understanding of the Neolithic food cultures than what has been available before.

This thesis considers the nature of pottery and its wider roles in the Highlands and Northern Isles of Scotland from 2500-1800 BC. The period under study represents a key moment in British prehistory with the introduction of metallurgy and wide-ranging changes in society. Since the inception of early Bronze Age studies pottery has played an important role in examinations of identity and chronology. As identified by several scholars there has been a recurrent emphasis on a select number of interpretive themes and regions such as Wessex and Aberdeenshire. This has marginalised certain areas creating an imbalance in our understanding of the tempo and dynamics of change during the period. Recent reviews have begun to address this issue, highlighting the importance of regional studies to our overall understanding of change in the later 3rd millennium. At present, there is no synthesis of ceramic material from the Highlands and Northern Isles that considers the diverse array of pot types and the contexts in which they are found. In response, this thesis aims to characterise the range of ceramic types, their contexts and associations. Through the course of this thesis a series of detailed regional datasets and interpretations are constructed. This is coupled with a review of the longer-term ceramic sequence across the study area, situating the advent of novel pot types within the existing ceramic repertoire. Secondly, this thesis examines the dynamics of ceramic similarity and difference, and what this reveals about regional preferences and identities alongside broader intra and supra regional networks. Drawing on recent relational approaches this thesis explores how ceramic categories came into being, persisted and dissipated at a range of scales. These approaches highlight the fluid nature of change and the need to consider pots as elements of wider assemblages. Through this examination it is possible to detect distinct trends in regional ceramics, allowing for the construction of narratives that extend beyond defining visual similarities, contributing towards understanding the wider significance of similarity and difference.

The archaeological site Pigloner Kopf (Vadena/Pfatten, South Tyrol, Italy) has revealed unexpected elements related to the local Bell Beaker culture, like the local production of shaft-hole axes, typologically linked to the Balkans and the Danube region. The site also shows the oldest evidence of ritual burnt offerings in the Eastern Alps. The mostly burnt animal bones, cereals, flint tools and fragments of pottery could be interpreted as the remains of a rock sanctuary with burnt offerings. The site can be considered as a prototype of the alpine places of worship and mountain sanctuaries. These burning rituals were practised from the beginning of the Bronze Age until the late Roman Empire. The aim of the paper is to present the results of the study of materials and their analyses, focussing on the metallurgical industry, composed mostly by objects produced with local copper, like 10 miniaturised shaft-hole axes, 7 awls and a pin and also by imported objects like a dagger blade and spiral ornaments. The deposition of copper tools in hoards in association with burnt offerings suggest a ritual interpretation of the site, dated to the late Copper Age with Bell Beaker elements in lithics and pottery.

The intent of this essay is to get a clearer picture of the regional differences and traditions within the funnel-beaker culture in Scandinavia during the early neolithic period. By getting a more thorough understanding of the practical labour and social aspects of the production attributed to the polygonal battle-axe, interpretations of regional divisions and the manufacture process are presented. This is done with the use of distribution patterns, ethnographic research and cultural evolution theory. / <p>Betyg: A</p>

La presente tesi di dottorato ha come oggetto la trasposizione televisiva di tre romanzi character driven: Heidi, Pippi Calzelunghe e The Story of Tracy Beaker. Questi, analizzati soprattutto dal punto di vista della protagonista femminile, sono stati studiati, così come i relativi adattamenti, utilizzando un modello metodologico di analisi che poggia le sue basi teoriche sia nell'estetica della letteratura per ragazzi sia nelle teorie dell'adattamento e della sceneggiatura. Il mercato audiovisivo e la tipologia di spettatori cambiano rapidamente e ciò rende necessaria un'attualizzazione non solo tematica, ma anche stilistica dell'opera originaria, alla ricerca di un compromesso tra la fedeltà al testo iniziale, necessaria per permettere al target l'immediata riconoscibilità dell'opera e dei personaggi, e l'esigenza di rispettare le richieste della contemporaneità. A livello accademico, lo studio degli adattamenti della letteratura per l'infanzia si è concentrato quasi esclusivamente in ambito cinematografico e non televisivo, nonostante quest'ultimo fornisca molti spunti di riflessione tanto sul processo di adattamento in sé quanto sulla serialità. Il presente lavoro si propone perciò di andare a riempire il gap teorico sull'argomento, ponendosi necessariamente a cavallo di due ambiti, -la letteratura e l'audiovisivo. Di conseguenza, l'approccio privilegiato è più letterario che pedagogico e si interseca con gli studi sull'adattamento e sull'industria audiovisiva. / This PhD dissertation investigates the adaptations from children's novels into television series, with a focus on three character-driven stories: Heidi, Pippi Longstockings and The Story of Tracy Beaker. Starting from the original novels, investigated mostly from the point of view of the female protagonist, the study then analyses the corresponding television adaptations, whether animated or live action, through a methodology that has its theoretical basis both in the aesthetics of children's literature and in the screenwriting theories. Nowadays, the audiovisual market and therefore the public are changing rapidly, making it necessary to update the thematic and the stylistic features of the original works from which the adaptations are drawn. Actually, adaptation is often a compromise between the contemporary market demand and the fidelity to the content, necessary to fulfil the expectations of the target audience. Surprisingly, there is a scarcity of critical literature on children's television adaptations, even if they represent a very rich topic as they raise specific issues both on the adaptation process itself and on serialisation. The present work, therefore, aims to fill the existing gap in the field of children's adaptations, placing itself where two critical areas, literature and media, meet. Consequently, the primary narrative approach intersects with studies on adaptation and audiovisual industry.

The non-metric postcranial traits characterize biological variability of human skeletal morphology. Special attention is beeing paid to changes in some muscular or ligaments' binding areas and to changes of the articulation facets which are considered to be possibly retaled to excessive physical stress, occuring through the lifetime. The osteological material belonging to the populations of the Corded Ware culture and the Bell Beaker culture in the area of Bohemia has been surveyed with respect to non-metric trait occurence. The origin of both of these culture bearers is still a discused issue. There is a hypothesis saying that bearers of both Late Eneotithic cultures might represent actually one population and the differency of cultural patterns were due only to life-style changes, not to large-area migration. With respect to the frequency of 94 postcranial non-metric traits both samples have been compared to each other on a basis of measure of divergence and mean measure of divergence. The samples of Late Eneolithic populations showed significant difference only in frequencies of two non- metric traits and along with the values of mean measure of divergence they seem to show rather homogeneity. Afterwards both samples were compared with a sample from Great Moravian burial site Mikulčice - Kostelisko and...

This thesis deals with Bell Beaker Culture at the end of the Eneolithic in two areas of its extension, in the Czech Republic and the Iberian Peninsula. We consider it as a one culture; however we can observe some differences mostly based on different domestic cultural background. Differences and similarities in manifestation of culture derived from an analysis of its various aspects in both areas such as settlement structure, funeral rite and material culture, of which the most characteristic are decorated Bell Beakers and archery equipment coming from the graves. This work is devoted to the characterization of Bell Beaker society and evolution of opinions on this phenomenon too.