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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Estrogen-mediated neuroprotection of primary mesencephalic dopamine neurons : a dissertation /

Bains, Mona. January 2007 (has links)
Dissertation (Ph.D.).--University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at San Antonio, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
2

Early Responses to Oxidative Stress In Heart Cells: Signals From The Cell Membrane To The Nucleus and Beyond

Purdom-Dickinson, Sally Elizabeth January 2005 (has links)
Oxidative stress is known to contribute to many forms of heart disease. Oxidants such as H₂O₂ can cause hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes (CMCs). Heart fibroblasts (HFs) also contribute to oxidant-induced heart disease by disordering the extracellular matrix and causing fibrosis. Since both of these cells encounter the same stressors in vivo, we examined the signaling pathways involved in responding to oxidative stress in both cell types. We have established the EGF Receptor, Src and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as key regulators of oxidant-mediated phosphorylation of the MAPKs ERK1/2 and JNKs but not p38 in CMCs and HFs. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to examine the differences in global gene expression after H₂O₂ treatment in CMCs and HFs. Twenty-four hours after treatment, significant numbers of upregulated genes could be classified as being related to antioxidant or detoxification responses in both cell types. This trend lead us to examine the role of activation of promoters containing the Antioxidant Response Element (ARE) in the reaction of CMCs to H₂O₂. We have shown that H₂O₂ activates the ARE in CMCs in a manner that is dependant on the transcription factor Nf-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). ARE activation by H₂O₂ seems to induce cytoprotection. CMCs pretreated with H₂O₂ showed significantly less activation of caspase-3 when exposed to another oxidant, Doxorubicin. Overexpression of Nrf2 mediates this cytoprotection, possibly by protecting the cells from caspase-independent cell death. Although ARE-dependant genes were upregulated in the presence of excess Nrf2, two contractile proteins were repressed, suggesting that Nrf2 overexpression may have unknown side-effects in CMCs. We also studied the activation mechanism of Nrf2 in CMCs. Nrf2 protein levels increased after 10 min of exposure to 100 μM H₂O₂ and peaked at about 1 hr. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the PI3-Kinase pathway blocked AREluciferase activity in these cells. The PI3-Kinase inhibitor LY294002 also blocked Nrf2 protein accumulation, but not nuclear translocation. Here I present evidence that Nrf2 accumulation after H₂O₂ exposure is due to PI3-Kinase-mediated translational regulation. Since phosphorylation of translation initiation factors eIF4E and eIF2alpha are both inhibited by LY294002, Nrf2 translation initiation may be through non-5’ cap-mediated means.
3

Avaliação do estresse oxidativo e estado redox mitocondrial na hepatotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina em ratos \'Wistar\': efeito protetor da dimetiltiouréia / Evaluation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and redox state in the cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats: protective effect of dimethylthiourea

Martins, Nádia Maria 21 June 2007 (has links)
A cisplatina ainda é um dos agentes quimioterápicos mais efetivos. No entanto, em elevadas doses pode ocorrer hepatotoxicidade. Alguns antioxidantes têm sido mostrado amenizar a hepatotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina mas o mecanismo molecular envolvido não está bem esclarecido.No presente estudo nós investigamos moleculares subjacente ao efeito protetor da dimetiltiuouréia (DMTU), um conhecido eqüestrador de radical hidroxil, contra a lesão oxidativamitocondrial hepática induzida pela cisplatina em ratos. Ratos Wistar machos adultos ( 200 a 220g) foram divididos entre 4 grupos de 8 animais cada. O grupo controle foi tratado apenas com uma injeção intraperitoneal (i.p.) de solução salina (1 ml/ 100g de peso). Ao grupo DMTU foi administrado apenas DMTU (500 mg/kg de peso, i.p., seguido de 125 mg/kg, i.p., duas vezes ao dia até o sacrifício). Ao grupo cisplatina foi administrado uma injeção única de cisplatina (10 mg/kg de peso, i.p.). Ao grupo DMTU + cisplatina foi administrado DMTU (500mg/kg de peso, i.p.), pouco antes da injeção da cisplatina (10 mg/kg de peso, i.p.), seguido por injeções de DMTU (125 mg/kg de peso, i.p.) duas vezes ao dia até o sacrifício ( 72 horas após o tratamento). A hepatotoxicidade foi evidenciada no grupo cisplatina pelo aumento dos níveis séricos de alanina (ALT) e aspartato (AST)aminotransferases. O mecanismo de hepatotoxicidade induzido pela cisplatina mostrou-se envolvido na rigidez de membrana; na redução da razão glutationa reduzida em relação a glutationa oxidada (GSH/GSSG); na redução dos níveis de ATP, GSH e NADPH; na lipoperoxidação; na lesão oxidativa da cardiolipina e de proteínas com grupos fidrílicos. Mais ainda, a morte celular por apoptose foi também demonstrada e os achados fortemente sugerem a participação do xi mecanismo sinalizador mitocondrial neste processo; o DMTU não apresentou nenhum efeito direto sobre a mitocôndria e inibiu substancialmente a lesão mitocondrial induzida pela cisplatina, prevenindo a hepatotoxicidade. Todos os seguintes efeitos induzidos pela cisplatina foram previnidos pelo DMTU: (a) elevação dos níveis séricos de AST e ALT; (b) redução dos níveis de ATP hepático;(c)peroxidação lipídica;(d)oxidação da cardiolipina; (e)oxidação de proteínas sulfidrílicas; (f) rigidez da membrana mitocondrial; (g) oxidação de GSH; (h)oxidação de NADPH e (i) morte celular por apoptose. Os resultados mostraram o papel principal da mitocôndria e dos radicais hidroxilas na proteção do fígado saudável contra a lesão hepática induzida pela cisplatina, delineando um número de etapas que podem ser consideradas no desenvolvimento de futuros agentes citoprotetores / Cisplatin is still one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents. However, at higher doses hepatotoxicity may occur. Some antioxidants have been shown to ameliorate cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity but the involved molecular mechanism has not been clarified. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a known hydroxyl radical scavenger, against liver mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by cisplatin in rats.Adult male Wistar rats (200 to 220g) were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each. The control group was treated only with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline solution (1ml/100g body weight). The DMTU group was given only DMTU (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p, followed by 125 mg/Kg, i.p., twice a day until sacrifice). The cisplatin group was given a single injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.). The DMTU+cisplatin group was given DMTU (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), just before the cisplatin injection (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), followed by injections of DMTU (125 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) twice a day until sacrifice (72 hours after the treatment). epatotoxicity was evidenced in the cisplatin group by the increased serum levels of alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases. The mechanism of cisplatininduced hepatotoxicity was found to involve membrane rigidification; decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, ATP, GSH and NADPH levels; lipid peroxidation; oxidative damage of cardiolipin and protein sulfhydryl groups. Moreover, cell death by apoptosis was also demonstrated and the findings strongly suggest the participation of the mitochondrial signaling pathway in this process; DMTU did not present any direct effect on mitochondria and substantially inhibited cisplatin-induced mitochondrial injury, therefore preventing the hepatotoxicity. All the following cisplatin-induced xiv effects were prevented by DMTU: (a) elevation of AST and ALT serum levels; (b) decreased hepatic ATP levels; (c) lipid peroxidation; (d)cardiolipin oxidation; (e) sulfhydryl protein oxidation; (f) mitochondrial membrane rigidification; (g) GSH oxidation; (h) NADPH oxidation and (h) apoptotic cell death. Results show the central role of mitochondria and hydroxyl radicals in the protection of healthy liver against cisplatin-induced injury, highlighting a number of steps that might be considered in the development of novel cytoprotective agents.
4

Efeito da suplementação oral crônica com L-glutamina e L-alanina livres ou conjugadas sobre parâmetros citoprotetores em ratos submetidos a exercício de força / Effects of oral chronic supplementation with L-glutamine and L-alanine in their free form or as a dipeptide on cytoprotective parameters in rats submitted to resistance exercise

Hypólito, Thais Menezes 08 August 2016 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: As contrações musculares decorrentes do exercício de força podem causar dano à estrutura muscular com consequente lesão. Quando a lesão ocorre, há sinalização local que favorece a chegada de linfócitos, neutrófilos e macrófagos para que haja reparação tecidual e com isso, ocorre inflamação local. Se o tecido não for reparado rapidamente e for continuamente lesionado, esta inflamação local pode se tornar sistêmica. Em conjunto com a resposta inflamatória, ocorre a ativação de sistemas citoprotetores do organismo, como as heat shock proteins (HSP) e a sirtuina 1 (SIRT-1). Ambas tem ação similar em um dos fatores de transcrição inflamatórios mais conhecidos, o NF-kB. Tanto as HSP quanto a SIRT-1 sofrem influência positiva da glutamina. A produção corporal de glutamina durante o exercício intenso não é suficiente para suprir a demanda. Sendo assim, a procura por formas eficazes de suplementação deste aminoácido aumenta a cada dia, pois sua utilização na sua forma livre tem baixa eficácia. Novos estudos vêm demonstrando que a suplementação do dipeptídeo L-alanil-L-glutamina tanto quanto a suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina ambos na sua forma livre, em solução, podem ser alternativas eficazes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação crônica com L-glutamina e L-alanina, nas suas formas livres ou conjugadas, sobre a via inflamatória do NF-kB e as possíveis inibições desta via, decorrente da citoproteção conferida pela ativação das HSP e SIRT-1 no fígado de ratos submetidos a treinamento de força. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos adultos da linhagem Wistar distribuídos em cinco grupos experimentais: sedentário (SED), animais não-treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; controle (CTRL), animais treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; alanina (ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina na sua forma livre a 4%; Glutamina + Alanina (GLN+ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina, ambos na sua forma livre, em solução a 4%; e dipeptídeo (DIP), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanil-L-glutamina a 4%. Os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de subida em escada com carga progressiva durante oito semanas e receberam a suplementação nos últimos 21 dias de experimento. RESULTADOS: Os grupos CTRL, GLN+ALA e DIP apresentaram ganho de peso menor (p=0.00001 vs. SED). Não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo SED e o grupo ALA. O grupo SED apresentou ganho de peso significativo quando comparados aos animais dos outros grupos (p=0.03). Os animais suplementados apresentaram menor consumo (p<0.05 vs. SED). Grupo DIP apresentou atividade reduzida da atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA quando comparado aos outros grupos (p=0.005). A suplementação com GLN+ALA foi mais eficaz em restaurar a glutaminemia hepática (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Os animais que foram suplementados com dipeptídeo apresentaram aumento no estoque de glutamina quando comparados com o grupo ALA (p<0.003). O grupo DIP apresentou aumento significativo de SIRT-1 (p<0.05), quando comparado com os outros grupos. As intervenções nutricionais foram capazes de aumentar os estoques de HSP70 no fígado(p<0.05 vs. CTRL). O grupo ALA apresentou maior expressão da enzima glutamina sintetase (p<0.05). As enzimas hepáticas AST, ALT e LDH não apresentaram diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício de força, com o protocolo utilizado neste experimento, não foi suficiente para causar inflamação sistêmica e, isto pode ter ocorrido por conta da eficácia da suplementação em atenuar os parâmetros inflamatórios a nível local, no tecido muscular. A suplementação com glutamina e alanina na sua forma livre ou como dipeptídeo foi eficaz em diminuir a atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA, aumentar os níveis de glutamina no fígado, aumentar os estoques de HSP70 e de SIRT-1 no tecido hepático. / INTRODUCTION: Muscle intense contractions caused by resistance exercise can promote muscle damage, which favors the arrival of lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages to tissular repair and occurs local inflammation. If the tissue is not quickly repaired and is continuously injured, an acute-phase inflammatory response. In conjunction with the inflammatory response there is activation of cytoprotective system, such as heat shock proteins (HSP) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Both have similar action in one of the most known inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kB and act preventing the phosphorylation of IkB&#945; protein, which is complexed to NF-kB. Both HSP as SIRT1 suffer positive influence of glutamine. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body, classified as conditionally essential in stressful situations such as intense exercise, because body\'s production is not enough to meet demand. Thus, the search for effective ways of this amino acid supplementation increases every day, as it is widely known that supplementation of this single amino acid in its free form has low efficiency, since more than 50% is ingested is retained in the enterocyte . Further studies have shown that supplementation of the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine as well as L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in free form in solution may be effective alternatives. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of chronic supplementation of L-glutamine and L-alanine, in its free form or as dipeptide, in the inflammatory pathway of NF-kB and possible inhibition of this pathway, resulting from cytoprotection afforded by the activation of HSP and SIRT1 in the liver of rats with resistance training. METHODS: 40 adult male rats of the Wistar strain were used. The animals were divided into five groups: sedentary (SED), non-trained animals that received only filtered water; control (CTRL), trained animals that received only filtered water; alanine (ALA), trained animals receiving supplementation with L-alanine in its free form at 4%; Glutamine + Alanine (GLN + ALA), trained animals receiving L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in its free form in a solution at 4%; and dipeptide (DIP) trained animals receiving supplementation of L-alanyl-L-glutamine at 4%. The animals were submitted to climb a ladder protocol for eight weeks with progressive load and receive supplementation in the last 21 days of the experiment. RESULTS: CTRL, GLN+ALA and DIP groups presented lower weight gain (p=0.00001 vs. SED). SED group showed significant weight gain compared to animals of other groups(p=0.03). Supplemented animals presented lower consumption (p<0.05 vs. SED). DIP group showed lower Total DNA-binding activity of NF-kB p65, when compared with other groups (p=0.005). Supplementation with GLN+ALA It was more effective in restoring liver glutaminemia (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Animals were supplemented with dipeptide showed an increase in glutamine stores when compared with ALA group (p<0.003). DIP group showed a significant increase of SIRT -1 (p<0.05), when compared with other. Nutritional interventions were able to increase HSP70 stores in liver (p<0.05 vs. CTRL). ALA group had higher expression of enzyme glutamine synthetase(p<0.05). CONCLUSÃO: Resistance exercise with protocol used in this experiment , it was not enough to cause systemic inflammation , and this may have occurred due to the effectiveness of supplementation in attenuating the inflammatory parameters locally in the muscle tissue. Supplementation of glutamine and alanine in free form or as dipeptide was effective in decreasing the binding activity of NF- kB DNA , increased levels of glutamine in the liver , increase HSP70 stocks and SIRT -1 in liver tissue.
5

Efeito da suplementação oral crônica com L-glutamina e L-alanina livres ou conjugadas sobre parâmetros citoprotetores em ratos submetidos a exercício de força / Effects of oral chronic supplementation with L-glutamine and L-alanine in their free form or as a dipeptide on cytoprotective parameters in rats submitted to resistance exercise

Thais Menezes Hypólito 08 August 2016 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: As contrações musculares decorrentes do exercício de força podem causar dano à estrutura muscular com consequente lesão. Quando a lesão ocorre, há sinalização local que favorece a chegada de linfócitos, neutrófilos e macrófagos para que haja reparação tecidual e com isso, ocorre inflamação local. Se o tecido não for reparado rapidamente e for continuamente lesionado, esta inflamação local pode se tornar sistêmica. Em conjunto com a resposta inflamatória, ocorre a ativação de sistemas citoprotetores do organismo, como as heat shock proteins (HSP) e a sirtuina 1 (SIRT-1). Ambas tem ação similar em um dos fatores de transcrição inflamatórios mais conhecidos, o NF-kB. Tanto as HSP quanto a SIRT-1 sofrem influência positiva da glutamina. A produção corporal de glutamina durante o exercício intenso não é suficiente para suprir a demanda. Sendo assim, a procura por formas eficazes de suplementação deste aminoácido aumenta a cada dia, pois sua utilização na sua forma livre tem baixa eficácia. Novos estudos vêm demonstrando que a suplementação do dipeptídeo L-alanil-L-glutamina tanto quanto a suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina ambos na sua forma livre, em solução, podem ser alternativas eficazes. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da suplementação crônica com L-glutamina e L-alanina, nas suas formas livres ou conjugadas, sobre a via inflamatória do NF-kB e as possíveis inibições desta via, decorrente da citoproteção conferida pela ativação das HSP e SIRT-1 no fígado de ratos submetidos a treinamento de força. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos adultos da linhagem Wistar distribuídos em cinco grupos experimentais: sedentário (SED), animais não-treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; controle (CTRL), animais treinados que receberam apenas água filtrada; alanina (ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina na sua forma livre a 4%; Glutamina + Alanina (GLN+ALA), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanina e L-glutamina, ambos na sua forma livre, em solução a 4%; e dipeptídeo (DIP), animais treinados que receberam suplementação com L-alanil-L-glutamina a 4%. Os animais foram submetidos ao protocolo de subida em escada com carga progressiva durante oito semanas e receberam a suplementação nos últimos 21 dias de experimento. RESULTADOS: Os grupos CTRL, GLN+ALA e DIP apresentaram ganho de peso menor (p=0.00001 vs. SED). Não houve diferença estatística entre o grupo SED e o grupo ALA. O grupo SED apresentou ganho de peso significativo quando comparados aos animais dos outros grupos (p=0.03). Os animais suplementados apresentaram menor consumo (p<0.05 vs. SED). Grupo DIP apresentou atividade reduzida da atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA quando comparado aos outros grupos (p=0.005). A suplementação com GLN+ALA foi mais eficaz em restaurar a glutaminemia hepática (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Os animais que foram suplementados com dipeptídeo apresentaram aumento no estoque de glutamina quando comparados com o grupo ALA (p<0.003). O grupo DIP apresentou aumento significativo de SIRT-1 (p<0.05), quando comparado com os outros grupos. As intervenções nutricionais foram capazes de aumentar os estoques de HSP70 no fígado(p<0.05 vs. CTRL). O grupo ALA apresentou maior expressão da enzima glutamina sintetase (p<0.05). As enzimas hepáticas AST, ALT e LDH não apresentaram diferença significativa. CONCLUSÃO: O exercício de força, com o protocolo utilizado neste experimento, não foi suficiente para causar inflamação sistêmica e, isto pode ter ocorrido por conta da eficácia da suplementação em atenuar os parâmetros inflamatórios a nível local, no tecido muscular. A suplementação com glutamina e alanina na sua forma livre ou como dipeptídeo foi eficaz em diminuir a atividade de ligação do NF-kB ao DNA, aumentar os níveis de glutamina no fígado, aumentar os estoques de HSP70 e de SIRT-1 no tecido hepático. / INTRODUCTION: Muscle intense contractions caused by resistance exercise can promote muscle damage, which favors the arrival of lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages to tissular repair and occurs local inflammation. If the tissue is not quickly repaired and is continuously injured, an acute-phase inflammatory response. In conjunction with the inflammatory response there is activation of cytoprotective system, such as heat shock proteins (HSP) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Both have similar action in one of the most known inflammatory transcription factors, NF-kB and act preventing the phosphorylation of IkB&#945; protein, which is complexed to NF-kB. Both HSP as SIRT1 suffer positive influence of glutamine. Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in the human body, classified as conditionally essential in stressful situations such as intense exercise, because body\'s production is not enough to meet demand. Thus, the search for effective ways of this amino acid supplementation increases every day, as it is widely known that supplementation of this single amino acid in its free form has low efficiency, since more than 50% is ingested is retained in the enterocyte . Further studies have shown that supplementation of the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-glutamine as well as L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in free form in solution may be effective alternatives. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of chronic supplementation of L-glutamine and L-alanine, in its free form or as dipeptide, in the inflammatory pathway of NF-kB and possible inhibition of this pathway, resulting from cytoprotection afforded by the activation of HSP and SIRT1 in the liver of rats with resistance training. METHODS: 40 adult male rats of the Wistar strain were used. The animals were divided into five groups: sedentary (SED), non-trained animals that received only filtered water; control (CTRL), trained animals that received only filtered water; alanine (ALA), trained animals receiving supplementation with L-alanine in its free form at 4%; Glutamine + Alanine (GLN + ALA), trained animals receiving L-alanine and L-glutamine supplementation both in its free form in a solution at 4%; and dipeptide (DIP) trained animals receiving supplementation of L-alanyl-L-glutamine at 4%. The animals were submitted to climb a ladder protocol for eight weeks with progressive load and receive supplementation in the last 21 days of the experiment. RESULTS: CTRL, GLN+ALA and DIP groups presented lower weight gain (p=0.00001 vs. SED). SED group showed significant weight gain compared to animals of other groups(p=0.03). Supplemented animals presented lower consumption (p<0.05 vs. SED). DIP group showed lower Total DNA-binding activity of NF-kB p65, when compared with other groups (p=0.005). Supplementation with GLN+ALA It was more effective in restoring liver glutaminemia (p<0.003 vs. CTRL e ALA). Animals were supplemented with dipeptide showed an increase in glutamine stores when compared with ALA group (p<0.003). DIP group showed a significant increase of SIRT -1 (p<0.05), when compared with other. Nutritional interventions were able to increase HSP70 stores in liver (p<0.05 vs. CTRL). ALA group had higher expression of enzyme glutamine synthetase(p<0.05). CONCLUSÃO: Resistance exercise with protocol used in this experiment , it was not enough to cause systemic inflammation , and this may have occurred due to the effectiveness of supplementation in attenuating the inflammatory parameters locally in the muscle tissue. Supplementation of glutamine and alanine in free form or as dipeptide was effective in decreasing the binding activity of NF- kB DNA , increased levels of glutamine in the liver , increase HSP70 stocks and SIRT -1 in liver tissue.
6

Cisplatin induced ototoxicity : pharmacokinetics, prediction and prevention /

Ekborn, Andreas, January 2003 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.
7

Atividade citoprotetora da berberina, um alcalÃide isoquinolÃnico, sobre a toxicidade celular induzida pela 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) em cÃlulas SH-SY5Y. / Cytoprotective activity of berberine, an isoquinolinium alkaloid on the cytotoxicity induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in SH-SY5Y cells.

Camylla Maria Carvalho Moura 30 April 2012 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A doenÃa de Parkinson (DP) à a segunda doenÃa neurodegenerativa mais comum afetando cerca de 1% da populaÃÃo mundial. Fatores ambientais e genÃticos poderÃo interagir e contribuir para o desenvolvimento da doenÃa. A 6-hidroxidopamina (6-OHDA) à uma neurotoxina que age em neurÃnios catecolaminÃrgicos, atravÃs da formaÃÃo de espÃcies reativas do oxigÃnio e inibiÃÃo do complexo I da cadeia transportadora de elÃtrons. A berberina à um alcalÃide isoquinolÃnico natural, com atividade antioxidante e aÃÃo na membrana mitocondrial. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a atividade citoprotetora da berberina em modelo de degeneraÃÃo celular induzida pela 6-OHDA em cultura de cÃlulas SH-SY5Y. A berberina (10, 25 e 50Âg/mL) foi adicionada as cÃlulas 15 minutos antes da 6-OHDA 50ÂM, apÃs 24 horas foram feitos os testes para avaliaÃÃo da viabilidade celular (MTT e iodeto de propÃdeo- IP), estresse oxidativo (nitrito, TBARS â quantificaÃÃo de malondialdeÃdo), morfologia/apoptose (hematoxilina/eosina, brometo de etÃdeo/laranja de acridina) e potencial transmembrÃnico mitocondrial (rodamina 123). A 6-OHDA reduziu significativamente a viabilidade celular (Controle: MTT= 99,62%, IP= 98,63%; 6-OHDA: MTT=49,79%, IP= 48,80%), aumentou os nÃveis de nitrito (71,8%) e de malondialdeÃdo (27%). Foi observado fragmentaÃÃo e reduÃÃo do volume celular, perda dos neuritos, grande percentagem de cÃlulas apoptÃticas e necrÃticas (Controle: viÃveis= 95,5%, apoptÃticas= 2,67%, necrÃticas= 1,83%; 6-OHDA:viÃveis= 23,75%, apoptÃticas= 61,92, necrÃticas= 14,34%) e elevou em 56% o nÃmero de cÃlulas que apresentam despolarizaÃÃo mitocondrial. A berberina protegeu significativamente (p<0,05) as cÃlulas dos danos induzidos pela 6-OHDA, elevando a viabilidade celular para (MTT: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 68,4; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 79%. IP: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 61; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 58%), reduziu os nÃveis de nitrito (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 6,16; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,20 ÂM) e malondialdeÃdo (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 8,53; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,8 ÂM) AlÃm disso, a berberina reduziu as alteraÃÃes na morfologia celular, na morte por apoptose (BERB 25 + 6-OHDA=apoptose-26,51%; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= apoptose-30,32%) e o nÃmero de cÃlulas com despolarizaÃÃo mitocondrial (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 7,58; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 12,9%). Esses resultados mostram a citoproteÃÃo pela berberina, por seu efeito antiapoptÃtico, que pode estar relacionado a uma proteÃÃo mitocondrial e uma aÃÃo antioxidante. Deste modo, podemos sugerir que a berberina pode ser explorada como possÃvel agente neuroprotetor para doenÃa de Parkinson. / Parkinsonâs disease is the second more common neurodegenerative sickness and it affects about 1% of the world population. Environment and genetics factors may interact and contribute to the diseaseâs development. The 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is a neurotoxin that acts on catecholaminergic neurons throughthe formation of reactive oxygen species and inhibition of the electron transport chainâs complex I. The berberine is a natural isoquinolinium alkaloid with antioxidant activity and action in the mitochondrial membrane. The present study aimed to investigate the cytoprotective activity of berberine in cell degeneration model induced by 6-OHDA in cultured SH-SY5Y cell. Berberine (10, 25 and 50 Âg/mL) was added to the cells 15 minutes before 6-OHDA 50ÂM and, after 24 hours, the tests were made for evaluation of cellular viability (MTT and propidium iodide-IP), oxidative stress (nitrite, TBARS), morphology/apoptosis (hematoxilin/eosin, ethidium bromide/acridine orange) and mitochondrial transmembrane potencial (rhodamine 123). 6-OHDA reduced significantly the cellular viability (Control: MTT=99,62%, IP=98,63%; 6-OHDA: MTT=49,79%, IP= 48,80%), increased the nitrite (71,8%) and the malondialdehyde levels (27%). It was observed fragmentation and reduction of cell volume, loss of neuritis, large percentage of apoptotic and necrotic cells (Control: viable=23,75%, apoptotic=61,92%, necrotic=1,83%; 6-OHDA: viable= 23,75%, apoptotic= 61,92%, necrotic= 14,34%) and of cells with mitochondrial depolarization 56%. Berberine significantly protected (p<0,05) cells from damage induced by 6-OHDA, increasing cell viability (MTT: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 68,10  4,49; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 78,81 2,31%. IP: BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 60,38  0,92; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 57,45  1,33%), reduced nitrite (BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= 6,16  0,42; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,20  0,40ÂM) and malondialdehyde levels (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 8,53; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 6,8 ÂM). Furthermore, berberine reduced morphology cell alterations, apoptotic death (BERB 25 + 6-OHDA= apoptosis-26,51%; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= apoptosis-30,32%) and number of cells with mitochondrial depolarization (BERB 25+ 6-OHDA= 7,58; BERB 50 + 6-OHDA= 12,9%). These results show that the cytoprotection of berberine, possibly by its antiapoptotic effects, may be related to a mitochondrial protection and/or an antioxidant action. Thus, we suggest that berberine may be prospected as a possible neuroprotective agent for Parkinsonâs disease.
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Avaliação do estresse oxidativo e estado redox mitocondrial na hepatotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina em ratos \'Wistar\': efeito protetor da dimetiltiouréia / Evaluation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and redox state in the cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats: protective effect of dimethylthiourea

Nádia Maria Martins 21 June 2007 (has links)
A cisplatina ainda é um dos agentes quimioterápicos mais efetivos. No entanto, em elevadas doses pode ocorrer hepatotoxicidade. Alguns antioxidantes têm sido mostrado amenizar a hepatotoxicidade induzida pela cisplatina mas o mecanismo molecular envolvido não está bem esclarecido.No presente estudo nós investigamos moleculares subjacente ao efeito protetor da dimetiltiuouréia (DMTU), um conhecido eqüestrador de radical hidroxil, contra a lesão oxidativamitocondrial hepática induzida pela cisplatina em ratos. Ratos Wistar machos adultos ( 200 a 220g) foram divididos entre 4 grupos de 8 animais cada. O grupo controle foi tratado apenas com uma injeção intraperitoneal (i.p.) de solução salina (1 ml/ 100g de peso). Ao grupo DMTU foi administrado apenas DMTU (500 mg/kg de peso, i.p., seguido de 125 mg/kg, i.p., duas vezes ao dia até o sacrifício). Ao grupo cisplatina foi administrado uma injeção única de cisplatina (10 mg/kg de peso, i.p.). Ao grupo DMTU + cisplatina foi administrado DMTU (500mg/kg de peso, i.p.), pouco antes da injeção da cisplatina (10 mg/kg de peso, i.p.), seguido por injeções de DMTU (125 mg/kg de peso, i.p.) duas vezes ao dia até o sacrifício ( 72 horas após o tratamento). A hepatotoxicidade foi evidenciada no grupo cisplatina pelo aumento dos níveis séricos de alanina (ALT) e aspartato (AST)aminotransferases. O mecanismo de hepatotoxicidade induzido pela cisplatina mostrou-se envolvido na rigidez de membrana; na redução da razão glutationa reduzida em relação a glutationa oxidada (GSH/GSSG); na redução dos níveis de ATP, GSH e NADPH; na lipoperoxidação; na lesão oxidativa da cardiolipina e de proteínas com grupos fidrílicos. Mais ainda, a morte celular por apoptose foi também demonstrada e os achados fortemente sugerem a participação do xi mecanismo sinalizador mitocondrial neste processo; o DMTU não apresentou nenhum efeito direto sobre a mitocôndria e inibiu substancialmente a lesão mitocondrial induzida pela cisplatina, prevenindo a hepatotoxicidade. Todos os seguintes efeitos induzidos pela cisplatina foram previnidos pelo DMTU: (a) elevação dos níveis séricos de AST e ALT; (b) redução dos níveis de ATP hepático;(c)peroxidação lipídica;(d)oxidação da cardiolipina; (e)oxidação de proteínas sulfidrílicas; (f) rigidez da membrana mitocondrial; (g) oxidação de GSH; (h)oxidação de NADPH e (i) morte celular por apoptose. Os resultados mostraram o papel principal da mitocôndria e dos radicais hidroxilas na proteção do fígado saudável contra a lesão hepática induzida pela cisplatina, delineando um número de etapas que podem ser consideradas no desenvolvimento de futuros agentes citoprotetores / Cisplatin is still one of the most effective chemotherapeutic agents. However, at higher doses hepatotoxicity may occur. Some antioxidants have been shown to ameliorate cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity but the involved molecular mechanism has not been clarified. In the present study we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of dimethylthiourea (DMTU), a known hydroxyl radical scavenger, against liver mitochondrial oxidative damage induced by cisplatin in rats.Adult male Wistar rats (200 to 220g) were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each. The control group was treated only with an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline solution (1ml/100g body weight). The DMTU group was given only DMTU (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p, followed by 125 mg/Kg, i.p., twice a day until sacrifice). The cisplatin group was given a single injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.). The DMTU+cisplatin group was given DMTU (500 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), just before the cisplatin injection (10 mg/kg body weight, i.p.), followed by injections of DMTU (125 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) twice a day until sacrifice (72 hours after the treatment). epatotoxicity was evidenced in the cisplatin group by the increased serum levels of alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) aminotransferases. The mechanism of cisplatininduced hepatotoxicity was found to involve membrane rigidification; decreased GSH/GSSG ratio, ATP, GSH and NADPH levels; lipid peroxidation; oxidative damage of cardiolipin and protein sulfhydryl groups. Moreover, cell death by apoptosis was also demonstrated and the findings strongly suggest the participation of the mitochondrial signaling pathway in this process; DMTU did not present any direct effect on mitochondria and substantially inhibited cisplatin-induced mitochondrial injury, therefore preventing the hepatotoxicity. All the following cisplatin-induced xiv effects were prevented by DMTU: (a) elevation of AST and ALT serum levels; (b) decreased hepatic ATP levels; (c) lipid peroxidation; (d)cardiolipin oxidation; (e) sulfhydryl protein oxidation; (f) mitochondrial membrane rigidification; (g) GSH oxidation; (h) NADPH oxidation and (h) apoptotic cell death. Results show the central role of mitochondria and hydroxyl radicals in the protection of healthy liver against cisplatin-induced injury, highlighting a number of steps that might be considered in the development of novel cytoprotective agents.
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Vliv opioidů na účinek cytostatik na astrocytární buněčné liniie C6 a CCF-STTG1 / The impact of opioids on the effect of cytostatic agents on the C6 and CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cell lines

Honc, Ondřej January 2017 (has links)
Despite its numerous side effects, morphine and the opioids derived from this drug, belong among the only effective options for treatment of pain linked to oncological illness. The effect of opioids on the efficiency of cytostatics in vitro has been the subject of many papers but the results are often contradictory, which could be probably caused by the great variability of experimental models and approaches. Some recent studies indicate that the consequences of activation of opioid signaling in astrocytes display certain differences from other cell types. Glioblastoma multiforme, the tumor derived from astrocytes, belong among those with the worst prognosis, mostly for the frequent resistance to cytostatics. In this thesis we focused on the effect of morphine, methadone and DADLE on the efficiency of cytostatics of temozolomide, doxorubicin and vincristine on the cell lines C6 and CCF-STTG1 derived from glioblastomas. Also, we examined the effect of the above mentioned opioids on the level of oxidative cellular stress and using N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, we verified the role of oxidative stress in cellular systems activated by the effect of the mentioned opioids on the efficiency of cytostatics. We also assessed opioid receptors and the receptor TLR4 in the examined cell lines. The...
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Ovarian Steroid Deprivation Results in a Reversible Learning Impairment and Compromised Cholinergic Function in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats

Singh, Meharvan, Meyer, Edwin M., Millard, William J., Simpkins, James W. 02 May 1994 (has links)
We hypothesized that estradiol (E2) serves as a neurotrophomodulatory substance for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons thought to be involved in learning and memory. Learning/memory was assessed using the two-way active avoidance paradigm and the Morris water task. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were either ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX for 3 weeks, followed by s.c. implantation of a Silastic pellet containing 17-ß E2 (E2 pellet), resulting in a replacement of E2 to physiological levels. Ovary-intact (INTACT) animals served as our positive control. Active avoidance behavior and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were assessed at 5 and 28 weeks postovariectomy while performance on the Morris water task and high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were measured only at the 5-week time point. At the 5-week time point, E2 replacement caused a significant elevation in the level of active avoidance performance relative to OVX animals. At the 28-week time point, OVX animals demonstrated a significantly lower number of avoidances relative to controls (61%) whereas E2-pellet animals not only demonstrated superior performance relative to OVX animals but also showed an accelerated rate of learning. Morris water task performance, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by estrogenic milieu despite a trend towards better performance in the E2-pellet group. Neurochemical analyses revealed that 5 weeks of ovariectomy was sufficient to reduce HACU in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus by 24 and 34%, respectively, while E2 replacement was successful in elevating HACU relative to OVX animals in both regions. ChAT activity was decreased in the hippocampus but not the frontal cortex of 5-week OVX animals. E2 replacement resulted in a reversal of this effect. At the 28-week time period, an unexpected decrease in ChAT activity was observed across all treatment groups. Interestingly, E2-pellet animals demonstrated the least severe decline in ChAT. This phenomenon was most evident in the frontal cortex where ChAT decreased by 61 and 56% in INTACT and OVX animals, respectively, whereas the decline in E2-pellet animals was only 16% over the same time period, suggesting a previously unreported cytoprotective effect of E2. Taken together, these findings demonstrate important effects of estrogens on cholinergic neurons and support the potential use of estrogen therapy in treatment of dementias in postmenopausal women.

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