Resumo: O desenvolvimento econômico e a necessidade de proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida a toda a população, constituem alguns aspectos responsáveis para que a produção de residuos sólidos seja cada dia maior, aumentando a necessidade da busca de soluções ambientais corretas, para sua destinação. A compostagem consiste em importante ferramenta para o tratamento da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos, através do uso de tecnologias que processam os resíduos originados da agricultura, agroindústria, silvicultura, dos domicílios e, ainda, do loda da estação de tratamento de esgoto, adequando-os para serem incorporados ao solo e contribuindo para redução de adubos químicos. No Brasil, o emprego do processo de compostagem, é ainda bastante restrito, pelo alto grau de empirismo utilizado no controle e avaliação do processo e por falta de conhecimento técnico. Este estudo aborda o problema do tratamento de resíduos sólidos orgânicos provenientes das estações de tratamento de esgoto, através de pesquisa experimental de co-compostagem com outros resíduos orgânicos. No processo desenvolvido, denominado de método respirométrico, utilizou-se metodologia na qual os parâmetros de degradação biológica dos resíduos são quantificados na fase gososa. Os parâmetros avaliados, nesse trabalho, na fase gasosa de processos de co-compostagem do lodo de esgoto, possibilitaram a determinação do consumo de O2 e a geração de CO2 e da demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO). Ao obter valores em substância totalmente homogênia, seu emprego apresentou como vantagens maior representatividade, precisão e confiabilidade, representando uma evolução quando comparados aos métodos tradicionais, permitindo o acompanhamento "on line" e contínuo. Os resultados foram muito superiores, quando... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Economic development and the need to provide better quality of life for the entire population, are responsible for some aspects of the production of solid waste each day is greater, increasing the need to search for environmental solutions right to your destination. Composing is an important tool for the treatment of the organic fraction of solid waste throgh the use of technologies that process the waste generated from agriculture, agribusiness, forestry, households, and also sludge from sewage treatment plant, adapting them to be incorporated into the solid and contribuing to reduction of chemical fertilizers. In Brazil the use of traditional composting process is still very limited, the high degree of empirism used in the control and evaluation of the process and lack of technical knowledge. This study addressed the problem of the treatment of organic solid waste from the sewage treatment plants, through experimental research of co-composting with other organic waste. In the process developed, called respirometric method was used methodology in which the parameters of biological degradation of waste are quantified in the gas phase. The parameters evaluated in this study, in the gas phase of the co-composting of sewage sludge, allowed the determination of O2 consumption and CO2 generation and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). By obtaining values in totally homogeneous substance, its use had advantages as greater representation, accuracy and reliability, representing an evolution when compared to traditional methods, enabling monitoring "on line" and continuous. The results were far superior when compared to the traditional method, obtaining data lines 1440/day, while in the conventional process, these data are sun up to a daily measurement of temperature, which makes the respirometric method an... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Rosane Aparecida Battistelle / Coorientador: Jorge Akutsu / Banca: Erich Kellner / Banca: Adilson Renofio / Mestre

This work focused on decay and dimensional stability of southern pine lumber and environmental issues associated with emissions released during kiln drying of southern pine. In one study decking boards were treated with a 3% resin acid solution to increase the dimensional stability. The boards were placed on a roof and weathered for two years. The increased water repellency reduced moisture gain following summer rainstorms by one-third compared to untreated matched samples, this significantly reduced splitting by half and cupping by one-third. In one study decking boards from matched samples were weathered for two years in the roof setup described above, and in a fungal ground proximity test. The ground proximity samples had slightly more decay than the roof samples. Correlation between decay ratings for the matched samples was 37%, suggesting above-ground decay susceptibility is dependent on the macro- and micro-environment. Decay in roof exposure was modeled based on moisture content factors, whereas decay in ground proximity was modeled by the resin and fatty acids. One study tested pole sections with varying amounts of sapwood, heartwood, and knots dried in a pilot-scale kiln. A sample of the kiln exhaust was measured for volatile organic compounds. Emissions from poles were similar to clear lumber. Emissions from heartwood poles were less than for heartwood lumber, perhaps due to the poles’ sapwood band. The final study was conducted with clear and knotty lumber kiln dried to below 8% moisture content using three kiln schedules. Wood dried to this lower moisture content is used in interior applications or exported. During drying, a sample of the kiln exhaust was analyzed for total VOCs, and a sample of the kiln exhaust was collected and analyzed for hazardous air pollutants via gas chromatography and spectrophotometry. For all three kiln schedules, mills would reach 10 tons of methanol and thus must comply with maximum achievable control technology standards before reaching 25 tons of methanol, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, and propionaldehyde.

La nécessité de rénover les réseaux d'assainissement des grandes villes et les besoins de construire de nouvelles structures conduisent les gestionnaires de réseaux d'assainissement et les fabricants de canalisation à rechercher des solutions pour obtenir des installations d'assainissement durables. Parmi les détériorations rencontrées dans ces structures, 9% peuvent être attribués à la biodétérioration des matériaux cimentaires. Cette étude a deux objectifs principaux. Le premier est de développer un essai accéléré reproductible en laboratoire et qui donne des résultats proches de ceux obtenus sur site. Le second est d'étudier la biodétérioration des matériaux cimentaires pour mieux comprendre les mécanismes et plus spécifiquement la différence de comportement entre les matériaux à base de ciment d'aluminate de calcium (CAC) et de ciment Portland ordinaire (OPC). Dans ce cadre, différentes formulations cimentaires ont été exposées in situ afin de déterminer les paramètres influant sur la biodétérioration. En parallèle, des expériences en laboratoire ont été réalisées pour mieux comprendre chaque étape du mécanisme de biodétérioration. Les résultats des expositions sur site montrent que les matériaux à base de CAC ont une durabilité plus importante que les autres formulations cimentaires. Les études réalisées en laboratoire permettent d'attribuer ces meilleures performances à la teneur en aluminium qui inhibe la croissance des microorganismes tout en protégeant la matrice grâce à la précipitation d'une couche d'alumine hydratée dans la porosité et à la surface de ces matériaux et qui maintient le pH à 3,5-4. La chimie de surface a également un rôle important en favorisant ou non l'oxydation abiotique de l'H2S. Les résultats des expositions sur site et des différents essais de laboratoire ont été utilisés pour développer un essai accéléré donnant des résultats prometteurs / The need for renovation of sewer networks in major cities and the necessity to build new structures lead managers of sewer pipe and manufacturers to seek for solutions for sustainable sanitation. 9% of damages encountered in these structures can be attributed to the biodeterioration of cementitious materials. This study has two main objectives. The first one is to develop an accelerated reproducible laboratory test that gives results similar to those obtained on site. The second is to study the biodeterioration of cementitious materials in order to better understand mechanisms and more especially the difference in behavior between materials based on calcium aluminate cement (CAC) and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Within this framework, different cement formulations were exposed in situ to identify the parameters influencing biodeterioration. Meanwhile, laboratory experiments were conducted to better understand each step of the mechanism of biodeterioration. Results of on site exposition show that materials based on CAC have a greater durability than other cement formulations. Laboratory studies assign these best performances to the aluminum content which inhibits the growth of microorganisms while protecting the matrix by precipitation of a hydrated alumina layer in the porosity and on the surface of these materials. This layer maintains the pH at 3.5-4. Surface chemistry was shown to play an important role in catalizing abiotic oxidation of H2S. The results of on-site exhibitions and various laboratory tests were used to develop an accelerated test giving promising results

Painéis MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) foram produzidos em laboratório, com diferentes densidades (550 a 750 kg/m3) e diferentes teores de resina (6; 8; 10; 12 e 14%), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito destes dois fatores,bem como sua interação, sobre o módulo de elasticidade e de ruptura, adesão interna, inchamento em espessura e absorção de água. Análises auxiliares foram realizadas, em especial do perfil de densidade e das dimensões das fibras. Todas as variáveis apresentaram correlação significativa com os fatores teor de resina e densidade, a interação só foi significativa a 1% com o inchamento em espessura. Modelos foram propostos para determinação das variáveis analisadas em função da densidade média e do teor de resina, tanto em percentagem como em valor absoluto. / MDF Panelboards of Pinus spp fibers were prepared in laboratorial scale, with a range of densities (550 - 750 kg/m3) and urea-formaldehyde resin content (6; 8; 10; 12 and 14 wt. %), with the purpose of evaluating their mechanical and physical properties. The effect of density and resin content and their interactions were analyzed based on panel mechanical and physical properties. Mechanical properties evaluated were modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond, while physical properties studied were thickness swelling and water absorption. Also the alterations on wood fiber length and the MDF panel density profile were determined. All the physical and mechanical properties of the MDF panel were significantly related to the resin content and density. The interaction were significant only, at a degree of 1%, with the thickness swelling. Models have been proposed to evaluate the physical and mechanical variables of the MDF panel as a function of the average density and resin content, as percentages as well as in absolute values.

La bio-détérioration des documents culturels compte parmi les types de détériorations les plus complexes que sont amenés à subir ces objets; et ce, parce qu’elle implique des organismes vivants ainsi que la conjonction de nombreux facteurs. Il existe différentes formes de biodétérioration; les taches de substrat (support?) engendrées par des champignons pigmentés en sont un exemple. Une multitude d’actions se développent aux “interfaces” entre le substrat (support?) et les champignons, depuis le premier contact avec les spores, en passant par la prolifération fongique, jusqu’aux interactions avec l’environnement. L’analyse multi-échelle et multisensorielle de l’interface entre les moisissures pigmentées noires et le support papier est le sujet de ces thèses. Deux types de pigmentations fongiques noires ont fait l’objet d’une analyse; la première apparaissait spontanément sur les œuvres d’art , la deuxième résultait d’une pigmentation déclenchée en biosimulation, sur des papiers connus, dans un environnement maitrisé. Les caractéristiques des papiers telles que le relief et la structure de la surface, la morphologie des champignons, les processus de dépôt de la biomasse pigmentée, ainsi que la prolifération fongique, ont fait l’objet de multiples examens, tant en termes d’instruments que de méthodes :microscopie à lumière transmise, microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) dans une chambre à pression variable, microscopie confocale à balayage laser, profilomètre confocal à lumière blanche, microtomographie aux rayons L’objectif ultime étant de développer une stratégie de préservation des objets du patrimoine culturel bio-détériorés, le choix des instruments et des méthodes d’analyse était dicté par un souci pratique qui limitait l’échantilllonage des éléments analysés. Ce travail constitue une première tentative afin de mieux comprendre les forces en présence au niveau des “interfaces”, dans le cas des taches sur le papier dues aux champignons. / Biodeterioration of cultural materials is one of the most complex types of deteriorations that cultural materials are subjected to mainly, because it involves living organisms and synergy of many factors. There are different forms of biodeterioration, stains of substrate caused by pigmented fungi is one of them. Multitude of events occurs at interfaces between substrate and fungi, from the moment of spores’ first contact with surfaces, next fugal growth and their responses to the environment. Multiscale and multisensory analysis of interfaces between black pigmented fungi and paper substrate was the subject of these theses. Two types of black fungal pigmentations were analyzed; one that occurred on the original artworks the other one was induced in biosymulation on known papers in controlled environment. Paper characteristics, such as surface topography and structure, morphology of fungi and patterns of their pigmented bio-mass deposition as well as fungal growth were examined with an array of analytical instruments and methods: transmitted light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy in variable pressure, confocal laser scanning microscopy, white light confocal profilometer and X-ray microtomography. The ultimate goal was to develop a preservation strategy for biodeteriorated cultural heritage material; therefore the choice of the analytical methods and instruments was dictated by real-life protocols that limit sampling of cultural materials. This works is the first attempt towards a better understanding of interfacial forces in fungal stains on paper.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T13:51:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Javan Pereira Motta.pdf: 2165143 bytes, checksum: 2d253d19218d709cd1e274f80688f879 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-21 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as propriedades tecnológicas da madeira de teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) de árvores com 15 anos de idade, proveniente do Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais. A caracterização da madeira de teca foi mediante a descrição anatômica, determinação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas, estudo do comportamento da adesão da madeira, avaliação da resistência natural da madeira na direção medula a alburno, a organismos xilófagos (fungos e cupins) em condições de laboratório, com ensaios de apodrecimento acelerado e de preferência alimentar com cupim subterrâneo, e estudos de sorção de umidade na madeira. Relativo à descrição anatômica, as características gerais, macroscópicas e microscópicas avaliadas para a madeira de teca foram semelhantes aos determinados por outros autores para a mesma espécie e relação direta da idade com o aumento do comprimento de fibra e espessura de parede foi constatado. A densidade média foi classificada como moderadamente pesada, mediana estabilidade dimensional, e com pequena influência do teor de umidade nos valores de resistência da madeira. A madeira de teca obteve resultado satisfatório nos ensaios de adesão. O cerne da madeira de teca foi classificado como resistente a organismos xilófagos. A determinação das curvas de sorção e o ajuste de equações para determinação do teor de equilíbrio higroscópico em diferentes umidades relativas do ar é fonte de informação para determinação do comportamento da madeira ao longo do processo de secagem e planejamento de programas de secagem mais adequados a espécie / The objective of this study was to determine the technological properties of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) trees with 15 years old from the Vale do Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, State Brazil. The characterization of teak wood was through the anatomical description, determination of physical properties and mechanical behavior study of wood adhesion, resistance assessment of natural wood from pith to sapwood, the wood decay organisms (fungi and termites) in terms of laboratory testing with rapid decay and subterranean termite feeding preference, and studies of moisture sorption in wood. Concerning the anatomical description, the general characteristics, gross and microscopic evaluated for teak were similar to those determined by other authors for the same species and the direct relation of age with increasing fiber length and wall thickness were found. The average density was classified as moderately heavy, medium dimensional stability, and with little influence of moisture content in wood strength values. A teak wood obtained satisfactory results in the adhesion assays. The heartwood of teak was classified as resistant to wood decay organisms. The determination of sorption curves and the fit of equations for determining the equilibrium moisture content at different relative humidity is a source of information for determining the behavior of wood during the drying process and planning of drying the most appropriate species

Une part importante de la détérioration des réseaux d’assainissement en matériau cimentaire est d’origine biologique. Dans ce contexte, les matériaux à base de ciment alumineux ont montré une meilleure durabilité que ceux à base de ciment Portland ordinaire, couramment utilisés. Les hypothèses de la littérature qui expliqueraient cette meilleure résistance sont centré sur l’aluminium (présent à plus de 50% dans les ciments alumineux pour seulement 5% dans les ciments Portland). L’objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser et hiérarchiser les mécanismes de résistance des matériaux cimentaires lors de la biodétérioration. Cela permettra de comprendre le rôle de l’aluminium dans les interactions entre les microorganismes et les matériaux cimentaires. Après des études en réacteur et des tests de biodétérioration de pâte de ciments en laboratoire, il semblerait que la principale cause de résistance est due à la réactivité des matrices cimentaires plus qu’à un effet inhibiteur de l’aluminium ou du matériau sur les microorganismes. / An important part of the deterioration observed in concrete sewer networks is due to biological activity. In this context, calcium aluminate cement (CAC) based material has shown a better durability than ordinary Portland cement, usually used in such context. In literature, hypothesis explaining the better resistance are focused on aluminium. The aim of the project is to characterize the role of aluminium in the interactions between cementitious material and microorganisms. Reactor study and Lab scale aggressive biodeterioration protocol of cementitious material revealed that the better resistance of CAC is due to their lower reactivity and not to a bacteriostatic effect of the material on the microorganisms.

Ces travaux s’intéressent au comportement de pâtes de ciment de différentes natures cimentaires exposées à une eau douce naturelle et plus particulièrement aux interactions avec les éléments biologiques. Cette étude est basée sur l’analyse comparative d’échantillons placés en milieu naturel (Moselle) et en milieux artificiels de laboratoire. Quels que soient les milieux et les microorganismes considérés, les résultats montrent une modification de la minéralogie de la surface et du réseau poreux des échantillons (taux de porosité, propriétés de transferts). Les essais en laboratoire ont permis d’isoler l’influence spécifique des bactéries dans les phénomènes de biolixiviation. Le dénombrement bactérien montre aussi que la densité de cellules présentes dans le biofilm recouvrant les échantillons dépend peu de la nuance cimentaire, excepté pour les ciments au calcaire. Les observations au MEB ont révélé, sur l’ensemble des échantillons, la présence abondante de diatomées en partie recouvertes par une couche minérale issue d’une cristallisation secondaire. La colonisation de la surface par ces diatomées est influencée par la géométrie et la nature minéralogique des échantillons. Les résultats d’essais en laboratoire ont montré qu’elles ont des interactions avec la pâte de ciment, l’évolution des densités de population de diatomées coïncide en effet avec l’évolution des caractéristiques de porosité (taux de porosité, propriétés de transferts) / This work focuses on the behavior of cement pastes of different cement bases exposed to natural fresh water and on the interactions with the biological elements. This study is based on the comparative analysis of samples immersed in natural environment (Moselle) and in artificial laboratory media. Whatever the media and microorganisms considered, the results show a change in the mineralogy of the surface and the porous network of the samples (porosity rate, transfer properties). Laboratory tests highlighted the specific influence of bacteria in bioleaching phenomena. The bacterial count also shows that the density of cells present in the biofilm covering the samples does not mainly depend on the cementitious grade, except for the limestone cements. The SEM observations revealed the abundant presence of diatoms on all samples. Diatoms are partly covered by a mineral layer resulting from secondary crystallization. The colonization of the surface by these diatoms is influenced by the geometry and mineralogical nature of the samples. The results of laboratory tests have shown that they interact with cement paste; the evolution of diatom population densities coincides with changes in porosity characteristics (porosity rate, transfer properties)

Les aspects biologiques ne sont généralement pas considérés lors de la conception des ouvrages de génie civil, malgré que la biocolonisation puisse affecter leur durabilité. Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’encrassement biologique des matériaux cimentaires en eau de rivière. Un essai de biocolonisation phototrophe accélérée, simulant les conditions en rivière a été mis au point et validé. Il a permis l’étude de pâtes cimentaires de différentes formulations. La colonisation a été évaluée par le taux de recouvrement de la surface, estimé par une méthode proposée d’analyse d’images. Une étude de l’influence de la rugosité sur la bioréceptivité du matériau a été réalisée à travers plusieurs paramètres de différentes natures et la densité de pics (paramètre d’espacement) a montré l’influence la plus déterminante. Un modèle a été proposé pour expliquer cette influence et a donné des résultats satisfaisants. Les influences de la porosité et du pH semblent être limitées dans les conditions de l’essai. Enfin, la micro-indentation a été adaptée pour l’évaluation mécanique de la détérioration des pâtes cimentaires sur de faibles épaisseurs. Cette technique pourra être utilisée pour évaluer la biodétérioration. / The biological aspects are generally not considered in the design of civil engineering works, although the biocolonisation may affect their durability. This thesis focuses on biofouling of cementitious materials in river water. A laboratory accelerated test of phototrophic biocolonisation, simulating the river conditions, was developed and validated. It allowed the study of cement pastes of different formulations. Colonization was assessed by the recovery rate of the surface, estimated by a proposed method of image analysis. A study of the roughness influence on the bioreceptivity of the material was conducted through several roughness parameters of different natures, and the peaks density (a spacing parameter) showed the most decisive influence. A model was proposed to explain this influence and gave satisfactory results. The influences of porosity and pH appeared to be limited in the test conditions. Finally, micro-indentation was adapted to the mechanical evaluation of the deterioration of thin layers of cement pastes. This technique may be used to evaluate the biodeterioration.

Painéis MDF (Medium Density Fiberboard) foram produzidos em laboratório, com diferentes densidades (550 a 750 kg/m3) e diferentes teores de resina (6; 8; 10; 12 e 14%), com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito destes dois fatores,bem como sua interação, sobre o módulo de elasticidade e de ruptura, adesão interna, inchamento em espessura e absorção de água. Análises auxiliares foram realizadas, em especial do perfil de densidade e das dimensões das fibras. Todas as variáveis apresentaram correlação significativa com os fatores teor de resina e densidade, a interação só foi significativa a 1% com o inchamento em espessura. Modelos foram propostos para determinação das variáveis analisadas em função da densidade média e do teor de resina, tanto em percentagem como em valor absoluto. / MDF Panelboards of Pinus spp fibers were prepared in laboratorial scale, with a range of densities (550 - 750 kg/m3) and urea-formaldehyde resin content (6; 8; 10; 12 and 14 wt. %), with the purpose of evaluating their mechanical and physical properties. The effect of density and resin content and their interactions were analyzed based on panel mechanical and physical properties. Mechanical properties evaluated were modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond, while physical properties studied were thickness swelling and water absorption. Also the alterations on wood fiber length and the MDF panel density profile were determined. All the physical and mechanical properties of the MDF panel were significantly related to the resin content and density. The interaction were significant only, at a degree of 1%, with the thickness swelling. Models have been proposed to evaluate the physical and mechanical variables of the MDF panel as a function of the average density and resin content, as percentages as well as in absolute values.