The thermotropic behavior of multilamellar vesicles of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), or of DPPC in admixture with cardiolipin or cholesterol, in the presence of various N-alkyl derivatives of both adriamycin-14-valerate has been investigated by high sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry. The analogues, particularly the 14-valerate derivatives, which were most lipophilic as judged by their lipid/buffer, and to a lesser extent by their octanol/buffer, partition coefficients, were the most effective in depressing the tm of the investigated lipids; correlations, however, were not absolute. Other factors, such as the distribution of the drugs between the solid and liquid-crystalline phases of the bilayer, were also important to the observed membrane perturbations. With all anthracyclines, however, no major changes in the transition enthalpy were observed. In the case of vesicles prepared from pure DPPC, curve fitting analysis based on ideal solution theory (J.M. Sturtevant (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 1398-1400) applied at relatively low drug concentrations where single peak transitions were produced, adequately described the differential scanning calorimetric results. At high drug concentrations, however, the presence of multipeak transitions were indicative of non-ideality.

No description available.

No description available.

Thin film bilayers and blends composed of polymers and nanoparticles are increasingly important for technological applications that range from space survivable coatings to novel drug delivery systems. Dewetting or spontaneous hole formation in amorphous polymer films and phase separation in multicomponent polymer films can hinder the stability of these systems at elevated temperatures. Hence, fundamental understanding of dewetting and phase separation in polymer/nanoparticle bilayer and blend films is crucial for controlling transport and thermomechanical properties and surface morphologies of these systems. This dissertation provides studies on morphological evolution driven by phase separation and/or dewetting in model polymer/nanoparticle thin film bilayers and blends at elevated temperatures. Morphological evolution in dewetting bilayers of poly(t-butyl acrylate) (PtBA) or polystyrene (PS) and a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), trisilanolphenyl-POSS (TPP) is explored at elevated temperatures. The results demonstrate unique dewetting morphologies in both PtBA/TPP and PS/TPP bilayers that are significantly different from those typically observed in dewetting polymer/polymer bilayers. Upon annealing the PtBA/TPP bilayers at 95°C, a two-step dewetting process is observed. PtBA immediately diffuses into the upper TPP layer leading to hole formation and subsequently the holes merge to form interconnected rim structures in the upper TPP layer. Dewetting of both the TPP and PtBA layers at longer annealing times leads to the evolution of scattered holes containing TPP-rich, fractal aggregates. The fractal dimensions of the TPP-rich, fractal aggregates are ~2.2 suggesting fractal pattern formation via cluster-cluster aggregation. Dewetting in PS/TPP bilayers also proceeds via a two-step process; however, the observed dewetting morphologies are dramatically different from those observed in PtBA/TPP bilayers. Cracks immediately form in the upper TPP layer during annealing of PS/TPP bilayers at 200°C. With increasing annealing times, the cracks in the TPP layer act as nucleation sites for dewetting and aggregation of the TPP layer and subsequent dewetting of the underlying PS layer. Complete dewetting of both the TPP and PS layers results in the formation of TPP encapsulated PS droplets. Phase separation in PtBA/TPP thin film blends is investigated as functions of annealing temperature and time. The PtBA/TPP thin film blend system exhibits an upper critical solution temperature (LCST) phase diagram with a critical composition and temperature of 60 wt% PtBA and ~70°C, respectively. Spinodal decomposition (SD) is observed for 60 wt% PtBA blend films and off-critical SD is seen for 58 and 62 wt% PtBA blend films. The temporal evolution of SD in 60 wt% PtBA blend films is also explored. Power law scaling for the characteristic wavevector with time (q ~ t^n with n = -1/4 to -1/3) during the early stages of phase separation yields to domain pinning at the later stages for films annealed at 75, 85, and 95°C. In contrast, domain growth is instantly pinned for films annealed at 105°C. Our work provides an important first step towards understanding how nanoparticles affect polymer thin film stability and this knowledge may be utilized to fabricate surfaces with tunable morphologies via controlled dewetting and/or phase separation. / Ph. D.

No / Transmembrane pore formation is central to many biological processes such as ion transport, cell fusion, and viral infection. Furthermore, pore formation in the ceramide bilayers of the stratum corneum may be an important mechanism by which penetration enhancers such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) weaken the barrier function of the skin. We have used the potential of mean constraint force (PMCF) method to calculate the free energy of pore formation in ceramide bilayers in both the innate gel phase and in the DMSO-induced fluidized state. Our simulations show that the fluid phase bilayers form archetypal water-filled hydrophilic pores similar to those observed in phospholipid bilayers. In contrast, the rigid gel-phase bilayers develop hydrophobic pores. At the relatively small pore diameters studied here, the hydrophobic pores are empty rather than filled with bulk water, suggesting that they do not compromise the barrier function of ceramide membranes. A phenomenological analysis suggests that these vapor pores are stable, below a critical radius, because the penalty of creating water-vapor and tail-vapor interfaces is lower than that of directly exposing the strongly hydrophobic tails to water. The PMCF free energy profile of the vapor pore supports this analysis. The simulations indicate that high DMSO concentrations drastically impair the barrier function of the skin by strongly reducing the free energy required for pore opening. / EPSRC

Aqueous droplets submerged in an oil-lipid mixture become enclosed by a lipid monolayer. The droplets can be connected to form robust networks of droplet interface bilayers (DIBs) with functions such as a biobattery and a light sensor. The discovery and characterization of an engineered nanopore with diode-like properties is enabling the construction of DIB networks capable of biochemical computing. Moreover, DIB networks might be used as model systems for the study of membrane-based biological phenomena. We develop and experimentally validate an electrical modeling approach for DIB networks. Electrical circuit simulations will be important in guiding the development of increasingly complex DIB networks. In cell membranes, the lipid compositions of the inner and outer leaflets differ. Therefore, a robust model system that enables single-channel electrical recording with asymmetric bilayers would be very useful. Towards this end, we incorporate lipid vesicles of different compositions into aqueous droplets and immerse them in an oil bath to form asymmetric DIBs (a-DIBs). Both α-helical and β-barrel membrane proteins insert readily into a-DIBs, and their activity can be measured by single-channel electrical recording. We show that the gating behavior of outer membrane protein G (OmpG) from Escherichia coli differs depending on the side of insertion in an asymmetric DIB with a positively charged leaflet opposing a negatively charged leaflet. The a-DIB system provides a general platform for studying the effects of bilayer leaflet composition on the behavior of ion channels and pores. Even with the small volumes (~100 nL) that can be used to form DIBs, the separation between two adjacent bilayers in a DIB network is typically still hundreds of microns. In contrast, dual-membrane spanning proteins require the bilayer separation to be much smaller; for example, the bilayer separation for gap junctions must be less than 5 nm. We designed a double bilayer system that consists of two monolayer-coated aqueous spheres brought into contact with each side of a water film submerged in an oil-lipid solution. The spheres could be brought close enough together such that they physically deflected without rupturing the double bilayer. Future work on quantifying the bilayer separation and studying dual-membrane spanning proteins with the double bilayer platform is planned.

Self-organization of regular surface pattern under ion beam erosion was described in detail by Navez in 1962. Several years later in 1986 Bradley and Harper (BH) published the first self-consistent theory on this phenomenon based on the competition of surface roughening described by Sigmund’s sputter theory and surface smoothing by Mullins-Herring diffusion. Many papers that followed BH theory introduced other processes responsible for the surface patterning e.g. viscous flow, redeposition, phase separation, preferential sputtering, etc. The present understanding is still not sufficient to specify the dominant driving forces responsible for self-organization. 3D atomistic simulations can improve the understanding by reproducing the pattern formation with the detailed microscopic description of the driving forces. 2D simulations published so far can contribute to this understanding only partially. A novel program package for 3D atomistic simulations called trider (TRansport of Ions in matter with DEfect Relaxation), which unifies full collision cascade simulation with atomistic relaxation processes, has been developed. The collision cascades are provided by simulations based on the Binary Collision Approximation, and the relaxation processes are simulated with the 3D lattice kinetic Monte-Carlo method. This allows, without any phenomenological model, a full 3D atomistic description on experimental spatiotemporal scales. Recently discussed new mechanisms of surface patterning like ballistic mass drift or the dependence of the local morphology on sputtering yield are inherently included in our atomistic approach. The atomistic 3D simulations do not depend so much on experimental assumptions like reported 2D simulations or continuum theories. The 3D computer experiments can even be considered as ’cleanest’ possible experiments for checking continuum theories. This work aims mainly at the methodology of a novel atomistic approach, showing that: (i) In general, sputtering is not the dominant driving force responsible for the ripple formation. Processes like bulk and surface defect kinetics dominate the surface morphology evolution. Only at grazing incidence the sputtering has been found to be a direct cause of the ripple formation. Bradley and Harper theory fails in explaining the ripple dynamics because it is based on the second-order-effect ‘sputtering’. However, taking into account the new mechanisms, a ‘Bradley-Harper equation’ with redefined parameters can be derived, which describes pattern formation satisfactorily. (ii) Kinetics of (bulk) defects has been revealed as the dominating driving force of pattern formation. Constantly created defects within the collision cascade, are responsible for local surface topography fluctuation and cause surface mass currents. The mass currents smooth the surface at normal and close to normal ion incidence angles, while ripples appear first at θ ≥ 40°. The evolution of bimetallic interfaces under ion irradiation is another application of trider described in this thesis. The collisional mixing is in competition with diffusion and phase separation. The irradiation with He+ ions is studied for two extreme cases of bimetals: (i) Irradiation of interfaces formed by immiscible elements, here Al and Pb. Ballistic interface mixing is accompanied by phase separation. Al and Pb nanoclusters show a self-ordering (banding) parallel to the interface. (ii) Irradiation of interfaces by intermetallics forming species, here Pt and Co. Well-ordered layers of phases of intermetallics appear in the sequence Pt/Pt3Co/PtCo/PtCo3/Co. The trider program package has been proven to be an appropriate technique providing a complete picture of mixing mechanisms.

Introdução: A tuberculose é uma infecção curável causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Requer tratamento prolongado e a combinação de vários fármacos implicando em efeitos colaterais que podem levar pacientes ao abandono do tratamento. Formulações de droga de liberação controlada como nanopartículas, nanoemulsões ou lipossomos têm tido sucesso contra doenças infecciosas. Em especial, brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB) disperso em água pode formar lipossomos ou vesículas grandes (LV) ou fragmentos de bicamada (BF) que podem carrear drogas hidrofóbicas ou hidrofílicas e ademais, podem atuar como microbicidas. Objetivos: determinar atividade do DODAB contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis e M. smegmatis tanto isoladamente como em combinação com duas drogas tuberculostáticas, rifampicina (RIF) e isoniazida (ISO); determinar a incorporação de RIF e ISO em dispersões de DODAB. Material e Métodos: Dispersões de DODAB foram obtidas por vortexação (LV) ou sonicação (BF) e sua interação com as drogas foi avaliada por espectros óticos das drogas, espalhamento de luz dinâmico para medida de distribuição de tamanhos e potencial-zeta e diálise para determinação de incorporação dos fármacos em DODAB LV ou BF. Viabilidade de M. smegmatis ou M. tuberculosis foi determinada por contagem de viáveis em função de concentração de DODAB. Combinações DODAB/droga contra micobactérias foram avaliadas por determinação de concentração inibitória minima (CIM), em µg/ml. Resultados: DODAB mata M. smegmatis a partir de 4 µM de concentração e 1 h de interação e M. tuberculosis, em 100 µM e 120 h de interação. ISO resultou permeável através da bicamada de DODAB em contraste com RIF que adsorveu irreversivelmente nas bicamadas, resultando em 75% de incorporação com 0.1 e 2 mM de droga e DODAB, respectivamente. CIM de RIF contra M. smegmatis foi 32 e, em combinação com 2 de DODAB caiu para 2. Para M. tuberculosis CIM de 0,015 caiu para 0,007 em combinação com 4 DODAB. A combinação foi sinérgica contra M. smegmatis e de ação independente contra M. tuberculosis. / Introduction: Tuberculosis is potentially curable but remains a serious public health problem with large numbers of infected people in several countries. The long time that the patient should receive medication, associated with a large number of adverse effects often cause treatment failure. Nanoparticles, liposomes and emulsions have been used successfully in antibacterial therapy. In particular, dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) bilayers in form of bilayer fragments (BF) or vesicles (LV) provided adequate environment for solubilization and stabilization of several drugs with an additional advantage: they acted as antimicrobial agents themselves. Objectives: investigation of DODAB bactericidal activity against mycobacteria, determination of entrapment efficiency for rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (ISO) in DODAB dispersions and determination of the DODAB/drug activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and tuberculosis. Material and Methods: DODAB dispersions were obtained by sonication of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) synthetic lipid (BF)or by vortexing (LV) the lipid powder in aqueous solution. The physic-chemical characteristics of drugs in DODAB dispersions were determined from optical spectra and dynamic light scattering for evaluating size distribution and zeta-potentials. Drug incorporation in DODAB dispersions was determined from dialysis. Cell viability was determined from plating and colony forming unities (CFU) counting as a function of [DODAB]. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained for drug or DODAB/drug combinations. Results: DODAB killed M. smegmatis and tuberculosis from 4¨µM (1 h interaction) and 100 µM (120 h interaction), respectively. Rifampicin drug particles above its solubilization limit could be solubilized by BF at 0.5 mM lipid. LV was leaky to ISO whereas RIF could be incorporated in BF or LV bilayer at high percentiles (0.1 mM RIF in 2 mM DODAB BF or LV). MIC for combination DODAB/RIF was 2/2 or 4/0.007 µg/mL whereas synergism index was 0.5 or 1.0 against M. smegmatis or M. tuberculosis, respectively. DODAB and RIF acted synergistically when tested against M. smegmatis.

A associação entre DNA de cadeia de longa e partículas catiônicas foi caracterizada por determinações de tamanho (espalhamento de luz dinâmico), análise de potencial-zeta, turbidimetria, estabilidade coloidal, microscopia de força atômica (AFM) e determinação de citotoxicidade dos arranjos contra a bactéria E. coli a partir da contagem de unidades formadoras de colônia (UFC). Partículas de poliestireno sulfato (PSS) de diversos tamanhos foram recobertas por uma bicamada de brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB) e entituladas partículas biomiméticas catiônicas PSS/DODAB. Estas são altamente organizadas, catiônicas e monodispersas. Em seguida, por adição de λ, T5 ou T2-DNA, os arranjos supramoleculares PSS/DODAB/DNA foram obtidos e caracterizados em função da concentração de DNA e tamanho de partícula (80-700 nm). Em baixas concentrações de DNA, foram obtidos arranjos catiônicos PSS/DODAB/DNA de boa estabilidade coloidal, polidispersidade moderada e alta citotoxicidade contra E. coli. A partir da concentração de DNA correspondente à neutralização de cargas, foram obtidos arranjos neutros ou aniônicos de baixa estabilidade coloidal, alta polidispersidade e citotoxicidade moderada. Arranjos similares a nucleossomos foram visualizados por AFM para alguns arranjos na situação de neutralização de cargas (potencial-zeta igual a zero). Estão em perspectiva experimentos com DNA plasmidial que poderão revelar o papel do tamanho de partícula, carga e polidispersidade sobre a transfecção de genes em sistemas de células-modelo / The interaction between giant bacteriophage DNA and cationic biomimetic particles was characterized from sizing by dynamic light-scattering, zeta-potential analysis, turbidimetry, colloid stability, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and determination of cytotoxicity against E. coli from colony forming unities (CFU) counting. Firstly, polystyrene sulfate (PSS) particles with different sizes were covered by a dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) bilayer yielding the so called cationic biomimetic particles (PSS/DODAB). These cationic particles are highly organized, present a narrow size distribution and were obtained over a range of particle sizes. Thereafter, upon adding λ, T5 or T2-DNA to PSS/DODAB particles, supramolecular assemblies PSS/DODAB/DNA were obtained and characterized over a range of DNA concentrations and particle sizes (80-700 nm). Over the low DNA concentration range, PSS/DODAB/DNA assemblies were cationic, colloidally stable with moderate polydispersity and highly cytotoxic against E. coli. From DNA concentration corresponding to charge neutralization, neutral or anionic supramolecular assemblies PSS/DODAB/DNA exhibited low colloid stability, high polydispersity and moderate cytotoxicity. Some nucleosome mimetic assemblies were observed by AFM at charge neutralization (zetapotential equal to zero). In perspective are experiments with plasmid DNA which will possibly reveal the role of particle charge, size and polydispersity for PSS/DODAB/DNA mediated gene transfection

Introdução: A tuberculose é uma infecção curável causada pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Requer tratamento prolongado e a combinação de vários fármacos implicando em efeitos colaterais que podem levar pacientes ao abandono do tratamento. Formulações de droga de liberação controlada como nanopartículas, nanoemulsões ou lipossomos têm tido sucesso contra doenças infecciosas. Em especial, brometo de dioctadecildimetilamônio (DODAB) disperso em água pode formar lipossomos ou vesículas grandes (LV) ou fragmentos de bicamada (BF) que podem carrear drogas hidrofóbicas ou hidrofílicas e ademais, podem atuar como microbicidas. Objetivos: determinar atividade do DODAB contra Mycobacterium tuberculosis e M. smegmatis tanto isoladamente como em combinação com duas drogas tuberculostáticas, rifampicina (RIF) e isoniazida (ISO); determinar a incorporação de RIF e ISO em dispersões de DODAB. Material e Métodos: Dispersões de DODAB foram obtidas por vortexação (LV) ou sonicação (BF) e sua interação com as drogas foi avaliada por espectros óticos das drogas, espalhamento de luz dinâmico para medida de distribuição de tamanhos e potencial-zeta e diálise para determinação de incorporação dos fármacos em DODAB LV ou BF. Viabilidade de M. smegmatis ou M. tuberculosis foi determinada por contagem de viáveis em função de concentração de DODAB. Combinações DODAB/droga contra micobactérias foram avaliadas por determinação de concentração inibitória minima (CIM), em µg/ml. Resultados: DODAB mata M. smegmatis a partir de 4 µM de concentração e 1 h de interação e M. tuberculosis, em 100 µM e 120 h de interação. ISO resultou permeável através da bicamada de DODAB em contraste com RIF que adsorveu irreversivelmente nas bicamadas, resultando em 75% de incorporação com 0.1 e 2 mM de droga e DODAB, respectivamente. CIM de RIF contra M. smegmatis foi 32 e, em combinação com 2 de DODAB caiu para 2. Para M. tuberculosis CIM de 0,015 caiu para 0,007 em combinação com 4 DODAB. A combinação foi sinérgica contra M. smegmatis e de ação independente contra M. tuberculosis. / Introduction: Tuberculosis is potentially curable but remains a serious public health problem with large numbers of infected people in several countries. The long time that the patient should receive medication, associated with a large number of adverse effects often cause treatment failure. Nanoparticles, liposomes and emulsions have been used successfully in antibacterial therapy. In particular, dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) bilayers in form of bilayer fragments (BF) or vesicles (LV) provided adequate environment for solubilization and stabilization of several drugs with an additional advantage: they acted as antimicrobial agents themselves. Objectives: investigation of DODAB bactericidal activity against mycobacteria, determination of entrapment efficiency for rifampicin (RIF) and isoniazid (ISO) in DODAB dispersions and determination of the DODAB/drug activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis and tuberculosis. Material and Methods: DODAB dispersions were obtained by sonication of dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) synthetic lipid (BF)or by vortexing (LV) the lipid powder in aqueous solution. The physic-chemical characteristics of drugs in DODAB dispersions were determined from optical spectra and dynamic light scattering for evaluating size distribution and zeta-potentials. Drug incorporation in DODAB dispersions was determined from dialysis. Cell viability was determined from plating and colony forming unities (CFU) counting as a function of [DODAB]. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained for drug or DODAB/drug combinations. Results: DODAB killed M. smegmatis and tuberculosis from 4¨µM (1 h interaction) and 100 µM (120 h interaction), respectively. Rifampicin drug particles above its solubilization limit could be solubilized by BF at 0.5 mM lipid. LV was leaky to ISO whereas RIF could be incorporated in BF or LV bilayer at high percentiles (0.1 mM RIF in 2 mM DODAB BF or LV). MIC for combination DODAB/RIF was 2/2 or 4/0.007 µg/mL whereas synergism index was 0.5 or 1.0 against M. smegmatis or M. tuberculosis, respectively. DODAB and RIF acted synergistically when tested against M. smegmatis.