A calcificação ocorre pela formação de depósitos de cálcio em diferentes matrizes envolvendo fatores mecânicos, químicos e biológicos. Alguns compósitos, polímeros e proteínas são utilizados na formação de matrizes por promover maior eficiência no processo de mineralização. Estima-se que a fibroína da seda apresente também esta finalidade. A fibroína é uma proteína fibrosa extraída do casulo do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori), que pode ser processada como filme, membrana, esponja, pó, gel e aplicada em ossos e cartilagens, enxertos vasculares, reparação de nervos e córnea, como sistema de liberação de drogas, suturas, ligamentos, peles, tendões e substrato para cultura de células. Nesse trabalho houve a preparação de micropartículas de fibroína da seda através de dois procedimentos distintos, um por borrifamento em N&sup2 e outro por borrifamento em Na2HPO4 e o processo de calcificação realizado foi por imersão alternada de soluções tamponadas de cálcio e fosfato. As caracterizações realizadas foram Espectroscopia de Absorção no Infravermelho (FT-IR), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a calcificação das micropartículas de fibroína ocorre pelas duas metodologias empregadas. O teor de calcificação foi de aproximadamente 29% para micropartículas borrifadas em N&sup2 e de aproximadamente 80% para as micropartículas borrifadas em Na2HPO4. As micropartículas de fibroína calcificadas, não apresentaram transição térmica até a temperatura de 120°C, possibilitando a esterilização em autoclave a seco. / Calcification occurs by the formation of calcium deposits in different matrices involving mechanical factors, chemical and biological. Some composites, polymers, and proteins are used in forming matrices to promote higher efficiency in the process of mineralization. It is estimated that the silk fibroin also present for this purpose. The fibroin is a fibrous protein extracted from silkworm cocoon silkworm (Bombyx mori), which can be processed as film, membrane, sponge, powder, gel and applied in bone and cartilage, vascular grafts, nerve repair and corneal as a delivery system for drugs, sutures, ligaments, skins, tendons and substrate for cell culture. In this work was the preparation of microparticles of silk fibroin by two different procedures, sputter under N&sup2 and in other sputter Na2HPO4 and calcification process was performed by immersion of alternating buffered solutions of calcium and phosphate. The characterizations were performed Absorption Spectroscopy Infrared (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the calcification of fibroin microparticles occurs by the two methodologies. The calcified fibroin microparticles showed no thermal transition temperature to 120°C, enabling autoclaving of the microparticles dry

A calcificação ocorre pela formação de depósitos de cálcio em diferentes matrizes envolvendo fatores mecânicos, químicos e biológicos. Alguns compósitos, polímeros e proteínas são utilizados na formação de matrizes por promover maior eficiência no processo de mineralização. Estima-se que a fibroína da seda apresente também esta finalidade. A fibroína é uma proteína fibrosa extraída do casulo do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori), que pode ser processada como filme, membrana, esponja, pó, gel e aplicada em ossos e cartilagens, enxertos vasculares, reparação de nervos e córnea, como sistema de liberação de drogas, suturas, ligamentos, peles, tendões e substrato para cultura de células. Nesse trabalho houve a preparação de micropartículas de fibroína da seda através de dois procedimentos distintos, um por borrifamento em N&sup2 e outro por borrifamento em Na2HPO4 e o processo de calcificação realizado foi por imersão alternada de soluções tamponadas de cálcio e fosfato. As caracterizações realizadas foram Espectroscopia de Absorção no Infravermelho (FT-IR), Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva (EDS) e Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial (DSC). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a calcificação das micropartículas de fibroína ocorre pelas duas metodologias empregadas. O teor de calcificação foi de aproximadamente 29% para micropartículas borrifadas em N&sup2 e de aproximadamente 80% para as micropartículas borrifadas em Na2HPO4. As micropartículas de fibroína calcificadas, não apresentaram transição térmica até a temperatura de 120°C, possibilitando a esterilização em autoclave a seco. / Calcification occurs by the formation of calcium deposits in different matrices involving mechanical factors, chemical and biological. Some composites, polymers, and proteins are used in forming matrices to promote higher efficiency in the process of mineralization. It is estimated that the silk fibroin also present for this purpose. The fibroin is a fibrous protein extracted from silkworm cocoon silkworm (Bombyx mori), which can be processed as film, membrane, sponge, powder, gel and applied in bone and cartilage, vascular grafts, nerve repair and corneal as a delivery system for drugs, sutures, ligaments, skins, tendons and substrate for cell culture. In this work was the preparation of microparticles of silk fibroin by two different procedures, sputter under N&sup2 and in other sputter Na2HPO4 and calcification process was performed by immersion of alternating buffered solutions of calcium and phosphate. The characterizations were performed Absorption Spectroscopy Infrared (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the calcification of fibroin microparticles occurs by the two methodologies. The calcified fibroin microparticles showed no thermal transition temperature to 120°C, enabling autoclaving of the microparticles dry

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Original analytical theories are developed for partitioning mixed-mode fractures on rigid interfaces in laminated orthotropic double cantilever beams (DCBs) based on 2D elasticity by using some novel methods. Note that although the DCB represents a simplified case, it provides a deep understanding and predictive capability for real applications and does not restrict the analysis to a simple class of fracture problems. The developed theories are generally applicable to so-called 1D fracture consisting of opening (mode I) and shearing (mode II) action only with no tearing (mode III) action, for example, straight edge cracks, circular blisters in plates and shells, etc. A salient point of the methods is to first derive one loading condition that causes one pure fracture mode. It is conveniently called the first pure mode. Then, all other pure fracture modes can be determined by using this pure mode and the property of orthogonality between pure mode I modes and pure mode II modes. Finally, these 2D-elasticity-based pure modes are used to partition mixed-mode fractures into contributions from the mode I and mode II fracture modes by considering a mixed-mode fracture as the superposition of pure mode I and mode II fractures. The partition is made in terms of the energy release rate (ERR) or the stress intensity factor (SIF). An analytical partition theory is developed first for a DCB composed of two identical linear elastic layers. The first pure mode is obtained by introducing correction factors into the beam-theory-based mechanical conditions. The property of orthogonality is then used to determine all other pure modes in the absence of through-thickness-shear forces. To accommodate through-thickness shear forces, first two pure through-thickness-shear-force pure modes (one pure mode I and one pure mode II) are discovered by extending a Timoshenko beam partition theory. Partition of mixed-mode fractures under pure through-thickness shear forces is then achieved by using these two pure modes in conjunction with two thickness-ratio-dependent correction factors: (1) a shear correction factor, and (2) a pure-mode-II ERR correction factor. Both correction factors closely follow a normal distribution around a symmetric DCB geometry. The property of orthogonality between all pure mode I and all pure mode II fracture modes is then used to complete the mixed-mode fracture partition theory for a DCB with bending moments, axial forces and through-thickness shear forces. Fracture on bimaterial interfaces is an important consideration in the design and application of composite materials and structures. It has, however, proved an extremely challenging problem for many decades to obtain an analytical solution for the complex SIFs and the crack extension size-dependent ERRs, based on 2D elasticity. Such an analytical solution for a brittle interfacial crack between two dissimilar elastic layers is obtained in two stages. In the first stage the bimaterial DCB is under tip bending moments and axial forces and has a mismatch in Young s modulus; however, the Poisson s ratios of the top and bottom layers are the same. The solution is achieved by developing two types of pure fracture modes and two powerful mathematical techniques. The two types of pure fracture modes are a SIF-type and a load-type. The two mathematical techniques are a shifting technique and an orthogonal pure mode technique. In the second stage, the theory is extended to accommodate a Poisson s ratio mismatch. Equivalent material properties are derived for each layer, namely, an equivalent elastic modulus and an equivalent Poisson s ratio, such that both the total ERR and the bimaterial mismatch coefficient are maintained in an alternative equivalent case. Cases for which no analytical solution for the SIFs and ERRs currently exist can therefore be transformed into cases for which the analytical solution does exist. It is now possible to use a completely analytical 2D-elasticity-based theory to calculate the complex SIFs and crack extension size-dependent ERRs. The original partition theories presented have been validated by comparison with numerical simulations. Excellent agreement has been observed. Moreover, one partition theory is further extended to consider the blister test and the adhesion energy of mono- and multi-layered graphene membranes on a silicon oxide substrate. Use of the partition theory presented in this work allows the correct critical mode I and mode II adhesion energy to be obtained and all the experimentally observed behaviour is explained.