The Sharp Mountain area is situated in the southern part of the Bear River Range in Utah. The geology of the Bear River Range to the north of this area, in Utah and Idaho, has been mapped; however, prior to this study little was known about the Sharp Mountain area. The purpose of this investigation are as follows: (1) to map and describe the geology of the area, and (2) to relate the stratigraphic and structural features of the Sharp Mountain area to those of the surrounding region.

The objective of this study was to quantitatively document interactions between black bears and backcountry visitors, and to identify the factors affecting those encounters. Fine hundred and ninety-two interactions were observed. The most common responses of visitors to bears were to watch, walk toward, and talk to others and/or point at the bear. Bears responded to humans largely by walking away, watching, traveling around, walking toward, and running away from people. Each behavior for both species was categorized into one of four response classes: (1) fear/avoidance, (2) neutrality, (3) approach, or (4) aggression. Over 65 percent of visitor responses were neutral. People were least likely to react to bears with fear/avoidance behavior. Bears also were most likely to be neutral. Of particular interest is the low occurrence of aggression shown by bears. Less than two percent of all responses fell into this category, most of which were exhibited by two animals. We witnessed no interactions which resulted in injury or even contact between visitors and bears. When ursid aggression did occur, bears appeared to be more aggressive in June, with younger visitors, and at close distances. Both human aggression and fear were correlated with short interactions. Bear behavior was greatly altered by possession of camper foods. Bears were more neutral and walked toward people less after they had begun to eat. They also showed much less fear of visitors at this time. Other correlations of both human and ursid behavior with biotic and abiotic variables ( temporal, spatial, environmental, etc.) are presented and discussed. Recommendations for improved management are also suggested.

The Monte Cristo area is a 7 1/2-minute quadrangle located in the southeastern. part of the Bear River Range, northern Utah. It is within the Middle Rocky Mountain province and is 10 miles east of the Basin and Range province. Previous to this investigation little was known about the detailed geology of the area except for a reconnaissance study and general geologic map of the Cache County part included in the Geologic Atlas of Utah, Cache County, published by Williams (1958). The purposes of this investigation were as follows: (1) to determine the formations present in the area and their relation to regional stratigraphy, (2) to determine the structure of the area and its relation to regional.structure, and (3). to produce a geologic map of the area (Plate 1).

In the past, several projects have been conducted at Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho, by the Utah State University through the Wildlife Resources Department, in conjunction with the Utah and Idaho fish and game departments, the Fish and Wildlife Service , and the National Science Foundation. These projects have dealt primarily with limnology, limnological techniques, fish life histories, fish movements, and bottom fauna in the pelagic and benthic areas of the lake. Subsequently, a littoral zone project was set up to study some of the ecological aspects of the shallow waters of Bear Lake, and some of the influences that this area may have on the entire lake.

The bioavailable fraction of phosphorus (BAP) in the lower Bear River system waters was investigated. BAP plays a critical role as the limiting nutrient for algal production and eutrophication in proposed reservoirs in the Bear River system. The Bear River system has a hardness rang ing between 180-240 rng/L as CaC03 which significantly affects BAP. BAP estimation was done by a modified Selenastrum capricornutum Printz Algal Assay Bottle Test. The algal bioassay is considered the best estimator of BAP because no chemical tests or i ndicator parameters are available. Autoclaving and UV radiation were found to be unacceptable means for sterilization because of phosphorus precipitation and inability to kill all the protozoa, respectively. Whole water samples were sterilized by gamma radiation . Hydrogen peroxide formed by gamma radiation was minimized by sparging with nitrogen gas , and adding peroxidase to remove low hydrogen peroxide concentrations. Soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations changed during radiation. The algal photosynthetic consumption of co2 in the assay procedure raised the pH from 8 to as high as 10, which resulted in significant quantities of phosphorus precipitating with calcium and becoming unavailable. To minimize the effects of precipitation, the following recommendations are made : (1) bubble the bioassay flask with a C02/air gas mixture to minimize pH increase ; and (2) use a high inoculum (105 cells/ml) of S . capricornutum that have been phosphorus starved for several days to maximize luxury uptake. Bioavailable phosphorus was estimated for each of the sources in Cache County. There are three major point sources (Logan, Hyrum, and Preston wastewater treatment plants) that contribute significant quantities of phosphorus . There are approximately 200 feedlots in the Cache Valley, and approximately 744,000 acres of land in Cache County which contribute runoff to the Bear River system. In Cache County, point sources contribute 2 8 , 20 0 ( 4 6%) kg BAP /yr, livestock runoff contributes 2,500 (4%) kg BAP/yr, and land runoff contributes 28,600 to 33,600 (50%) kg BAP/yr. Bioavailable phosphorus from land runoff was calculated by using export coefficients, which are usually accurate within a factor of two. A comprehensive phosphorus management plan is required to reduce available phosphorus from all sources to minimize algal blooms in the receiving waters.

Much of the decline of the U.S. sheep industry has been attributed to losses caused by predators. Most predatory losses are inflicted on lambs rather than ewes. Losses have historically ranged from 4-8% of lamb crops, inflicting significant financial loss on ranchers. However, most research providing data on sheep predation is over 20 years old. Changes in the sheep industry as well as predation rates may make previous loss rates inapplicable to current conditions. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are the primary predator of concern when it comes to sheep losses, but increasingly, cougars (Felis concolor) and black bears (Ursus americanus) are reported to be responsible for an increased proportion of lamb losses. I replicated a sheep depredation study conducted during the early 1970s in southwestern Utah and compared the results of the two studies to reassess losses and the predator species responsible for those losses. Total lamb losses to all causes in my study were comparable to losses reported in the 1970s as well as categories of verified and estimated predator losses. There was a significant variation in lamb losses between the 2 years of my study due to an increase in predator kills on sheep. Cougar and bear depredations occurred at significantly higher rates during my study than during the 1970s but did not produce an additive effect to overall predator losses. Most lambs killed by predators were located on or near pasture bed grounds as reported by other studies, but a large number were found >500 m from bed grounds. Rough terrain and scavenging by California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) made location of missing sheep difficult. The ability of cougars and bears to remove sheep carcasses from kill sites made the finding of sheep carcasses more difficult and caused an underreporting of sheep killed by these predators. I found that the loss of sheep to predation continues to be a problem for the sheep industry and its magnitude was unchanged from historic predation levels.

The Painter’s Wife and Other Stories is a novella and a collection of short fiction focusing on the lives of women and men in the contemporary Western United States. In their exploration of Western life, the novella and short stories subvert the popular mythology of the West. The novella and stories are set in one of three Colorado settings: the city of Denver, the rural Western slope, and the mountain communities of the Western Slope. Beyond being linked by region, the stories are also loosely linked by characters. Characters from one story are mentioned or make brief appearances in others, reinforcing the idea of a people connected by community and landscape.

A framework designed to guide the effective use of remote sensing in large-area, multi-jurisdictional habitat mapping studies has been developed. Based on hierarchy theory and the remote sensing scene model, the approach advocates (i) identifying the key physical attributes operating on the landscape; (ii) selecting a series of suitable remote sensing data whose spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal characteristics correspond to the attributes of interest; and (iii) applying an intelligent succession of scale-sensitive data processing techniques that are capable of delivering the desired information. The approach differs substantially from the single-map, classification-based strategies that have largely dominated the wildlife literature, and is designed to deliver a sophisticated, multi-layer information base that is capable of supporting a variety of management objectives. The framework was implemented in the creation of a multi-layer database composed of land cover, crown closure, species composition, and leaf area index (LAI) phenology over more than 100,000 km² in west-central Alberta. Generated through a combination of object-oriented classification, conventional regression, and generalized linear models, the products represent a high-quality, flexible information base constructed over an exceptionally challenging multi-jurisdictional environment. A quantitative comparison with two alternative large-area information sources—the Alberta Vegetation Inventory and a conventional classification-based land-cover map—showed that the thesis database had the highest map quality and was best capable of explaining both individual—and population-level resource selection by grizzly bears.

A framework designed to guide the effective use of remote sensing in large-area, multi-jurisdictional habitat mapping studies has been developed. Based on hierarchy theory and the remote sensing scene model, the approach advocates (i) identifying the key physical attributes operating on the landscape; (ii) selecting a series of suitable remote sensing data whose spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal characteristics correspond to the attributes of interest; and (iii) applying an intelligent succession of scale-sensitive data processing techniques that are capable of delivering the desired information. The approach differs substantially from the single-map, classification-based strategies that have largely dominated the wildlife literature, and is designed to deliver a sophisticated, multi-layer information base that is capable of supporting a variety of management objectives. The framework was implemented in the creation of a multi-layer database composed of land cover, crown closure, species composition, and leaf area index (LAI) phenology over more than 100,000 km² in west-central Alberta. Generated through a combination of object-oriented classification, conventional regression, and generalized linear models, the products represent a high-quality, flexible information base constructed over an exceptionally challenging multi-jurisdictional environment. A quantitative comparison with two alternative large-area information sources—the Alberta Vegetation Inventory and a conventional classification-based land-cover map—showed that the thesis database had the highest map quality and was best capable of explaining both individual—and population-level resource selection by grizzly bears.

The purpose of this thesis aims that common investors are expected to apply three kinds of active portfolio management without complex mathematical numeration to reduce investment risk or loss to get profits on Taiwan stock exchange capitalization weighted stock index options market. They are Constant Portion Portfolio Insurance Strategy (named CPPI), Time-Invariant Portfolio Protection (named TIPP) and Constant Mix Strategy (named CMS). The active managements adopt bull and bear spread as an adjustment of risk positions on the option market. Five research results are as followings: 1. The performance of the portfolio managements as Constant Portion Portfolio Insurance Strategy and Time - Invariant Portfolio Protection is better than that of the management as Constant Mix Strategy. And Floor value of the portfolio management as Time - Invariant Portfolio Protection exceeds that of the portfolio management as Constant Portion Portfolio Insurance Strategy. 2. Due to the regulation of margin system by Taiwan Future Exchange, the positions of Bull Call Spread and Bear Put Spread can be greater than ones of Bull Put Spread and Bear Call Spread. 3. The more differences between two strike prices on the spread option means to be able to get more profit opportunities. 4. Greater multiplier number and profit have inverse relationship. That only occurs on portfolio managements in Constant Portion Portfolio Insurance Strategy and Time - Invariant Portfolio Protection. 5. Setting upper and low limitation of single return rate for offsetting will have better performance than no limitations for the managements in Constant Portion Portfolio Insurance Strategy and Time - Invariant Portfolio Protection.