The objectives of this study were to gather information concerning the off-farm agricultural occupations of Millard, Beaver, Iron and Washington Couties. A list was made of present and anticipated number of employees in these occupations with the numbers involved in full-time, part-time, and female work. Occupations with similar backgrounds were clustered into four main areas. These were further classified into individual jobs. Comments were made concerning the competencies needed for entry and satisfactory performance in these occupations. Some of the characteristics of these occupations as to salary, required experience, labor laws and education requirements were reported. An attempt was made to identify all present and emerging off-farm agricultural occupations for which vocational agricultural education should be available. It was noted that each county in the area surveyed had many similar occupations and each had its own distinct problem differences. Correlating the survey study, the author concluded personal contact was a good technique to secure needed information. Also, telephoning the businesses proved to be a successful and time conserving method of securing desired information. Obtaining data through correspondence , an interesting observation was noted. Business of off-farm agricultural occupations located where higher educational institutions are established a quick response was noted as compared to other areas, in which virtually, no reply came by correspondence, until contacted personally . Employers perferred employees with rural background but it was not essential for employment. They considered it valuable to be able to have a speaking knowledge of the business served. The author traveled over 1100 miles in making this survey.

Dam building activity by North American Beaver (Castor canadensis) alters the timing and delivery of stream water and facilitates groundwater infiltration, overall increasing natural water storage behind and adjacent to dams. At the stream reach scale, increased water storage often alters hydrologic regimes by attenuating annual, and storm-event hydrographs, and increasing base flows. In the montane west, the most important water storage reservoirs are not human-made dams, but mountain snowpack, which slowly releases water through a mix of runoff and infiltration. Given estimates of decreasing snowpack with warming temperatures, beaver dams could provide a conceptually similar function to snowpack by delaying the delivery of precipitation by increasing surface and groundwater storage, thus lengthening residence time as water travels downstream. However, lack of predictive methods for modeling storage increases associated with relatively small magnitude beaver ponds at large spatial scales has precluded further investigation of this hypothesis. I address this knowledge gap by supplementing existing empirical data regarding the height of beaver dams and implement these empirical height distributions to develop the Beaver Dam Surface Water Estimation Algorithm (Chapter 2), a predictive model estimating beaver pond water storage that can be applied spatially at large scales. I then apply this model to estimate potential surface water storage and parameterize a groundwater model to estimate resulting groundwater storage increases for the entire Bear River basin under four different beaver dam capacity scenarios (Chapter 3). Estimated water storage changes from beaver dams are presented in the context of expected reductions in average annual maximum snow water equivalent, and existing and proposed reservoir storage within the basin. While the water storage provided by beaver dams is only a small fraction of expected snow water equivalent loss, it is not insubstantial and may prove beneficial for ecosystems where human-made reservoirs are not available to regulate hydrologic regimes. These results also stress the importance of further research examining how the cumulative effects of dams may affect the timing of runoff under changing precipitation regimes.

No description available.

1871 var bäver utrotad i Sverige, 1922 gjordes den första återintroduceringen i Jämtland. Det dröjde ända till 1960-talet innan bäver återintroducerades i Norrbotten. Återintroduceringarna i Sverige är ett relativt outforskat område och syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga återintroduceringarna i Norrbotten som skedde mellan 1960 - 1976. Resultaten som sådana är inte generaliserbara då de första utsättningarna i Norrbotten gjordes avsevärt senare än i övriga län, vilket innebär att aktörer och processer kan ha varit annorlunda. Dock visar denna undersökning på de bakomliggande motiv och restriktioner som fanns, vilket potentiellt kan tillämpas även vid andra återintroduceringar. Av bäverinventeringsmaterialet används endast information gällande Norrbotten, trots att inventeringar över hela Sverige redovisas, vilket gör det möjligt att potentiellt undersöka om samma mönster även gäller generellt. / By 1871 the beaver was extinct in Sweden. The beaver was first reintroduced in the county of Jämtland in 1922 and during the 1960s it was also reintroduced in the county of Norrbotten. This is a relatively unexplored field and the intention is to chart the reintroduction of beavers in Norrbotten between 1960-1976. This essay will not study the reintroductions in general. It will only study Norrbotten during the period mentioned above. The results as such is not generalizable because the first reintroduction in Norrbotten was considerably later than in the other counties, which means that the agents and processes involved may have been different in other parts of the country. However, this survey shows the underlying motivations and constraints that existed and this might be applicable on other reintroductions. In the materials of the beaver inventories only information regarding Norrbotten has been used, even though the inventories contains a chart of the beavers in all of Sweden. It is possible to investigate if these patterns might be generally applicable

In this study an attempt was made to collect all plant species growing on the Beaver Dam Mountains, and to arrange them into a workable flora of the area. A study was also made of the collections in the herbaria of Brigham Young University and Dixie Junior College. From this information keys and descriptions for all plant families and genera were written, as well as keys to all the species. For each species the following information was also given; the distribution in North America, the elvational range, period of flowering, and the location on the Beaver Dam Mountains in which the species was collected. Some 667 species in 308 genera and 78 families are recognized as occurring on this range. This study also shows extensions of the geographical range of many of the species of plants; as a result several new records for the state of Utah are listed. These are: Aloysia wrightii (Gray) Heller, epilobium nevadense Munz, Leptochloa filiformis (Lam.) Beauv., and Schismus arabicus Nees.

No description available.

No description available.

Beavers have been described as a “keystone species” and “ecosystem engineers”, and in this dual role have great potential to physically modify their environment through tree-felling, foraging and construction activities. The resultant change in habitat heterogeneity can affect the flora and fauna that share the habitat with them. There has been recent interest in reintroducing the Eurasian beaver to the United Kingdom after an absence of over 400 years. To date, no research (aside from this thesis) has focussed on beaver ecology and behaviour in Scotland. This study has investigated the ecological effects of a small number of beavers in two enclosed but semi-natural Scottish sites at Bamff in Perthshire. The research conducted over a three-year period, with particular emphasis on the effects of tree-felling, foraging and construction activities. Trees were felled for both dietary and construction purposes, with felling rates being influenced by habitat availability, quality and the degree of habitat modification required. Highest rates were evident during the initial colonisation period of marginal sites (c. >300 trees / beaver / calendar year), and lowest rates in later years of occupation of more optimal sites (c. 55 – 70 trees / beaver / calendar year). Preferences were generally for willow and aspen trees, with conifers almost entirely avoided, and smaller trees preferred over larger ones. Proximity of trees to waterbodies was also an important factor, with nearer trees favoured, and generally most felling occurred within 50 m of water. Such behaviour followed the principles of optimal central place foraging. These preferences were less predictable however when intense construction activity was undertaken, with larger trees preferred and generic preferences for deciduous trees apparently invalid. In such cases, close proximity to the construction site was of prime importance. Increased cover of herbaceous plant species was observed in beaver-created canopy gaps in riparian woodland, whilst macrophyte diversity within waterbodies increased slightly in areas of herbaceous grazing. The diversity of terrestrial ground invertebrates was highest in areas of heavy tree-felling, and invertebrate richness and abundance was greatest in areas of herbaceous grazing under an intact tree-canopy. Furthermore, the abundance, diversity and richness of macroinvertebrate communities were increased by beaver-generated woody debris in ponds and streams. Overall, 30% of all macroinvertebrate species collected were found only in beaver-affected areas, due to the refugia and food supply provided by beaver dams, caches and lodges, as well as hydrological effects of these structures. These results are discussed with reference to future plans to return the beaver to Scotland. The habitat usage and modification of riparian ecosystems in northern Britain is likely to be similar to that found in this study, and the results are believed to be relevant, applicable and transferable to many areas of Scotland.

This dissertation seeks to explore the wide reaching effects of the ‘Consumer Revolution of the Augustan Period’ (1680-1750) by examining the Hudson’s Bay Company from the perspective of the London metropole. During this period, newly imported and manufactured goods began flooding English markets. For the first time, members of the middling and lower sorts were able to afford those items which had previously been deemed ‘luxuries.’ One of these luxuries was the beaver felt hat, which had previously been restricted to the wealthy aristocracy and gentry because of its great cost. However, because of the HBC’s exports of beaver fur from Rupert’s Land making beaver widely available and therefore, less expensive, those outside of the privileged upper sorts were finally able to enjoy this commodity. Thus, the focus here will be on the furs leaving North America, specifically Hudson’s Bay, between 1670 and 1730, and consider the subsequent consumption of those furs by the British and European markets. This thesis examines English fashion, social, economic, and political history to understand the Hudson’s Bay Company and the Consumer Revolution, and their effects on one another.

This dissertation seeks to explore the wide reaching effects of the ‘Consumer Revolution of the Augustan Period’ (1680-1750) by examining the Hudson’s Bay Company from the perspective of the London metropole. During this period, newly imported and manufactured goods began flooding English markets. For the first time, members of the middling and lower sorts were able to afford those items which had previously been deemed ‘luxuries.’ One of these luxuries was the beaver felt hat, which had previously been restricted to the wealthy aristocracy and gentry because of its great cost. However, because of the HBC’s exports of beaver fur from Rupert’s Land making beaver widely available and therefore, less expensive, those outside of the privileged upper sorts were finally able to enjoy this commodity. Thus, the focus here will be on the furs leaving North America, specifically Hudson’s Bay, between 1670 and 1730, and consider the subsequent consumption of those furs by the British and European markets. This thesis examines English fashion, social, economic, and political history to understand the Hudson’s Bay Company and the Consumer Revolution, and their effects on one another.