The primary target of this paper is to fabricate bidirectional transceiver modules based on Si-bench technology. The bidirectional transceiver modules were formed by hybrid integration of single mode lens fibers and ultra-thin thin-film filters (TFF) on silicon bench as using V-groove and U-groove techniques. The output light at 1.31 £gm was launched into the input lens fiber of the module. After passing through the TFF, the light was received by the output lens fiber of the module. The insertion loss of the module at the 1.31 £gm light was -0.68 dB. On the other hand, incoming lights at 1.49£gm and 1.55£gm were received from the output lens fiber. Lights at 1.49£gm will pass through the filter, and was received by the output lens fiber of the module. The insertion loss of the module at the 1.49 £gm light was -0.65 dB. The 1.55£gm wavelength lights received from the lens fiber are reflected by the filter and collected by the multimode fiber to the photo diode. The insertion loss of the module at the 1.55 £gm light was -0.58 dB.

The primary target of this thesis is to fabricate an optical transceiver base on Si-bench technology for High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI). The HDMI transceivers were formed by hybrid integration of the semiconductor laser, photo detectors, multi-mode fibers (MMF) on Si optical bench using V-groove and U-groove structures. Using V-groove structures, we were able to passively align semiconductor lasers to MMFs and MMFs to photo detectors with accurate precision. The measured optical losses between transmitting module and receiving module were less than 6dB with a speed of 4 ¡Ñ 1 Gb/sec.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 15, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

The objective of this thesis is to fabricate a triplexer module based on Si-bench technology for High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI). Using V-groove and U-groove structures, the triplexer modules were formed by hybrid integrating the semiconductor laser, photo detectors, C-lenses, multi-mode fibers (MMF) and thin film filter (TFF) on si optical benches. C-lens were need in the modules to obtain effect optical coupling from light sources to MMF and photo detectors. In addition, C-lens and TFFs were passively integrated into the optical bench using V-groove and U-groove structure. The packaging cost can be greatly reduced. The measured optical losses between node-end sub-module and user-end sub-module are -13.03 dB, -13.98dB, and -11.55db for 850nm, 1310nm and 1550nm light sources, respectively.

Background. The bench press is a commonly used resistance training exercise for targeting the chest musculature. During hypertrophy training, different variations of bench press are often used to isolate different segments (pars clavicularis, pars sternocostalis and pars abdominals) of the chest muscle m.pectoralis major. Commonly used variations of the bench press are decline bench press (less than 0° from horizontal) and incline bench press (more than  0° from horizontal). Some research has been done into these variations of bench angle and their effect on muscle activation; however other commonly used bench angles is yet to be investigated. Aim. The aim of this study was to examine if there were any difference in muscle activity in the three segments of m.pectoralis majors while performing three different barbell bench press variations with different bench angles to obtain a greater understanding of m.pectoralis major activation and possibly optimize hypertrophy training in above mentioned muscles segments.  Method. 13 healthy male (age: 23± 3.8 year and BMI: 24.3 ±1.8 kg/m2) participated in this single group study. EMG was used to measure muscle activity in m.pectoralis major's three segments. Test subjects performed 1 set of 6 repetitions on each bench press variation at a relative load of 6RM. An maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) test was performed and set as 100 percent reference value for comparison muscle activity in various angles. Results. While performing the decline bench press and the incline bench press, the muscle activity in pars clavicularis displayed a strong trend of a lower muscle activity (decline: p= 0.055 and incline: p=0.052) in comparison to the flat bench press. Muscle activity in pars sternocostalis while performing the incline bench press was significantly lower in comparison to the flat bench press (flat: p<0.001 and decline: p<0.001). Muscle activity in pars abdominals while performing the decline bench press was significantly higher (p=0.013) in comparison to the flat bench press. Muscle activity in pars abdominals while performing the incline bench press were significantly lower than both the flat and decline bench press (incline: p<0.001 and decline: p<0.001). Conclusion. For a better isolation of the pars abdominals segment, the decline bench press should be used. Muscle activity in pars sternocostalis did not show any significant difference between flat and decline bench press and could be isolated with either of these two exercises.  The muscle activity in pars clavicularis showed a strong trend of higher activity while performing the flat bench press compared to the decline and incline bench press, however findings regarding the pars clavicularis differs between studies.

<p> A bench scale continuous settling unit was constructed and its operation compared to results of batch settling tests. The particulate solids used were polystyrene spheres with a mean diameter of 285 microns. The concentration profile within the slurry in both the batch and the continuous studies was observed using a light extinction technique.</p> <p> The results show that for the material used in this study, the solids flux limitation of the continuous settler could not be exceeded: the limiting condition in the operation was always the clarification capacity or upward velocity. The batch flux plot shows that this will be the case for any material which exhibits a flux plot that is essentially a single concave curve downwards.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

The research presented in this thesis results from efforts to evaluate current design methodologies for safety benches in surface aggregate quarries. Proper bench design is important for preventing rockfall related accidents and injuries without wasting the reserves held in the benches. An in depth analysis has been performed using the results from 230 rockfall tests conducted at two surface quarries. The goal of this project is to give practitioners the tools they need for improved bench design. Principal Components and Cluster Analysis, techniques not previously applied to rockfall investigations, have been performed on the test data. The results indicate that both are valid analytical methods which show that the factors affecting the rollout distance of a rock are wall configuration, rock dimensions, and rock energy. The test results were then compared to the Ritchie Criteria, Modified Ritchie Criterion, Ryan and Pryor Criterion, Oregon Department of Transportation design charts, and RocFall computer simulations. Analysis shows that the lognormal distribution curves fitted to the test data provide an excellent yet quick design reference. The recommended design method is computer simulation using RocFall because of the ease of simulation and the site specific nature of the program. For the two quarries studied, RocFall analysis showed that 20 ft benches with a 4 ft berm will hold over 95% of rockfalls, a design supported by the field testing. Conducting site-specific rockfall testing is also recommended to obtain realistic input parameters for the simulations and to provide design justification to regulatory agencies. / Master of Science

¡@¡@A high efficient packaging technique was proposed for power InGaN light emitting diodes( LEDs ).In this approach , sub-mounts based on Si bench technology were used to provide a fact heat conducting channel between the LEDs and the cases.Two different structures of the Si sub-mounts were used, namely, a conventional Si block and a Si block with a copper-filled V-groove. ¡@¡@The thermal resistance of the two different sub-mounts were measured and compared. For a 45mil power LED biased at 1W, thermal resistance of 12.77¢J/W and 18.79¢J/W were measured for the Si sub-mount and the Si sub-mount with copper-filled V-groove. We believe the better thermal resistance of the sub-mount with copper-filled V-groove is due to high thermal conductivity of the copper.

ABSTRACT The tourism and technology have the highest potential among all the industries for the 21st century. The tourism (services) industry is an industry without chimney which can replace the traditional industry. The city and county governments of Taiwan are using ¡§City marketing¡¨ to promote the tourism by combining the tourism resources and city activities in order to establish the ¡§city image / brand¡¨ and create the brand value. A strong brand value can accumulate reputation and loyalty for the city services by the confirmation of consumers. This paper will study the cultural city ¡§Tainan¡¨ which is developed earliest in Taiwan. With abundant historic relics, Tainan don¡¦t have unique advantages when comparing with Yilan county of northern Taiwan and Pingtung county of southern Taiwan. This study, The Strategy of Tourism Marketing for Tainan, will analyze (a) the tourism and city activities of Tainan, (b) the tourism of Taiwan, (c) the foreign visitor statistics, (d) the successful cases of domestic and foreign promotions in order to investigate the hobbies of touring and visitors. This study will adopt ¡§city marketing¡¨, ¡§bench marketing¡¨, and ¡§ basic theory of SWOT¡¨. For the ¡§city marketing¡¨, we will promote Tainan as a product. The advantages of ¡§bench marketing¡¨ are the learning of the outstanding strategy or process from the other business of tourism marketing which can verify the self executing conditions and the problems. The ¡§ basic theory of SWOT¡¨ can analyze the existing resources of Tainan and understand the ¡§Strengths/Opportunities¡¨ and ¡§Weaknesses/Threats¡¨ in order to verify the target and self-position. A 4P strategy will be set for the ¡§differentiated marketing¡¨ of the target strategy. Keywords: City marketing, Bench marketing, Differentiated marketing, SWOT

Stretching exercises are commonly used as an integral part of a pre-exercise warm-up training sessions despite even early laboratory studies having demonstrated that some degree of mechanical weakness takes place following the stretching of muscle tissue. This study compared the effects of four treatments (n = 12 each) [10 minutes of quiet sitting, without stretching (NS); two minutes warm up on an arm ergometer at 25 watts resistance (WU); 10 second-hold static stretching (each) of the shoulder, chest and arm muscle groups (ST10); and two sets of 20 second-hold static stretching (each) of the shoulder, chest and upper-arm muscle groups (ST20)] on a 1-RM bench press in 48 subjects who were matched for their pre-test 1-RM bench press values. The mean 1-RM bench press values following ST10 (45.0 ± 9.9 kg) and WU (48.9 ± 10.5 kg) treatments were significantly (p ? 0.05) higher at the post-test than at the pre-test 1-RM (43.9 ± 10.1 kg and 43.9 ± 10. kg, respectively). The mean 1-RM values following the ST20 treatment was significantly lower (41.9 ± 10.0 kg) than at pre-test (43.9 ± 10.1 kg). However, multiple comparisons and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) statistical procedures demonstrated that there was no significant difference from pre- to post-test between the four groups. These findings suggest that the use of stretching activities prior to events requiring maximal force production may not be obligatory or may even be contraindicated since the effects of stretching are then to decrease the amount of force that can be produced via the natural elastic components of the muscle and tendons and via the stretch reflex.