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Les anticorps recombinants représentent une approche prometteuse pour améliorer le traitement et la prophylaxie des maladies causées par les armes biologiques. De tels anticorps peuvent être isolés à partir de primates non humains, dont l'immunisation est plus facile à concevoir et à réaliser que l'immunisation d'humains. Des chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes) et des macaques (Macaca mulatta et M. fascicularis) ont été utilisés pour de tels travaux, et notre analyse de séquences a démontré que l'utilisation de chimpanzés n'apporte pas d'avantage significatif malgré leur plus grande proximité phylogénétique avec l'Homme. La suite de ce travail a donc utilisé des macaques, plus facilement accessibles en France que les chimpanzés. Dans le cadre du projet européen AntiBotABE, des banques immunes exposées àla surface de phages ont été construites à partir de macaques (M. fascicularis) immunisés puis criblées, et des scFv neutralisant simultanément les toxines botuliques (BoNT) A1 et A2 en ciblant leurs chaines lourdes, et BoNT/E3 en ciblant sa chaine légère ont été isolés. D'autre part, un anticorps neutralisant de façon croisée la toxine létale et la toxine oedémateuse de Bacillus anthracis avait été précédemment isolé. Ses épitopes ont été localisés au cours de la présente thèse par une méthode tirant partie de cette réactivité croisée. Ils correspondent à la région [229-230]-[234-236] de la sous-unité LF (Lethal Factor) et à la région [229-230]-[234-236] de la sous-unité EF (Edema Factor). Le principe de cette localisation d'épitope pourrait être ré-employé pour localiser les épitopes des scFv neutralisant les BoNT. / Recombinant antibodies represent a promising approach to improve the treatment andprophylaxis of diseases caused by bioweapons. Such antibodies may be isolated from nonhumanprimates, whose immunization is much easier to conceive and realized thanimmunization of humans. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and macaques (Macaca mulattaand M. fascicularis, particularly) have been utilized for such purposes, and our sequenceanalysis has demonstrated that using chimpanzees does not bring a significant advantagedespite their closer phylogenetic proximity with humans. The rest of this thesis has thusutilized macaques, easier to access in France than chimpanzees. In the context of theEuropean AntiBotABE project, phage-displayed immune libraries have been constructed fromimmunized macaques (M. fascicularis) then screened, and scFv simultaneously neutralizingbotulinum toxins (BoNT) A1 and A2 by targeting their heavy chains, and BoNT/E3 bytargeting its light chain were isolated. On the other side, an antibody cross-neutralizing thelethal toxin and the edema toxin of Bacillus anthracis had been formerly isolated. Its epitopeshave been mapped in the course of the present thesis by a method taking advantage of itscross-reactivity. They correspond to the [229-230]-[234-236] region of LF (Lethal Factor)subunit and to the [229-230]-[234-236] region of EF (Edema Factor) subunit. The principle ofthis epitope mapping could be re-employed to map the epitopes of BoNT-neutralizing scFv.

Digital implants have become a new frontier for body hackers, technology enthusiasts and disruptive innovation developers, who seek to service this technology for themselves and to new users. This thesis has explored conditions for future user adoption of human body augmentation with digital implants. The conditions explored were mainly self-beneficial health optimization through technology, self-quantification or convenience scenarios. Applying Diffusion Of Innovation theory, Value-based Acceptance Model and research through design methods were used. The process consisted of quantitative and qualitative data gathering and analysis, using interviews, surveys and iterative prototyping with evaluation. The results show mixed user attitude towards implant usage, mainly depending on users' need for added benefits, whether the user is a technology enthusiast actively using technology for self-beneficial gain or a casual everyday consumer of technology. Certain conditions could affect adoption of implants into mainstream usage, mainly data privacy, regulation, convenience, self-quantification or health management. In order for implants to succeed as a mainstream technology, there needs to be proper secure infrastructure, easy installation and coordinated services that offer individual benefits of health or convenience, with a high consumer confidence in supported services, installation / removal and devices. Several companies are working on offering such a service, in order to evaluate such a proposition, iterative prototypes were created to evaluate a health management scenario as a streamlined consumer service, using a service design blueprint and a related interactive smartphone application prototype.