The ca. 2720 Ma Vermilion, Shebandowan, Winston Lake, and Manitouwadge greenstone belts (VGB, SGB, WGB, and MGB, respectively) are located along the northern margin of the Wawa subprovince. They are interpreted to have formed in broadly similar rifted arc to back-arc environments, but their base and precious endowment and, in particular, their endowment in VMS deposits, differ markedly. These difference is metal endowment reflect differences in their metallogenic history that were examined by comparing their regional, belt-scale lithostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, petrogenesis and tectonic history constrained by new U-Pb zircon geochronology. The MGB is the most VMS-endowed and isotopically juvenile (Pb and Nd) greenstone belt. It has a trace element chemostratigraphy that is consistent with a rifted arc to back-arc environment. The trace element chemostratigraphy of the WGB is also consistent with a rifted-arc to back arc geodynamic setting. The Winston Lake VMS deposits formed during early rifting of the arc and their timing is tightly constrained at ca. 2720 Ma by U-Pb ages of the host felsic strata and post-VMS Zenith gabbro. The Zn-dominated VMS mineralization formed from hydrothermal fluids that were <300 ° and were possibly boiling in relatively shallow water. The trace element chemostratigraphy of the VGB, SGB, and WGB indicates a plume-driven rifted arc to back-arc geodynamic settings. The composition of VMS mineralization, lithofacies, and alteration in these belts are consistent with a relatively shallower-water environment, which may have compromised VMS formation. The high-Mg andesites that are typical of, but restricted to, the SGB formed during compressional “hot” subduction, which resulted in the development of a thicker arc crust. This thicker crust may have inhibited VMS formation, but favoured the formation of magmatic sulphide and gold mineralization. New detrital and magmatic zircon U-Pb geochronology allowed comparison and correlation of lithostratigraphy and metallogeny between the greenstone belts. U-Pb ages within the VGB also defined younger, Timiskaming-type volcanic and sedimentary strata that are coeval with similar deposits in the SGB. These strata are spatially and temporally associated with gold mineralization in both belts and are coeval with similar deformation and magmatic events in the WGB and along the northern margin of the Wawa-Abitibi terrane. This indicates that the formation of Timiskaming-type pull apart basins in the northern part of the Wawa-Abitibi terrane were synchronous, and earlier than in the southern part, which is consistent with oblique convergence of the Wawa-Abitibi terrane onto the Superior Province. Detrital zircon geochronology also revealed the presence of a >2720 Ma iv zircon population within the Timiskaming-type sedimentary strata of the SGB. This is consistent with their derivation from the Wabigoon subprovince and suggests trans-terrane transport of detritus in a foreland –type basin resulting from uplift of the Wabigoon subprovince during accretion of the Wawa subprovince.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2006. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-49). Also available via the World Wide Web.

Plasma waves are key drivers of the highly variable electron dynamics in Earth’s outer radiation belts. In particular, whistler mode chorus waves, which are commonly observed with intense wave amplitudes, are known to be a key driver of rapid electron acceleration and precipitation observed by many recent satellite (e.g., Arase, ELFIN, THEMIS, and Van Allen Probes) and balloon missions (BARREL). However, quantitative understanding of how electron acceleration and precipitation is modified due to the nonlinear interactions with chorus waves is limited. This dissertation systematically evaluates the nonlinear effects of chorus waves in the full electron pitch angle-energy space using test particle simulations, quasilinear models, and satellite observations. More specifically, the dependences of these nonlinear effects on the chorus wave amplitude modulation (waveform structures), as well as wave amplitude and frequency bandwidth (spectrum structures), are quantified over a wide range of wave parameters. The results show that realistic chorus wave structures tend to limit the nonlinear effects on energetic electrons. The system can be described by a diffusion model similar to quasilinear theory, but nonlinear effects alter the diffusion coefficients from quasilinear ones. Using an intriguing event observed by the Van Allen Probes, I further demonstrate that nonlinear phase trapping by the upper-band chorus waves can efficiently accelerate electrons to form the distinct butterfly pitch angle distribution within 30 seconds. The effects of nonlinear interaction (Landau trapping) on electron precipitation are also evaluated during a bursty electron precipitation event observed by the ELFIN CubeSats, in association with very oblique chorus waves observed by THEMIS near the equatorial plane. The test particle simulation results provide the first direct evidence of rapid (~5 s) electron precipitation driven by high-order resonances due to chorus waves. Overall, this dissertation provides a full quantification of nonlinear effects and their dependences on various electron and chorus wave parameters. The findings in this dissertation are crucial to our fundamental understanding of wave-particle interactions, particularly on short timescales in the Earth’s radiation belts and in other space plasma environments, such as solar wind and other planets, as well as astrophysical and laboratory plasmas.

The paper presents a computer-based guide of the effect of layout and loading (tension and torque) on the timing belt life and uses it to show the sensitivity of life to changed conditions in an automotive camshaft drive. The predictions are in line with experience. The guide requires belt property information, such as the tooth and tension member stiffness, the friction coefficient between the belt lands and pulleys and the pitch difference from the pulley, in order to calculate the tooth deflections caused by the belt loadings on the various pulleys in the layout. It also requires information on how the belt life depends on the tooth deflections. Experimental data are presented on the life±deflection relations of a commercial automotive timing belt tested between 100 and 140 8C, although the bulk of the data has been obtained at 120 8C. Four different life laws have been found, depending on whether the failure-initiating deflection occurred on a driver or a driven pulley, and whether at entry to or exit from the pulley. Theoretical analysis of the tooth loading in the partial meshing state shows that, in three cases out of the four, the different life±deflection laws transform to a single relation between the life and the tooth root strain. The exception is failure caused by driven entry conditions; work is continuing to understand better the causes of failure in this circumstance

Data on safety belt use were collected at two swimming pools over three consecutive summers. The impact of several variables upon safety belt use was examined. First, an Intervention Program (IP) was designed, comprised of Promotional, Reward, and Feedback components. Second, an Awareness/Education (AE) strategy was introduced to children enrolled in swim lessons. Third, belt use was examined before and after a mandatory safety belt use law (BUL) was enacted in Virginia. The moderating effects of the BUL were studied by implementing both the IP and the AE interventions during the pre- and post-BUL environments. Finally, some aspects of a behavioral prompt (i.e., a "Personal" vs. an "Impersonal" delivery method), and their relationship to safety belt use were examined. Major findings include, those individuals most influenced by the IP in the pre-BUL environment were those same individuals who were influenced by the BUL. Thus, while the IF did have an impact upon mean safety belt use levels in the post-BUL context, belt use increases over Baseline were not as dramatic as those observed in the pre-BUL environment. / Master of Science

Working around conveyor belts is the cause of numerous accidents each year that are costly to the mining industry. Current safety training practices generally include the use of slide show presentations, lectures, videos, and paper material before sending each worker onto site with an experienced person for on-the-job task training. These training methods are passive in nature and do not allow for an actual realization of consequences resulting from ignoring safety practices during interaction between the employee and the environment. It is with this in mind that virtual reality (VR) is being proposed as an added effective method of safety training. In order to prove this hypothesis, a working VR prototype application of a mining environment has been developed. The application is designed in two modules. The first consists of an instructional based module, where the user is given all relevant information based on background research dealing with safety issues, hazard awareness, conveyor maintenance, and conveyor components and assemblies. The second module is a task-based training session that then tracks the user's performance as they complete assigned tasks. An evaluation scheme was performed on the prototype to determine the usability and usefulness and identify areas in need of improvement. First, industry professionals were presented the application in an informal setting where the types of information and overall concept were examined and perceived usefulness was discussed. Secondly, users, both novice and industry professionals, were asked to go through the prototype training application and rate their agreement with statements based on the user interface and usability of the application. Finally, subjective interviews were performed to record perceived benefits of the virtual reality application over typical training material. This final stage consists of using both industry professionals and novice experience individuals and documenting their perceptions of benefits and challenges of using both typical methods of training and the designed prototype. This document consists of an explanation of the research steps and papers that are published (or in press) detailing certain areas of the research, compiled findings, conclusions, and future research suggestions. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences

Safety belts are the most effective safety device in vehicles in terms of preventing injuries (1). Every year, safety belt usage data across the nation is collected by the individual states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories in a probability-based observational survey. Using this survey, Massachusetts, a secondary seat belt law state, ranked last in safety belt usage in 2008. This percentage was approximately a 2 percent decrease from 2007. This value was not an aberration as within the recent past, Massachusetts, a secondary safety belt law state, has consistently ranked at or near the bottom of the 50 states. The foremost issue with safety belt usage is the inherent disregard of the safety related benefits for both drivers and passengers, alike. While there is a significant amount of literature documenting the safety related benefits, there is still a need for continued study of the persistent attributes that are associated with those vehicle occupants who make the decision to not buckle up. The scope of this research encompasses the use of the collected data in the 2009 Massachusetts Safety Belt Usage Observation Study to determine what demographic variables; such as age, gender, race, occupant location, community median income, community population density, community education level, and combined demographics, are at high and low ends of the safety belt usage spectrum. Using this data, along with Massachusetts safety belt usage data from the immediate past observational studies, usage based on these and additional demographic information was quantified and analyzed. An outcome of this research was to identify specific strategies, such as increased education and concentrated enforcement, aimed at increasing safety belt usage amidst those targeted subsections of the population that are not buckling up.

The theory of risk compensation predicts that when individuals increase the practice of a safe behavior, they will also increase the practice of an unsafe behavior in order to maintain the same level of overall risk. In contrast, response generalization predicts that an increase in safe behavior will increase other safe behaviors in the same response class. The present study examined the effects of community-based feedback on the safety belt use of drivers in a small community in Southwest Virginia, while drivers on an intersecting highway served as a control group. An AB design was used to test the effects of the feedback on belt use. Turn signal use and right and left hand turn behaviors were also measured to study risk compensation vs. response generalization. Baseline measures were taken for 13 weeks at which point two feedback signs were erected in the community for the remaining 17 weeks of the study. The words "SAFETY BELT USE IN NEWPORT LAST WEEK" with the percentages of male and female driver safety belt use the previous week appeared on the signs. Feedback increased the safety belt use average in the community by 15.5 percentage points for males, and 9.7 percentage points for females over a 17 week period. Evidence for response generalization was shown by a 14.9 percentage point increase in turn signal use over the 17 weeks of the feedback intervention. / Master of Science

A large scale intervention program conducted by the Virginia Department of Motor Vehicles to increase safety belt use in eight communities (cities, towns, and counties) throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia was evaluated. The police or sheriff's department in each community conducted either one, two, or three repeated applications (waves) of public information/education programs. Each target community was matched with a non-treatment control community with a similar population. The overall project was very successful. The mean percent safety belt use for the eight target communities began at 52%, and significantly increased to 73% by the end of the project. The mean percent safety belt use for the eight control communities also began at 52%, and dropped insignificantly to 48% by the end of the project. To extend previous work on the relationship between intervention agents and intervention effectiveness, it was hypothesized that there would be a positive relationship between mean percent safety belt use increase and the agent-to-target ratios (the proportion of police officers or deputies participating in the program per number of citizens in the community), citation-to-target ratios (the proportion of citations or written warnings given during the program per number of citizens in the community), and promotional gimmick-to-target ratios (the proportion of promotional gimmicks given during the program per number of citizens in the community). Each of these ratios were significantly correlated with the percent safety belt use increase for the eight target communities. The terminal model for a stepwise regression procedure, which included the agent-to-target and citation-to-target ratios, yielded an R² of .83. A plan for institutionalizing safety belt programs that would reduce many of the problems associated with motivating large scale safety belt use is suggested, as well as suggestions for future research. / Master of Science