The diffusion behavior of guest molecules introduced in porous materials has been studied. Diffusion studies in such porous materials may help for elucidating the structural properties, transport mechanism and/or surface barriers of the zeolite structure. The focus of this work is on diffusion in nanoporous materials with complex pore spaces. First a short introduction in the basics of diffusion and the PFG NMR technique (Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is described. In the following two chapters the diffusion in hierarchical pore spaces or, to be more precise, zeolites with generated mesopores, which traverse the microporous bulk phase, are investigated. The hierarchical pore spaces consists in the first case of micro- and mesopores and in the second case of micro-, meso- and macropores. The diffusion behavior in these materials has been investigated revealing diffusion acceleration in the mesoporous samples, as compared to the purely microporous material. In the next chapter the diffusion behavior in glass samples with different porosity and their complementary pore space is investigated. Diffusion with full loaded pore spaces and surface diffusion, where the molecules were only able to diffuse along the pore walls, has been explored. The aim was to find out to what extent the diffusion in two complementary pore spaces is correlated. In the last chapter, the effect of an inorganic binder on the transport in zeolite pellets has been studied. First the diffusion behavior in binderless zeolite beads in comparison with the zeolite powder employed for their production has been explored. The particular interest was to find out up to which extent the diffusion patterns observed with the powder samples could again be recognized in the beads. In a second study the transport characteristics within binderless molecular sieves have been investigated, with the purpose to reveal differences in the diffusion behavior in comparison with their binder-containing counterparts.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / O consumo crescente da Ãgua de coco gera uma grande quantidade de resÃduo de difÃcil gerenciamento. O aproveitamento dessa biomassa reduz o acÃmulo de resÃduos, agrega valor à cadeia produtiva, gera renda e aumenta a vida Ãtil dos aterros sanitÃrios. Uma possibilidade à utilizar a casca de coco verde na manufatura de painÃis como alternativa aos painÃis elaborados com madeira. Uma das vantagens do uso da casca de coco à seu alto teor de lignina, que sob condiÃÃes adequadas de pressÃo e temperatura, pode funcionar como um ligante natural dispensando o uso de resinas sintÃticas para aglutinar as fibras. Em geral, essas resinas sÃo formuladas com formaldeÃdo, substÃncia derivada do petrÃleo e potencialmente causadora de cÃncer. A partir desses painÃis, à possÃvel fabricar mÃveis, divisÃrias, pisos e revestimentos sem a necessidade de efetuar o corte de espÃcies florestais. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo obter e caracterizar painÃis lignocelulosicos, utilizando como matÃria- prima as fibras e o pà da casca do coco verde, sem adiÃÃo de resinas sintÃticas. Os painÃis obtidos foram submetidos a anÃlises tÃrmicas, testes de inchamento em espessura, absorÃÃo de Ãgua, ensaios mecÃnicos, caracterizaÃÃo por infravermelho e microscopia eletrÃnica de varredura. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a lignina presente naturalmente na matÃria- prima atuou como ligante, sendo possÃvel obter painÃis com boa integridade estrutural. Todos os painÃis apresentaram valores de absorÃÃo de Ãgua inferiores ao MDF comercial. Alguns painÃis apresentaram mÃdulo de elasticidade superior ao MDF comercial. / The growing consumption of coconut water leads to high volumes of tough management wastes. The use of this biomass adds value to the supply chain, reduces the amount of waste, increases the financial income, and extends the service life of landfills. An option to use the coconut biomass is manufacturing plywood panels as an alternative to wood plywood boards. Coconut husk has a comparative advantage in relation to the wood plywood: a high content of lignin, which under certain pressure and temperature conditions can act as a natural binder, dispensing synthetic bonding resins to aglutinate the fibers. Usually the resins are made with formaldehyde, an oil-derived chemical and potential cause of cancer. Plywood can be used to manufacture furniture, wall panels, and floor bases, without cutting down trees. The aim of this work was to produce and characterize lignocellulosic panels made with unripe coconut husk fiber and pith, with no adding of synthetic resins. The boards were characterized by thermal analysis, thickness swelling tests, water absorption, mechanical testing, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. As expected, there was a significant correlation between the degradation of the main chemical constituents of the raw material and the final characteristics of the panels. According to the results, the lignin naturally present in the feedstock acted as a binder, it is possible to obtain panels with good structural integrity. All panels showed values of water absorption lower than the commercial MDF. Some panels showed higher elastic modulus to the commercial MDF.

Binderless fiberboard production from Cynara cardunculus and Vitis viniferaTwo lignocellulosic materials, Cynara cardunculus and Vitis vinifera, were pretreated and used to produce fiberboards without synthetic adhesives. The lignocellulosic materials were steam exploded through a thermo-mechanical vapor process in a batch reactor. After pretreatment the materials were dried, ground and pressed to produce the boards. The effects of pretreatment factors and pressing conditions on the chemical and physicomechanical properties of the fiberboards were evaluated and the conditions that optimize these properties were found. Response surface methodology based on a central composite design and multiple response optimization were used. The variables studied were: pretreatment temperature, pretreatment time, pressing temperature, pressing pressure, and pressing time. Binderless fiberboards produced from Cynara cardunculus stalks at the optimum conditions found fulfilled the European standards for boards of internal use. Nevertheless, binderless fiberboards produced from Vitis vinifera prunings at the optimum conditions found for this material did not completely met the European standards; modulus of rupture and internal bond values for these boards were lower than required minimums.Simultaneously, commercial Kraft lignin was reacted in an alkaline medium to enhance its adhesive properties. Chemical changes in reacted Kraft lignins that include ash content, Klason lignin, acid-soluble lignin and sugars were determined, as well as, structural characteristics of these lignins in terms of phenolic hydroxyl, aliphatic hydroxyl, methoxyl, carbonyl, Mw, Mn and polydispersity. The effects of reaction temperature and reaction time on lignin properties were studied using response surface methodology, and optimal reaction conditions were found.Two different types of Kraft lignin were used, alkali treated Kraft lignin and crude acid-washed Kraft lignin, as additives to enhance the physicomechanical properties of binderless fiberboards produced from Vitis vinifera to reach and overcome the European standards completely. At the end fiberboards produced with 20% of Vitis vinifera fibers replaced by crude acid-washed Kraft lignin were able to meet the European standards completely.This research work was an effort to reduce our dependency upon petroleum derivates, to diminish deforestation and to increase the use of renewable and biodegradable materials with the intention of preserving the environment and to encourage a sustainable development of our society. / Producción de Tableros de Fibras a partir de Cynara cardunculus y Vitis viniferaEn el presente estudio trozos Cynara cardunculus y Vitis vinifera fueron pretratados, y usados para producir tableros de fibras sin adhesivos sintéticos. Estos materiales lignocelulósicos se explotaron con vapor a través de un proceso termomecánico de vapor en un reactor por lotes. Después del pretratamiento el material fue secado, molido y prensado en caliente para producir los tableros. Se evaluaron los efectos de los factores del pretratamiento (temperatura de reacción y tiempo de reacción) y las condiciones de prensado (presión de prensado, temperatura y tiempo) sobre las propiedades químicas y físico-mecánicas de los tableros de fibras y se establecieron las condiciones que optimizan dichas propiedades. Las propiedades físico-mecánicas de los tableros de fibras que fueron estudiadas son: densidad, módulo de elasticidad (MOE), módulo de ruptura (MOR), enlace interno (IB), absorción de agua (WA) y hinchazón en hinchazón (TS) y las propiedades químicas estudiadas de la materia prima y el material pretratado fueron las siguientes: Cenizas, contenido de lignina Klason, contenido de celulosa y contenido de hemicelulosas. Se uso una metodología de superficie de respuesta basada en un diseño de experimentos del tipo central compuesto y una metodología de optimización de respuesta múltiple.Los tableros de fibras sin adhesivos sintéticos producidos a partir de tallos de Cynara cardunculus a las condiciones óptimas encontradas cumplieron con las normas europeas para los tableros de uso interno. Sin embargo, los tableros de fibras sin adhesivos sintéticos producidos a partir de podas de Vitis vinifera a las condiciones óptimas encontradas para este material no cumplieron totalmente las normas europeas; los valores del módulo de ruptura y del enlace interno para estos tableros fueron inferiores a los mínimos requeridos. Una lignina Kraft comercial fue sometida a reacción en un medio alcalino para mejorar sus propiedades adhesivas. Se determinaron los cambios químicos en las ligninas Kraft tratadas, las propiedades medidas fueron: contenido en cenizas, lignina Klason, lignina soluble en ácido y azúcares, también se determinaron las características estructurales de estas ligninas en términos de hidroxilos fenólicos, hidroxilos alifáticos, metóxilos, carbonilos, Mw, Mn y polidispersidad. Se estudiaron los efectos de la temperatura de reacción y el tiempo de reacción sobre las propiedades de la lignina con una metodología de superficie de respuesta, y se encontraron la condiciones óptimas de reacción.Se usaron dos tipos diferentes de lignina Kraft, lignina Kraft tratada en medio alcalino y lignina Kraft cruda lavada con ácido, como aditivos para mejorar las propiedades físico-mecánicas de los tableros de fibras sin adhesivos sintéticos producidos a partir de Vitis vinifera, para alcanzar y superar las normas europeas completamente. Al final los tableros de fibras producidos con una substitución del 20% de fibras de Vitis vinifera por lignina Kraft cruda lavada con ácido fueron capaces de satisfacer las normas europeas por completo.Este trabajo de investigación fue un esfuerzo para reducir nuestra dependencia de los derivados del petróleo, para disminuir la deforestación y para aumentar el uso de materiales renovables y biodegradables con la intención de preservar el medio ambiente y fomentar un desarrollo sostenible de nuestra sociedad.

Zeolites are microporous hydrated aluminosilicate crystals containing alkali and/or alkali earth metal cations in their frameworks. Due to their molecular size pores, they can separate molecules according to their size and shape. Zeolites are mostly used in ion exchange, adsorption processes and catalytic applications. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic character of zeolites also makes them favorable materials for adsorption based separations. Recently the potential of zeolite/ceramic composite membranes have been shown in the separation of liquid and gas mixtures. Self-supported zeolite membranes with asymmetric structure can be an alternative to the composite zeolite membranes. Because asymmetric structure may eliminate the problems originated from the differences in thermal expansion coefficients of zeolites and ceramics. In this study tubular zeolite A membranes were prepared on binderless zeolite A supports. The supports were perepared by hydrothermal conversion of amorphous aluminosilicate tubes into zeolite A. The amorphous aluminosilicate powder, which was obtained by filtering the homogenous hydrogel with a composition of 2.5Na2O:1Al2O3:1.7SiO2:150H2O, was mixed with an organic binder (HEC-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose) and water to obtain the paste. The paste was then extruded through a home-made extruder into bars and tubes. These extrudates were dried at room temperature for 24 hours, calcined at 600oC for 2 hours to remove organic binder and finally synthesized at 80oC for 72 hours in hydrothermal conditions to convert amorphous aluminosilicate to zeolite. The effect of composition of the synthesis solution on the crystallinity and morphology of zeolite A tubes and bars were investigated. The crystallization field of zeolite A bars has been established and shown on a ternary phase diagram. Tubes were mechanically stable, typically had a crystallinity over 90% and a macroporosity of 35%. The tubes were composed of highly intergrown crystals of zeolite A. The average particle size was 3.5 &micro / m. The asymmetric membranes were synthesized by growing zeolite A films on binderless zeolite A supports with a geometry of disk, bar and tube. Continuous zeolite A films can only be obtained when the supports were saturated with water prior to synthesis. The film thicknesses were approximately 5 &micro / m on disks and approximately 10 &micro / m on tubes. A method was proposed to prepare self-supported tubular zeolite A membranes in this study.

Zeolites are microporous crystallines with well defined structures. Zeolites are used in variety of applications because of their properties such as high temperature stability, ion-exchange capacity, adsorption capacity and stability to harsh conditions. Some major applications of zeolites are ion-exchange, catalysis, adsorption and separation. Synthetic zeolites are normally produced as fine crystalline powder. Prior to their use, the powder is usually formed into spheres, tablets and extrudates by addition binder. Since binders present in the zeolite can block the pores and decrase the adsorption properties, preparation binderless zeolite agglomerates with high mechanical stability has great technological importance. Objective of the study is to synthesize binderless zeolite X tubular macrobodies by using the developed methods for the synthesis of zeolite A bars and tubes. Main steps of the study are synthesis of the tubular binderless zeolite X macrobodies, characterization of the macrobodies, determination the effect of hydrogel composition on zeolite phase and analyzing effect of time on the crystallinity of macrobodies. Experimental method for synthesizing the binderless tubular zeolite X macrobodies includes the following steps / preparing hydrogel by mixing sodium aluminate and sodium silicate solutions, filtration of the hydrogel, paste preparation from solid phase of the hydrogel, extrusion of green tubes from paste, calcination of green tubes and crystallization of calcined tubes in filtered liquid of the hydrogel. In this study, synthesis of binderless tubular pure zeolite X macrobodies with high crystallinity was achieved. Micropore volume and BET surface area of the zeolite X tubular macrobody I&Ccedil / S-18, which has 99.9 % crystallinity were determined as 0.178 cm3/g and 631.2 m2/g, respectively. Pure zeolite X, pure zeolite A and zeolite A, X mixtures were obtained after the crystallization of the calcined extrudates which were obtained from different hydrogel compositions. Ternary diagram which was based on the hydrogel compositions and the obtained zeolite phases was plotted.

Zeolites are highly porous materials that are most commonly used in granular or beaded forms. In general, zeolite granules, beads or monoliths are manufactured by using an inorganic binder which helps to cement zeolite crystals together. However, this inorganic binder decreases the purity of the zeolite structures and accessibility to the zeolite pores. A new and relatively easy method was offered for the production of binderless zeolite A tubes and bars from amorphous alumina silicate extrudates in this study. Amorphous alumina silicate powder, which is obtained by filtering the homogenous hydrogel with a composition of 2.5Na2O:1Al2O3:1.7SiO2:150H2O, is mixed with an organic binder (HEC-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose) to obtain the paste. The paste is then extruded through a die of a home-made extruder into bars and tubes. These extrudates were dried at room temperature for 24 hours, then calcined at 600oC for 2 hours and finally synthesized at 80oC for 72 hours in hydrothermal conditions to convert amorphous alumina silicate to zeolite. The most appropriate amorphous alumina silicate powder (A) / 4wt% HEC solution (H) ratio to prepare paste, hence to prepare bars and tubes was found as 0.82. The crystallinity of bars and tubes was 91% and 97%, respectively, and zeolite A was the only crystalline material. The bars and tubes were composed of highly intergrown zeolite A crystals with high porosity. Porosity of the bars is approximately 39% and porosity of the tubes is 29%, with a narrow pore size distribution. Bars have macropores of 2 &amp / #956 / m, while the macropores of the tubes are 3-4 &amp / #956 / m. The BET surface area of the bars was 411 m2/g and of tubes was 439 m2/g, which are comparable with the commercial zeolite A beads. Bars had a crushing strength of 0.42 MPa, which is sufficiently high to handle. In conclusion, zeolite A bars and tubes, with their high purity, macroporous structure and high mechanical strength, can be used in adsorption and ion exchange processes. The developed synthesis method can be scaled up to prepare honeycomb monoliths that provide higher surface are per unit volume with an appropriate extruder die.

The diffusion behavior of guest molecules introduced in porous materials has been studied. Diffusion studies in such porous materials may help for elucidating the structural properties, transport mechanism and/or surface barriers of the zeolite structure. The focus of this work is on diffusion in nanoporous materials with complex pore spaces. First a short introduction in the basics of diffusion and the PFG NMR technique (Pulsed Field Gradient Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) is described. In the following two chapters the diffusion in hierarchical pore spaces or, to be more precise, zeolites with generated mesopores, which traverse the microporous bulk phase, are investigated. The hierarchical pore spaces consists in the first case of micro- and mesopores and in the second case of micro-, meso- and macropores. The diffusion behavior in these materials has been investigated revealing diffusion acceleration in the mesoporous samples, as compared to the purely microporous material. In the next chapter the diffusion behavior in glass samples with different porosity and their complementary pore space is investigated. Diffusion with full loaded pore spaces and surface diffusion, where the molecules were only able to diffuse along the pore walls, has been explored. The aim was to find out to what extent the diffusion in two complementary pore spaces is correlated. In the last chapter, the effect of an inorganic binder on the transport in zeolite pellets has been studied. First the diffusion behavior in binderless zeolite beads in comparison with the zeolite powder employed for their production has been explored. The particular interest was to find out up to which extent the diffusion patterns observed with the powder samples could again be recognized in the beads. In a second study the transport characteristics within binderless molecular sieves have been investigated, with the purpose to reveal differences in the diffusion behavior in comparison with their binder-containing counterparts.

Binderless tungsten carbide (BTC) ceramics are inherently difficult to process and very brittle. Most consolidation techniques for processing pure WC powder require long sintering times and intense energy consumption. High-T pressureless and pressure-assisted sintering processes often lead to low-quality and coarsened microstructures, thus limiting the use of WC ceramics to few niche applications. Field-assisted sintering techniques (FAST), like spark plasma sintering (SPS), significantly improve the densification of fine and ultrafine WC powders. However, SPS requires high current outputs and expensive apparatus. SPS ceramics still lack adequate toughness to extend the use of BTC components in heavy-duty applications requiring reliable load-bearing capability and/or resistance against rapid and unexpected impacts or temperature drops. This research work explored a new consolidation route capable of boosting the mass transport phenomena (accelerated sintering) and, simultaneously, introducing new microstructural features. The process called flash sintering (FS) offers great potential in accelerating diffusion phenomena and altering the crystallographic and/or the defect chemistry of the sintered ceramics. Many scientific studies reported structural alterations, enhanced plastic flow and material softening by introducing “out-of-equilibrium” characteristics. Currently, FS technology requires, for its activation, a negative dependence of the electrical resistivity with temperature (NTC) of the material to be sintered. This is a universal requirement for the flash event to occur thus theoretically inhibiting the flash sintering of conductive materials with a positive temperature coefficient for resistivity (PTC), like metals or WC. In the present work, we reported how during electrical resistance sintering (ERS) experiments conducted on pure WC nanopowders, a flash event was triggered during the first seconds of the process. This was demonstrated to occur thanks to the different evolution of the electrical properties of a granular compact with temperature. WC powders possess an initial NTC behaviour which can activate a transitory thermal runaway phenomenon which makes the activation of a flash event in these materials possible, intense enough to allow ultrafast densification in less than 10 s. This breakthrough allows to verify whether and how the flash event modifies the final sintered material. FS and SPS sintered ceramics were compared in their microstructural, physical and mechanical properties, thus pointing out how some peculiar modifications are exclusively present in the flash-sintered material. FS can stabilize the WC1-x metastable phase after cooling to room temperature, and this was demonstrated to alter the high-temperature deformation of WC micropillars during compression. In addition, FS BTC are inherently softer with respect to SPS ones, resulting in higher fracture toughness and slightly lower hardness. Even if not final, the results indicate how the flash sintering of WC can be explored further to process engineered BTC ceramics with an optimized hardness/toughness ratio and an enhanced deformability.

The purpose of this thesis was to develop an economical, sustainable, and environmentally friendly straw Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) process, capable of full-scale manufacturing and to produce MDF of requested quality. The investigated straw was based on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rice (Oryzae sativa L.). In this thesis three different methods were taken for manufacture of straw MDF; (A) wheat-straw fibre was blowline blended with melamine-modified urea-formaldehyde (MUF), (B) rice-straw fibre was mixed with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in a resin drum-blender, and (C) wheat-straw fibre was activated in the blowline by the addition of Fenton’s reagent (H2O2/Fe2+) for production of non-resin MDF panels.  The MUF/wheat straw MDF panels were approved according to the requirements of the EN standard for MDF (EN 622-5, 2006). The MDI/rice-straw MDF panels were approved according to requirements of the standard for MDF of the American National Standard Institute (ANSI A208.2-2002). The non-resin wheat-straw panels showed mediocre MDF panel properties and were not approved according to the requirements in the MDF standard. The dry process for wood-based MDF was modified for production of straw MDF. The straw MDF process was divided into seven main process steps. 1.       Size-reduction (hammer-milling) and screening of straw 2.       Wetting and heating of straw 3.       Defibration 4.       Resination of straw fibre 5.       Mat forming 6.       Pre-pressing 7.       Hot-pressing       The primary results were that the straw MDF process was capable of providing satisfactory straw MDF panels based on different types of straw species and adhesives. Moreover, the straw MDF process was performed in pilot-plant scale and demonstrated as a suitable method for producing straw MDF from straw bales to finished straw MDF panels. In the environmental perspective the agricultural straw-waste is a suitable source for producing MDF to avoid open field burning and to capture carbon dioxide (CO2), the biological sink for extended time into MDF panels, instead of converting straw directly into bio energy or applying straw fibre a few times as recycled paper. Additionally, the straw MDF panels can be recycled or converted to energy after utilization. A relationship between water retention value (WRV) of resinated straw fibres, the thickness swelling of corresponding straw MDF panels, and the amount of applied adhesive was determined. WRV of the straw fibre increased and the TS of straw MDF declined as a function of the resin content. The empirical models developed were of acceptable significance and the R2 values were 0.69 (WRV) and 0.75 (TS), respectively. Reduced thickness swelling of MDF as the resin content is increased is well-known. The increase of WRV as a function of added polymers is not completely established within the science of fibre swelling. Fortunately, more fundamental research can be initiated and likely a simple method for prediction of thickness swelling of MDF by analysis of the dried and resinated MDF fibres is possible. / Syftet med denna avhandling var att lägga grunden för en ekonomisk, hållbar och miljövänlig MDF process för halmråvara, kapabel för fullskalig produktion av MDF och goda skivegenskaper. Framställningen av MDF skivor utgick från halm av vete (Triticum aestivum L.) och ris (Oryzae sativa L.). Tre olika metoder användes för att producera MDF av halm; (A) fibrer av vetehalm belimmades i blåsledning med ett melaminmodifierat urea-formaldehydlim (MUF), (B) fibrer av rishalm belimmades i en limblandare med metylen difenyl diisocyanate (MDI), (C) Limfria MDF skivor av vetehalm framställdes med aktivering av fibrer genom tillsats av Fenton´s reagens (H2O2/Fe2+) i blåsledning utan någon tillsats av syntetiskt lim. Sammanfattningsvis kan det understrykas att framställda MDF-skivor av MUF/vetehalm var godkända enligt standard för MDF (EN 622-5, 2006). Dessutom var framställda MDF skivor av MDI/rishalm också godkända enligt krav i standard för MDF ”American National Standard Institute” (ANSI A2008.2-2002). Limfria vetehalmskivor visade på måttliga skivegenskaper och klarade inte kraven i MDF standard.   Fiberframställningsprocessen för MDF modifierades till en produktion utgående från halm. MDF processen för halm delades upp i sju primära processoperationer.   (1)            Storleksreducering och sållning av halm (2)            Vätning och uppvärmning av halm (3)            Defibrering (4)            Belimning av halmfiber (5)            Mattformning (6)            Förpressning (7)            Pressning   De viktigaste resultaten från denna studie är att MDF av halm kunde produceras utgående från olika typer av halmsorter och lim. Dessutom utfördes MDF-processen i pilotskala och visade på en lämplig metod för framställning av MDF-skivor från halmbalar till färdiga halmfiberskivor. Det miljömässiga perspektivet på att använda jordbruksavfall till framställning av halmskivor är att undvika förbränning av halm ute på fältet, men det är även möjligt att binda koldioxid (CO2) i halmskivor under längre tid än att omsätta halmråvaran omedelbart som bioenergi eller använda halmfiber som returpapper några få gånger. Dessutom kan MDF återanvändas eller bli omsatt till energi efter användning.   Ett förhållande mellan ”water retention value” (WRV), av belimmade halmfiber, tjocklekssvällning för motsvarande MDF av halmskivor och mängden av tillsatt lim vid olika nivåer har undersökts. Med ökande limhalt tilltog WRV fibersvällning, vidare minskade tjocklekssvällning för motsvarande MDF skivor. De framtagna empiriska modellerna var godtagbara och beräknade R2 värden var 0.69 (WRV) och 0.75 (TS). Minskad tjocklekssvällning med ökad limhalt är dokumenterad sen tidigare. Ökad fibersvällning WRV vid tillsats av polymerer (limmer) är inte fullständigt etablerad inom vetenskapen för fibersvällning. Lyckligtvis kan grundläggande forskning initieras och sannolikt föreligger en enkel metod för att prediktera tjocklekssvällning av MDF genom analyser av torkade och belimmad MDF fiber.