A associação entre distúrbios metabólicos e carência dietética de zinco mostra-se relacionada com o desequilíbrio de nutrientes na dieta, apontado como um fator interferente na biodisponibilidade desse mineral. Este trabalho teve por objetivo, avaliar a biodisponibilidade do zinco em dieta brasileira, adequada em energia e macronutrientes, utilizando técnica com isótopos estáveis. Depois de identificado o perfil alimentar de 12 indivíduos, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 19 e 42 anos, o grupo consumiu, durante 7 dias, uma dieta experimental, equilibrada e variada. No 8° dia do experimento cada indivíduo recebeu uma dose intravenosa de 70Zn e a refeição do almoço marcada, extrinsecamente, com 67Zn, ambos enriquecidos. Os voluntários, com 68 ± 5kg e 1,73 m, apresentavam-se eutróficos (IMC=23 ± 1) e clinicamente saudáveis, tendo-se constatado um consumo usual de dieta hiperproteica e hiperlipídica, para a maioria do grupo. A análise direta das dietas consumidas revelou que foi atendida 95% da recomendação de energia para o grupo (2809 ± 198,54 kcal), distribuída em 16, 26 e 58% para proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos, respectivamente. Ao contrário do Ca (712 ± 79 mg), as concentrações de Zn (11,62 ± 1,55mg) e Fe (10,65 ± 1,47mg) superaram as recomendações, e as frações IP5 e IP6 do fitato não foram detectáveis (<0,01). Das análises das concentrações de zinco no plasma, eritrócitos e urina, conclui-se que o estado nutricional, relativo ao zinco, da maioria dos voluntários mostrou-se satisfatório, uma vez estar de acordo com os padrões de referência. O enriquecimento dos isótopos 67Zn e 70Zn na urina de cada indivíduo foi determinado pela técnica de espectrometria de massa por plasma induzido (ICP-MS), revelando percentual de absorção de 30%, com variações entre 11 e 47%. Os resultados indicam que a biodisponibilidade do zinco na dieta avaliada pode ser classificada como sendo de moderada a alta, segundo critérios da OMS. / This research aimed to evaluate the bioavailability of zine in the Brazilian diet, containing the required energy and macronutrients, by the use of a stable isotope technique. Twelve male eutrophic healthy individuals in age between 19 - 42 years were enrolled in the study. The group consumed an experimental diet for a week, corresponding to 95% of the energy requirement (RDA-1989) and composed of 16% protein, 26% fat and 58% carbohydrate. In day eighth of the experiment, an intravenous injection of 70Zn was given to each individual and the meal consumed at lunch was extrinsically labeled with 67Zn, in that both stable isotopes were enriched. The percentage increase, or enrichment, of 67Zn and 70Zn in the urine of each individual was evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and showed an average zinc absorption of 30%, variation from 11 to 47%, and a bioavailability from modest to high, according to the WHO criteria.

A associação entre distúrbios metabólicos e carência dietética de zinco mostra-se relacionada com o desequilíbrio de nutrientes na dieta, apontado como um fator interferente na biodisponibilidade desse mineral. Este trabalho teve por objetivo, avaliar a biodisponibilidade do zinco em dieta brasileira, adequada em energia e macronutrientes, utilizando técnica com isótopos estáveis. Depois de identificado o perfil alimentar de 12 indivíduos, do sexo masculino, com idade entre 19 e 42 anos, o grupo consumiu, durante 7 dias, uma dieta experimental, equilibrada e variada. No 8° dia do experimento cada indivíduo recebeu uma dose intravenosa de 70Zn e a refeição do almoço marcada, extrinsecamente, com 67Zn, ambos enriquecidos. Os voluntários, com 68 ± 5kg e 1,73 m, apresentavam-se eutróficos (IMC=23 ± 1) e clinicamente saudáveis, tendo-se constatado um consumo usual de dieta hiperproteica e hiperlipídica, para a maioria do grupo. A análise direta das dietas consumidas revelou que foi atendida 95% da recomendação de energia para o grupo (2809 ± 198,54 kcal), distribuída em 16, 26 e 58% para proteínas, lipídios e carboidratos, respectivamente. Ao contrário do Ca (712 ± 79 mg), as concentrações de Zn (11,62 ± 1,55mg) e Fe (10,65 ± 1,47mg) superaram as recomendações, e as frações IP5 e IP6 do fitato não foram detectáveis (<0,01). Das análises das concentrações de zinco no plasma, eritrócitos e urina, conclui-se que o estado nutricional, relativo ao zinco, da maioria dos voluntários mostrou-se satisfatório, uma vez estar de acordo com os padrões de referência. O enriquecimento dos isótopos 67Zn e 70Zn na urina de cada indivíduo foi determinado pela técnica de espectrometria de massa por plasma induzido (ICP-MS), revelando percentual de absorção de 30%, com variações entre 11 e 47%. Os resultados indicam que a biodisponibilidade do zinco na dieta avaliada pode ser classificada como sendo de moderada a alta, segundo critérios da OMS. / This research aimed to evaluate the bioavailability of zine in the Brazilian diet, containing the required energy and macronutrients, by the use of a stable isotope technique. Twelve male eutrophic healthy individuals in age between 19 - 42 years were enrolled in the study. The group consumed an experimental diet for a week, corresponding to 95% of the energy requirement (RDA-1989) and composed of 16% protein, 26% fat and 58% carbohydrate. In day eighth of the experiment, an intravenous injection of 70Zn was given to each individual and the meal consumed at lunch was extrinsically labeled with 67Zn, in that both stable isotopes were enriched. The percentage increase, or enrichment, of 67Zn and 70Zn in the urine of each individual was evaluated by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and showed an average zinc absorption of 30%, variation from 11 to 47%, and a bioavailability from modest to high, according to the WHO criteria.

Soil that is heavily contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is often found at the sites of former gasworks and wood-impregnation plants. Since PAHs are toxic these sites represent a hazard to human health and the environment, and therefore they need to be treated, preferably by a method that destroys the contaminants, and thus eliminates the problem permanently. However, during biological and chemical degradation of PAHs other toxic compounds may be formed. If these transformation products are sufficiently persistent they could potentially accumulate during remedial processes. In the work underlying this thesis the degradation and transformation of PAHs were studied in three remedial processes: viz. a pilot-scale bioslurry reactor, microcosms with wood-rotting fungi and lab-scale treatments with Fenton's reagent. A group of transformation products referred to as oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs) was found to be particularly important, as these compounds are toxic and were shown to be relatively persistent in the environment. The oxy- PAHs were, for instance, found at significant concentrations in the gasworks soil used in most of the studies. This soil was highly weathered and had therefore been depleted of the more readily degradable compounds. In addition, experiments in which earthworms were exposed to the gasworks soil showed that the oxy-PAHs were more easily taken up in living organisms than PAHs. To facilitate the studies, new extraction and fractionation methods were developed. For instance, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated for its reliability and efficiency to extract PAHs and oxy-PAHs from soil. Furthermore, a selective PLE-method was developed that can simultaneously extract and separate the PAHs and oxy-PAHs into two different fractions. This was accomplished by adding a chromatographic material (silica or Florisil) to the extraction cell. Under certain conditions all three remedial processes resulted in increasing amounts of oxy- PAHs in the soil. For example, 1-acenaphthenone and 4-oxapyrene-5-one accumulated in the bioslurry reactor. Similarly, in the soil inoculated with a white-rot fungus 9-fluorenone, benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione, 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone and 4-oxapyrene-5-one accumulated. Finally, in an ethanol-Fenton treatment the concentration of some PAH-quinones increased in the soil. The results show that it might be necessary to monitor oxy-PAHs as well as PAHs during the remediation of PAH-contaminated sites. Otherwise, the soil may be considered detoxified too early in the process. In the long term it would be desirable to include analyses with sufficient marker compounds to follow the possible production and elimination of the oxy-PAHs. However, until such compounds can be identified it is suggested that contaminated soil should be screened for oxy-PAHs in general. The selective PLE-method presented in this thesis could be a useful tool for this.