Yip, Ka Yan. / "August 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-113). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.III / Abstract --- p.V / 論文摘要 --- p.VI / Table of Contents --- p.VII / List of Figures --- p.IX / List of Abbreviations --- p.XI / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Hepatocellular carcinoma --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Risk factors --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Treatment ofHCC --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2 --- Berberine - a compound derived from Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Berberine --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3 --- Cell cycle --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- An Overview of cell cycle --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Cell cycle and carcinogenesis --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- Molecular mechanism of apoptosis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Overview of apoptosis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Caspases cascade --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Bcl-2 family --- p.24 / Chapter 1.5 --- Apoptosis as a target of cancer therapy --- p.26 / Chapter 1.6 --- Aims of study --- p.27 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Cell culture and treatment --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Cell lines --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Berberine --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Chemicals and reagents --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Preparation of solutions --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Procedures --- p.31 / Chapter 2.2 --- Apoptosis detection by FITC Annexin V and PI co-staining --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Chemicals and reagents --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Procedures --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3 --- Gene expression in Berberine-induced apoptotic cells --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Chemicals and Reagents --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Procedures --- p.35 / Chapter 2.4 --- Protein expression in Berberine-induced apoptotic cells --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Chemicals and Reagents --- p.38 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Preparation of solution --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Procedures --- p.41 / Chapter 2.5 --- Caspase cascade studies in berberine-induced apoptosis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Chemicals and reagents --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Procedures --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6 --- Cell cycle study in berberine-induced apoptotic cells --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Chemicals and Reagents --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Preparation of solutions --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Procedures --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Berberine induces apoptosis in hepatocellular cells --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Gene expression in Berberine-induced apoptotic cells --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Caspase cascade studies in berberine-induced apoptosis --- p.58 / Chapter 3.4 --- Protein expression in Berberine-induced apoptotic cells --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5 --- Berberine caused G1 cell cycle arrest in HCC cell lines --- p.65 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion --- p.76 / References --- p.87

Wu, Hoi Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-104). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Thesis/ Assessment Committee --- p.i / Declaration --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.vi / Table of Content --- p.vii / List of Abbreviations --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xiv / List of Tables --- p.xv / Chapter 1. --- Literature Review --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction of diabetes mellitus --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Definition and prevalence --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Diagnosis and classification --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Symptoms and complications --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Cause and risk factors --- p.5 / Chapter 1.1.5 --- Prevention and treatment --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2 --- The role of adipose tissue in pathophysiology of T2DM --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Randle's glucose-fatty acid hypothesis --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Ectopic fat storage hypothesis --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Low-grade inflammation --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3 --- Use of berberine in the treatment of T2DM --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Efficacy of berberine in treating diabetes --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Berberine on glucose and lipid metabolism of animals --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Inhibition of adipogenesis --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) --- p.20 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Mitochondrial inhibition --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4 --- Introduction of proteomics --- p.21 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Why proteomics? --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Gel-based proteomics: Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Gel-free proteomics --- p.25 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Mass spectrometry --- p.26 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Proteomics as tool for diabetes research --- p.27 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives and significance --- p.32 / Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1 --- Drug preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2 --- Animal experiment --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Comparison of proteome of visceral white adipose tissue: obese db/db micevs lean m+/db mice and BBR-treated vs control db/db mice --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Protein sample preparation from adipose tissue --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Protein quantitation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 2D Gel electrophoresis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Image analysis --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- In-gel digestion and MALDI-ToF MS --- p.39 / Chapter 2.4 --- Cell culture experiment --- p.40 / Chapter 2.5 --- Oil Red O staining --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6 --- Glycerol determination --- p.42 / Chapter 2.7 --- Comparison of proteomes of BBR-treated and control 3T3-L1 adipocytes..… --- p.43 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Protein sample preparation from 3T3-L1 cells --- p.43 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Protein quantitation --- p.43 / Chapter 2.7.3 --- 2D Gel electrophoresis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7.4 --- Image analysis --- p.44 / Chapter 2.7.5 --- In-gel digestion and MALDI-ToF MS --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8 --- Western Immunoblotting --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Protein sample preparation of BBR-treated and control 3T3-L1 --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- SDS-PAGE --- p.44 / Chapter 2.8.3 --- Protein blotting --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8.4 --- Membrane blocking and antibody incubations --- p.45 / Chapter 2.8.5 --- Detection of Proteins --- p.46 / Chapter 2.9 --- Statistical analysis --- p.46 / Chapter 3. --- Results --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1 --- Comparison of total protein profiles of visceral adipose tissue of obese db/db and lean m+/db mice --- p.47 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of berberine on glucose metabolism of obese db/db mice --- p.53 / Chapter 3.3 --- Comparison of the protein profiles of visceral adipose tissue of BBR-treated and control db/db mice --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4 --- Effect of berberine treatment on 3T3-L1 adipocytes --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Berberine treatment inhibited intracellular triglyceride accumulation in both mature and pre-mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes --- p.61 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Berberine treatment enhanced lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes but inhibited lipolysis in pre-mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Color change in culture media after berberine treatment --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4.4. --- Comparison of protein profiles between berberine-treated and control 3T3-L1 adipocytes --- p.67 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Western blotting --- p.73 / Chapter 4. --- Discussion --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1 --- Comparison of total protein profiles of visceral adipose tissue of obese db/db and lean m+/db mice --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Berberine lowers body weight, reduces fasting blood glucose level and improves glucose-lowering ability of db/db mice" --- p.78 / Chapter 4.3 --- Comparison of the protein profiles of visceral adipose tissue of BBR-treated and control db/db mice --- p.79 / Chapter 4.4 --- Berberine inhibited lipid accumulation in mature and pre-mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes --- p.84 / Chapter 4.5 --- Berberine enhanced lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes but inhibited lipolysis in pre-mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes --- p.84 / Chapter 4.6 --- Comparison of the protein profiles of BBR-treated and control 3T3-L1 adipocytes --- p.85 / Chapter 4.7 --- Western blotting --- p.88 / Chapter 4.8 --- General discussion --- p.89 / Chapter 5. --- References --- p.92

 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary cancer of liver. It is the fifth common malignant tumor in men while seventh common in women. Aetiology of HCC is complex; however, it is now believed that sustained chronic liver injury and fibrosis are critically involved in the development of HCC. Prevention and treatment of HCC is far from desirable and prognosis remains poor. Coptis is a Chinese herbal Medicine which has been used for more than thousands years for clearing heats, dampness and toxics. Recently, studies from our group reported the hepatoprotective effect of Coptis and its major active component, berberine, on acute liver injury and berberine was extensively studied for their anti-tumor effect. However, there’s no comprehensive investigation focusing on the preventive and curative potential of berberine on HCC. Hence, here we hypothesized Coptis and berberine exhibits both preventive and curative effects on HCC. The prevention of HCC by berberine and Coptis may rely on their effects on chronic liver damage and fibrosis, and the curative action may depend on their actions on the angiogenesis, tumor growth and invasion of HCC. Both in vitro cell models and in vivo animal system were used in our study and some molecular events were investigated. We found that berberine and Coptis could significantly attenuate the chronic liver injury and fibrosis by restoring the anti-oxidative enzyme SOD activity in CCl4-, bile duct ligation- and alcohol-induced liver injury and fibrosis model. Recovery of SOD activity prevents the hepatocytes from apoptosis by inhibiting the oxidative stress-induced Erk1/2 signaling activation. The prevention of berberine and Coptis on chronic liver injury and fibrosis may contribute to its preventive effect against HCC. Then we found that berberine (as representative to Coptis) could suppress the angiogenesis of HCC, in which berberine does not directly act on the blood vessel formation, but suppress the expression and secretion of pro-angiogenic factors VEGF in HCC cells, and Id-1 inhibition by berberine plays a central role in the suppression of HIF-1α/VEGF and NF-κB pathways. We also found that berberine could induce both apoptotic and autophagic cell death in HCC, and the mitochondria related-caspases activation confers the apoptosis while mTOR inhibition initiates autophagy in berberine treated- cells. We found that berberine could suppress the migration and invasion of HCC cells as well, and Rho-GTPases/ROCK signaling is the particular target in berberine’s anti-invasive action. Finally, to dig out some molecular events involved in berberine’s action on HCC, we studied critically the mechanism underlying berberine’s inhibition on Cyclin D1 in HCC. We found berberine may promote the IKKα-induced Cyclin D1 phosphorylation at T286, and this may initiate the ubiquitination-dependent proteasomal degradation of Cyclin D1 in berberine-treated HCC cells and contribute to berberine’s anti-HCC action. Critical clinical trials and OMICS techniques were planned to further our comprehensive study on Coptis and berberine’s effects on HCC. In all, we found that berberine targets on different stages and molecules and exerts preventive and curative potential against HCC. Our study sheds light on the clinical application of berberine in HCC treatment. / published_or_final_version / Chinese Medicine / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A doenÃa de Parkinson (DP) à a segunda doenÃa neurodegenerativa mais comum afetando cerca de 1% da populaÃÃo mundial. Fatores ambientais e genÃticos poderÃo interagir e contribuir para o desenvolvimento da doenÃa. A 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) à uma neurotoxina que age em neurÃnios catecolaminÃrgicos, atravÃs da formaÃÃo de espÃcies reativas do oxigÃnio e inibiÃÃo do complexo I da cadeia transportadora de elÃtrons. A berberina à um alcalÃide isoquinolÃnico natural, com atividade antioxidante e aÃÃo na membrana mitocondrial. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a atividade citoprotetora da berberina em modelo de degeneraÃÃo celular induzida pela 6-OHDA em cultura de cÃlulas SH-SY5Y. A berberina (10, 25 e 50Âg/mL) foi adicionada as cÃlulas 15 minutos antes da 6-OHDA 50ÂM, apÃs 24 horas foram feitos os testes para avaliaÃÃo da viabilidade celular (MTT e iodeto de propÃdeo- IP), estresse oxidativo (nitrito, TBARS â quantificaÃÃo de malondialdeÃdo), morfologia/apoptose (hematoxilina/eosina, brometo de etÃdeo/laranja de acridina) e potencial transmembrÃnico mitocondrial (rodamina 123). A 6-OHDA reduziu significativamente a viabilidade celular (Controle: MTT= 99,62%, IP= 98,63%; 6-OHDA: MTT=49,79%, IP= 48,80%), aumentou os nÃveis de nitrito (71,8%) e de malondialdeÃdo (27%). Foi observado fragmentaÃÃo e reduÃÃo do volume celular, perda dos neuritos, grande percentagem de cÃlulas apoptÃticas e necrÃticas (Controle: viÃveis= 95,5%, apoptÃticas= 2,67%, necrÃticas= 1,83%; 6-OHDA:viÃveis= 23,75%, apoptÃticas= 61,92, necrÃticas= 14,34%) e elevou em 56% o nÃmero de cÃlulas que apresentam despolarizaÃÃo mitocondrial. A berberina protegeu significativamente (p<0,05) as cÃlulas dos danos induzidos pela 6-OHDA, elevando a viabilidade celular para (MTT: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 68,4; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 79%. IP: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 61; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 58%), reduziu os nÃveis de nitrito (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 6,16; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,20 ÂM) e malondialdeÃdo (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 8,53; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,8 ÂM) AlÃm disso, a berberina reduziu as alteraÃÃes na morfologia celular, na morte por apoptose (BERB 25 + 6-OHDA=apoptose-26,51%; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= apoptose-30,32%) e o nÃmero de cÃlulas com despolarizaÃÃo mitocondrial (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 7,58; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 12,9%). Esses resultados mostram a citoproteÃÃo pela berberina, por seu efeito antiapoptÃtico, que pode estar relacionado a uma proteÃÃo mitocondrial e uma aÃÃo antioxidante. Deste modo, podemos sugerir que a berberina pode ser explorada como possÃvel agente neuroprotetor para doenÃa de Parkinson. / Parkinsonâs disease is the second more common neurodegenerative sickness and it affects about 1% of the world population. Environment and genetics factors may interact and contribute to the diseaseâs development. The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a neurotoxin that acts on catecholaminergic neurons throughthe formation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of the electron transport chainâs complex I. The berberine is a natural isoquinolinium alkaloid with antioxidant activity and action in the mitochondrial membrane. The present study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective activity of berberine in cell degeneration model induced by 6-OHDA in cultured SH-SY5Y cell. Berberine (10, 25 and 50 Âg/mL) was added to the cells 15 minutes before 6-OHDA 50ÂM and, after 24 hours, the tests were made for evaluation of cellular viability (MTT and propidium iodide-IP), oxidative stress (nitrite, TBARS), morphology/apoptosis (hematoxilin/eosin, ethidium bromide/acridine orange) and mitochondrial transmembrane potencial (rhodamine 123). 6-OHDA reduced significantly the cellular viability (Control: MTT=99,62%, IP=98,63%; 6-OHDA: MTT=49,79%, IP= 48,80%), increased the nitrite (71,8%) and the malondialdehyde levels (27%). It was observed fragmentation and reduction of cell volume, loss of neuritis, large percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells (Control: viable=23,75%, apoptotic=61,92%, necrotic=1,83%; 6-OHDA: viable= 23,75%, apoptotic= 61,92%, necrotic= 14,34%) and of cells with mitochondrial depolarization 56%. Berberine significantly protected (p<0,05) cells from damage induced by 6-OHDA, increasing cell viability (MTT: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 68,10  4,49; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 78,81 2,31%. IP: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 60,38  0,92; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 57,45  1,33%), reduced nitrite (BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 6,16  0,42; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,20  0,40ÂM) and malondialdehyde levels (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 8,53; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,8 ÂM). Furthermore, berberine reduced morphology cell alterations, apoptotic death (BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= apoptosis-26,51%; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= apoptosis-30,32%) and number of cells with mitochondrial depolarization (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 7,58; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 12,9%). These results show that the cytoprotection of berberine, possibly by its antiapoptotic effects, may be related to a mitochondrial protection and/or an antioxidant action. Thus, we suggest that berberine may be prospected as a possible neuroprotective agent for Parkinsonâs disease.

Híbridos argila-moléculas orgânicas são facilmente obtidos a partir da sorção das moléculas em suspensões aquosas de argila e possuem diversas aplicações, dentre elas o aumento da ação antimicrobiana dos compostos orgânicos (<href=\"#_ENREF_8\" title=\"Bujdak, 2009 #8\">Bujdak, Jurecekova et al., 2009; <href=\"#_ENREF_9\" title=\"Bujdak, 2016 #28\">Bujdak, Ratulovska et al., 2016). Estudos também indicam que as estruturas formadas geram propriedades fotofísicas diferentes da solução unicamente formada por compostos orgânicos, em geral apresentando maior fluorescência e maior produção de oxigênio singlete. Neste projeto, foram investigadas propriedades fotofísicas de híbridos formados por argilas montmorilonita e laponita e alcaloides berberina e palmatina. Para este estudo foram utilizadas espectroscopia de UV-Visível, técnicas de fluorescência estática e dinâmica e estudos de produção de oxigênio singlete. Os híbridos formados pelos alcaloides berberina e palmatina e pelas argilas laponita e SWy-2 apresentaram maiores intensidades de fluorescência e rendimentos quânticos de fluorescência que os resultados observados para os alcaloides em solução aquosa. Entretanto, a produção de oxigênio singlete observada para os híbridos formados não foi significativamente mais alta que os resultados observados para a palmatina e a berberina individualmente. / Hybrid materials produced between clay and organic molecules are easily obtained from molecule sorption in aqueous clay suspensions. These composites usually show many applications, among them the increase in antimicrobian activity (<href=\"#_ENREF_8\" title=\"Bujdak, 2009 #8\">Bujdak, Jurecekova et al., 2009; <href=\"#_ENREF_9\" title=\"Bujdak, 2016 #28\">Bujdak, Ratulovska et al., 2016). Studies also show that these new structures originate new photophysic proprierties, with increased luminescence and singlet oxygen production. This project aimed to investigate photophysic proprieties of new clay-alkaloids composite materials. We used UV-Visible spectroscopy, static and dynamic fluorescence techniques and studied singlet oxygen production for this project. The hybrids formed by alkaloids berberine and palmatine with laponite and SWy-2 clays presented increased fluorescence intensity and fluorescence quantum yield then the results obtained for the alkaloids themselves. However, singlet oxygen production observed was not meaningfully different then the results collected for berberine and palmatine.

No description available.

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in some plants and has many bioactivities including anti-microbial, lipid- and glucose-lowering, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, etc. However, there is limited knowledge about berberine’s effects on development and locomotive activity. Herein, in vivo studies were conducted to determine these effects of berberine using Caenorhabditis elegans as an in vivo model. Treatment of berberine at 50 μM starting at L1 stage significantly retarded the growth rate of nematodes, and reduced the length, width and moving speed of worms by 19%, 12% and 29%, respectively, compared to the control. In addition, triglycerides (TG) and protein content in worms was reduced by 23% and 28%, respectively, after berberine treatment from L1 stage compared with the control group. However, no significance was observed when berberine was treated from young adult stage. These findings suggest that berberine has effects on development in C. elegans.

The biosynthesis of hydrastine and of berberine was investigated by feeding radioactive tyrosine and dopamine to Hydrastis canadensis L. It was shown that both hydrastine and berberine are specifically derived from two molecules of tyrosine, but that the ratio of incorporation of the two molecules of radiotyrosine was not unity, but varied with time. Dopamine was also incorporated into hydrastine without randomization, but only one molecule was utilized. The results, which are consistent with Robinson’s hypothesis of biogenesis, throw light on some of the individual steps of the biosynthetic path by which hydrastine and berberine are derived. / Thesis / Doctor of Science (PhD)

Oxidative stress is characterized by the cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased production of ROS, such as the superoxide anion (O2.-), or a deficiency in their clearance by antioxidant defenses, mediates the cellular pathology. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad spectrum liver disorder commonly manifesting in milieu of the metabolic syndrome. Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic mediator in NAFLD, and in its associated morbidities like atherosclerosis. The objective of my research was to investigate the regulation of oxidative stress and the antioxidant actions of natural health products (NHPs) in the context of NAFLD and its associated disorders. The O2.- generating NADPH oxidase contributes to atherogenesis by facilitating macrophage induced vascular injury. In manuscript I, the plant alkaloid berberine effectively abolished NADPH oxidase mediated O2.- production in lipopolysaccharide stimulated macrophages. Real-time PCR analysis and siRNA transfection studies revealed that berberine mediated its effects through down-regulation of the oxidase’s catalytic subunit gp91phox. Berberine also restored the activity of the O2.- clearing enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). High fat diet (HFD) fed rodents are a popular model for investigating NAFLD pathogenesis. In manuscript II, folic acid supplementation significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic oxidative stress and liver injury in mice. Folic acid decreased NF-kB/DNA binding, down-regulated NADPH oxidase gene expression, and inhibited the oxidase. The antioxidant activities of SOD and catalase were restored and the reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH:GSSG) was re-established with folic acid supplementation. Folic acid’s hepatoprotective antioxidant effects were associated with a marked improvement in liver histology. Homocysteine (Hcy) levels are perturbed in NAFLD, but the etiology is unclear. In manuscript III, HFD fed mice exhibited decreased Hcy levels. Real-time PCR and Western Immunoblotting analysis revealed that Hcy catabolising enzymes cystathionine-b-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-g-lyase (CSE) were increased in the liver of these animals. The transsulfuration activities of these enzymes were elevated and coincided with enhanced hepatic hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis. Glutathione was maintained despite increased hepatic oxidative stress. Taken together, NHPs such as berberine and folate, and Hcy catabolising enzymes CBS and CSE, might have therapeutic potential for managing oxidative stress in NAFLD and its associated co-morbidities. / October 2015

published_or_final_version / Medicine / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy