Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-02-08T14:24:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alice Medeiros Rota Rizzardo_.pdf: 15860447 bytes, checksum: d47251ec7d258066e526c8a2911c9564 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T14:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alice Medeiros Rota Rizzardo_.pdf: 15860447 bytes, checksum: d47251ec7d258066e526c8a2911c9564 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-11 / itt Performance - Instituto Tecnológico em Desempenho da Construção Civil / A durabilidade de estruturas de concreto é assunto de interesse no contexto de sustentabilidade, pois a sustentabilidade das obras concluídas pode ser verificada por meio da análise da durabilidade dos seus materiais constituintes. A previsão de vida útil de um material poderá ser verificada estudando os seus mecanismos de degradação. Dentre os fatores de degradação do concreto, encontra-se a biodeterioração. Contudo, o ataque microbiológico ainda é um assunto pouco estudado na área de construção civil. A proposta deste trabalho foi verificar a biorreceptividade de concretos com diferentes relações água/cimento e diferentes acabamentos de superfícies ao desenvolvimento de algas a partir do desenvolvimento de um método de análise da biorreceptividade do concreto específico para este trabalho. O método consistiu em ensaio acelerado de biodeterioração em câmaras de ensaio com temperatura e iluminação controladas, alto teor de umidade e inoculação de alga coletada in loco. A análise permitiu verificar um decréscimo da mancha biológica nos corpos de prova de todas as variáveis. A diferença da velocidade do decréscimo da mancha biológica nas diferentes variáveis evidenciou a biorreceptividade dos materiais. Foi possível identificar uma tendência em que quanto maior a relação água/cimento, maior a biorreceptividade e quanto menor a rugosidade, menor a biorreceptividade. Assim, estes parâmetros poderão auxiliar na obtenção de concretos mais duráveis frente ao crescimento de algas. / The durability of concrete structures is subject of interest in the context of sustainability, since the sustainability of the edifications can be verified by analyzing the durability of their constituent materials. Among the factors degradating the concrete there is the biodeterioration. Nevertheless the microbiological attack is still a subject little studied in the construction area. The purpose of this was verify the bioreceptivity of concrete with different water / cement ratio and different surface finishing facing the development of algae from the development of a method of analysis of the concrete bioreceptivity specific to this work. The method consisted of accelerated test of biodeterioration in test chambers with temperature and lighting controlled, high humidity and inoculation of Heterochlorellas luteoviridis, algae collected in loco and identified in the laboratory. The analysis has shown a decrease of biological stains in the specimens of all variables. The difference of decrease rate of biological stain on different variables showed the materials bioreceptivity. It was possible the verification that the higher the water / cement ratio, the greater the biorreceptividade and in the same way the lower the roughness, the lower the biorreceptividade. Thus, these parameters could help in getting more durable concrete facing the growth of algae.

Biodeterioration has an important role in weathering of historical materials. Natural stone materials become vulnerable to physical and chemical changes in outdoor conditions, favouring the biological growth. In this study, biodeterioration on calcareous stones and its control by biomineralisation were studied on limestones from Nemrut Mount Monument and marbles from Pessinous Archaeological Site. For qualitative and quantitative detection of biological activity fluorescein diacetate (FDA) method that was developed for soil microbial activity was applied to stones of historic monuments. Qualitative FDA analysis was used on cross sections of the samples in order to observe the depth of penetration and effects of biomineralisation using a light microscope with fluorescent light source. Quantitative FDA analysis was done by spectrophotometric determination of fluorescence formed by FDA treatment. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analyses were used in determining mineralogical structure of patinas and stone base. Light microscopy was used to investigate changes in morphological structure of historic stone in cross and thin sections of the samples. The control of biodeterioration on stone surfaces was studied by biomineralisation treatments using Bacillus cereus. The results of biomineralisation were evaluated by XRD, light microscopy, SEM-EDX and FDA analyses. The results of this study showed that the biodeterioration was an important decay factor in stone materials. It started from the surface and penetrated through the microstructure of the stone up to about four cm depth. Biodeterioration also contributed to the growth of microcracks. Results of biomineralisation using B.cereus to form a protective coating on limestone and marble were also discussed.

Different techniques were studied to evaluate the presence of different microorganisms that played important roles in decay processes of historic stones. In that scope, limestones and sandstones from Nemrut Mount Monument, and marbles and andesites from Temple of Augustus were studied. For measurement of enzymatic activity, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis method previously applied to assess soil microbial activity was carried out. Total microflora method based on countings of colony number was conducted for determination of the level of bacterial and fungal activity of stones. ATP bioluminescence method, developed for the field of hygiene monitoring, was carried out in order to detect global metabolic activity degree in historic stones. Most probable number (MPN) method was carried out to detect the number of microbial cells, namely nitrifying and sulphur oxidising bacteria which could take part in the decay processes. Moreover, fungi identification was done for determining occurance of detrimental species. Presence of lichenic and algal zones existed on stones of Nemrut Mount Monument and the presence of black discolorations on stones of Temple of Augustus was common. Results have shown that the bacterial and fungal activity was low, however considerable quantity of FDA hydrolyses has shown the importance of algal population in the stones of two studied historical sites. This study has proved that FDA hydrolyses, total microflora and MPN method were efficient for the evaluation of biodeterioration in historic stones.

No description available.

Human bone is considered one of the most direct and insightful sources of information on peoples of the past. As a result, curation protocols have been developed to ensure that the integrity of human skeletal collections is maintained. Although collections are generally considered safe when these protocols are followed, the results of this investigation show that the Tell Leilan skeletal collection from Syria (circa 2900 – 1900 BCE) was contaminated by microbial growth (also known as biodeterioration) during curation. This biodeterioration was evaluated by light microscopy (LM), by the application of a histological preservation index (HPI), and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All samples (n=192) were found to be biodeteriorated by LM and the HPI. SEM confirmed that the Tell Leilan skeletal material had been contaminated by a complex microbial aggregate known as a biofilm. Amycolatopsis sp. and Penicillium chrysogenum, along with species of Aspergillus, Chaetomium, and Cladosporium were isolated and cultured from several contaminated bones and were identified based on morphology and DNA sequences. The results of this research suggest that we must focus on new techniques to examine bone as well as on new conservation protocols designed to limit the growth of biofilms in human skeletal collections in the future.

La digestion anaérobie est une succession d’étapes de dégradation de la matière organique, par l’intermédiaire de microorganismes, opérée industriellement dans des digesteurs en béton. Des métabolites microbiens (acides gras volatils (AGV), NH4+, CO2) produits au cours du processus de digestion attaquent la matrice cimentaire du béton. Afin d’assurer un développement pérenne de la filière de méthanisation, il est donc nécessaire de comprendre d’abord tous ces phénomènes d’altération pour ensuite proposer des solutions durables pour les matériaux de construction des digesteurs. Les objectifs de la thèse visaient à identifier et quantifier les agents agressifs pour le béton présents dans les milieux de la méthanisation, puis à comprendre leurs rôles dans les mécanismes d’altération des matrices cimentaires. Enfin, l’action de ces milieux a pu être comparée sur un panel de matériaux cimentaires réalisées à partir de différents liants : ciment Portland ordinaire, ciment de haut-fourneau, ciment d’aluminate de calcium et liant alcali activé. Dans des digesteurs de laboratoire, les concentrations maximales des agents chimiques agressifs mesurées pendant la digestion anaérobie d’un biodéchet modèle étaient de 3000 mg.L-1 d’AGV, de 800 mg.L-1 de NH4+, et de 140 mg.L-1 de CO2 dissous. La prolifération de microorganismes capables de métaboliser ces composés chimiques agressifs a été observée à la surface des matériaux cimentaires exposés dans le biodéchet au cours de sa digestion. La zone dégradée des matériaux cimentaires exposés est partiellement décalcifiée, vraisemblablement du fait de l’action des AGV et de l’ammonium NH4+, et carbonatée en raison de la présence de CO2 dissous. Des essais in situ, c’est à dire en conditions réelles, réalisées sur une plateforme expérimentale de méthanisation, ont permis de confirmer les phénomènes d’altération observés en laboratoire. En termes de durabilité, le ciment alumineux présente la meilleure résistance face aux attaques biochimiques lorsqu’on le compare au ciment ordinaire ou aux ciments composés de laitier de haut-fourneau au sein de systèmes de méthanisation en laboratoire ou in situ. / Anaerobic digestion consists in the degradation of organic matter by the successive actions of microorganisms, industrially operated in digesters made of concrete. Microbial metabolites (volatile fatty acids (VFA), NH4+, CO2) produced during this process attack the cementitious matrix of the concrete. To ensure the development of this new industrial field, it appears essential to understand first the alteration phenomena, then to propose durable solutions for digesters’ construction materials. The thesis’ objectives were first to identify and to quantify the aggressive agents for concrete in anaerobic digestion media, then to understand their impacts on the cementitious materials’ alteration mechanisms. Finally, the impacts of those media were compared on different cement pastes made of : ordinary Portland cement, blast furnace slag cement, calcium aluminate cement or alkali activated materials. During laboratory tests, the maximal concentration in aggressive agents measured during the digestion of a synthetic biowaste were 3 000 mg.L-1 of VFA, 800 mg.L-1 of NH4+, and 140 mg.L-1 of dissolved CO2. The colonization of the microorganisms able to produce the aggressive agents has been observed on the cementitious materials’ surfaces exposed to the biowaste during digestion. The external degraded layers of the exposed cementitious materials are partially decalcified, most likely regarding to the action of the VFA and the NH4+. Carbonation has also been detected caused by the dissolved CO2. In situ experiments, in real conditions, achieved in an experimental anaerobic digestion platform, confirmed the alteration phenomena distinguished in the laboratory tests. In terms of durability, calcium aluminate cement present the best performances against the biochemical attacks compared to ordinary cement or blast furnace slag cement in laboratory or in situ anaerobic digestion systems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Agents climatic, biological and human action are the main responsible for deterioration of historic buildings, thus the growing concern with the preservation and maintenance of these buildings. This study was conducted at the Central Library Manuel Marques de Souza - Conde de Porto Alegre, located at the Federal University of Santa Maria and its main objective is to identify fungal contamination at the site, which has been a cause of biodeterioration incident in the building. For this work were discussed theoretical frameworks relevant to the subject, photographic surveys, as well as the use of a methodology aimed at collecting fungi, serving as a subsidy for the identification and characterization of microorganisms that are biodeteriorando the building. This was followed by a graphical representation of the pathologies of the building, through maps Damage. After the identification and evaluation of biological agents that cause biodeteriorações that are hitting the building, the data were tabulated to assess the fungal contamination of the Central Library UFSM, which can cause deterioration and also cause disease in users and occupants of that environment. / Agentes climáticos, biológicos e a ação do homem são os principais responsáveis pela degradação das edificações históricas, com isso a crescente preocupação com a conservação e manutenção desses prédios. Este trabalho foi realizado na Biblioteca Central Manuel Marques de Souza Conde de Porto Alegre, localizada na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e tem como objetivo principal identificar a contaminação fúngica no local, que vem sendo uma das causas da biodeterioração incidente na edificação. Para a realização deste trabalho, foram abordados referenciais teóricos pertinentes ao assunto, levantamentos fotográficos, como também a utilização de uma metodologia voltada à coleta de fungos, servindo de subsídio para a identificação e caracterização de microrganismos que estejam biodeteriorando a edificação. Posteriormente, foi realizada a representação gráfica das patologias do prédio através de Mapas de Danos. Após a identificação e a avaliação dos agentes biológicos causadores das biodeteriorações, que estão atingindo a edificação, os dados foram tabulados a fim de avaliar a contaminação fúngica da Biblioteca Central da UFSM, que podem causar deterioração como também causar doenças nos usuários e ocupantes desse ambiente.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scoton_ej_me_bauru.pdf: 11700204 bytes, checksum: 4b50447a64f592bc0b8288e6d2b3ee17 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O desenvolvimento econômico e a necessidade de proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida a toda a população, constituem alguns aspectos responsáveis para que a produção de residuos sólidos seja cada dia maior, aumentando a necessidade da busca de soluções ambientais corretas, para sua destinação. A compostagem consiste em importante ferramenta para o tratamento da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos, através do uso de tecnologias que processam os resíduos originados da agricultura, agroindústria, silvicultura, dos domicílios e, ainda, do loda da estação de tratamento de esgoto, adequando-os para serem incorporados ao solo e contribuindo para redução de adubos químicos. No Brasil, o emprego do processo de compostagem, é ainda bastante restrito, pelo alto grau de empirismo utilizado no controle e avaliação do processo e por falta de conhecimento técnico. Este estudo aborda o problema do tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos provenientes das estações de tratamento de esgoto, através de pesquisa experimental de co-compostagem com outros resíduos orgânicos. No processo desenvolvido, denominado de método respirométrico, utilizou-se metodologia na qual os parâmetros de degradação biológica dos resíduos são quantificados na fase gososa. Os parâmetros avaliados, nesse trabalho, na fase gasosa de processos de co-compostagem do lodo de esgoto, possibilitaram a determinação do consumo de O2 e a geração de CO2 e da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO). Ao obter valores em substância totalmente homogênia, seu emprego apresentou como vantagens maior representatividade, precisão e confiabilidade, representando uma evolução quando comparados aos métodos tradicionais, permitindo o acompanhamento on line e contínuo. Os resultados foram muito superiores, quando... / Economic development and the need to provide better quality of life for the entire population, are responsible for some aspects of the production of solid waste each day is greater, increasing the need to search for environmental solutions right to your destination. Composing is an important tool for the treatment of the organic fraction of solid waste throgh the use of technologies that process the waste generated from agriculture, agribusiness, forestry, households, and also sludge from sewage treatment plant, adapting them to be incorporated into the solid and contribuing to reduction of chemical fertilizers. In Brazil the use of traditional composting process is still very limited, the high degree of empirism used in the control and evaluation of the process and lack of technical knowledge. This study addressed the problem of the treatment of organic solid waste from the sewage treatment plants, through experimental research of co-composting with other organic waste. In the process developed, called respirometric method was used methodology in which the parameters of biological degradation of waste are quantified in the gas phase. The parameters evaluated in this study, in the gas phase of the co-composting of sewage sludge, allowed the determination of O2 consumption and CO2 generation and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). By obtaining values in totally homogeneous substance, its use had advantages as greater representation, accuracy and reliability, representing an evolution when compared to traditional methods, enabling monitoring on line and continuous. The results were far superior when compared to the traditional method, obtaining data lines 1440/day, while in the conventional process, these data are sun up to a daily measurement of temperature, which makes the respirometric method an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

No / One of the major roles lichens play in shaping the natural world, both physically and biologically, is as agents in soil development: formerly considered only in a geological context, recent research has shown that they are capable of biodeteriorating stone substrata within a relatively short timescale. Chemical alteration of the substratum is achieved by the disruptive action of many species, particularly those capable of producing an oxalate at the thallus–substratum interface . The oxalate contributes significantly to the bulk and composition of the thallus itself and persists as an obvious encrustation after the lichen’s death. In the past, these disfiguring oxalate residues on ancient monuments have been variously interpreted as resulting from former mechanical/chemical renovation treatments, atmospheric pollution , and climatic weathering. The origin and nature of oxalate accretions, the factors involved in pedogenesis , and the development of lichen mosaics are reviewed. Aesthetic disfigurement versus physical damage to stonework is considered, and various aspects of stonework conservation are discussed.

Resumo: O desenvolvimento econômico e a necessidade de proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida a toda a população, constituem alguns aspectos responsáveis para que a produção de residuos sólidos seja cada dia maior, aumentando a necessidade da busca de soluções ambientais corretas, para sua destinação. A compostagem consiste em importante ferramenta para o tratamento da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos, através do uso de tecnologias que processam os resíduos originados da agricultura, agroindústria, silvicultura, dos domicílios e, ainda, do loda da estação de tratamento de esgoto, adequando-os para serem incorporados ao solo e contribuindo para redução de adubos químicos. No Brasil, o emprego do processo de compostagem, é ainda bastante restrito, pelo alto grau de empirismo utilizado no controle e avaliação do processo e por falta de conhecimento técnico. Este estudo aborda o problema do tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos provenientes das estações de tratamento de esgoto, através de pesquisa experimental de co-compostagem com outros resíduos orgânicos. No processo desenvolvido, denominado de método respirométrico, utilizou-se metodologia na qual os parâmetros de degradação biológica dos resíduos são quantificados na fase gososa. Os parâmetros avaliados, nesse trabalho, na fase gasosa de processos de co-compostagem do lodo de esgoto, possibilitaram a determinação do consumo de O2 e a geração de CO2 e da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO). Ao obter valores em substância totalmente homogênia, seu emprego apresentou como vantagens maior representatividade, precisão e confiabilidade, representando uma evolução quando comparados aos métodos tradicionais, permitindo o acompanhamento "on line" e contínuo. Os resultados foram muito superiores, quando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Economic development and the need to provide better quality of life for the entire population, are responsible for some aspects of the production of solid waste each day is greater, increasing the need to search for environmental solutions right to your destination. Composing is an important tool for the treatment of the organic fraction of solid waste throgh the use of technologies that process the waste generated from agriculture, agribusiness, forestry, households, and also sludge from sewage treatment plant, adapting them to be incorporated into the solid and contribuing to reduction of chemical fertilizers. In Brazil the use of traditional composting process is still very limited, the high degree of empirism used in the control and evaluation of the process and lack of technical knowledge. This study addressed the problem of the treatment of organic solid waste from the sewage treatment plants, through experimental research of co-composting with other organic waste. In the process developed, called respirometric method was used methodology in which the parameters of biological degradation of waste are quantified in the gas phase. The parameters evaluated in this study, in the gas phase of the co-composting of sewage sludge, allowed the determination of O2 consumption and CO2 generation and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). By obtaining values in totally homogeneous substance, its use had advantages as greater representation, accuracy and reliability, representing an evolution when compared to traditional methods, enabling monitoring "on line" and continuous. The results were far superior when compared to the traditional method, obtaining data lines 1440/day, while in the conventional process, these data are sun up to a daily measurement of temperature, which makes the respirometric method an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Rosane Aparecida Battistelle / Coorientador: Jorge Akutsu / Banca: Erich Kellner / Banca: Adilson Renofio / Mestre