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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Caracterização biofísica e estrutural da metaloproteinase não-hemorrágica do veneno de Bothrops moojeni e da endo-β-glicanase do Bacillus subtilis

Akao, Patricia Kimi [UNESP] 08 April 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-04-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 akao_pk_me_sjrp.pdf: 3271201 bytes, checksum: 442f358fe13f76b52392394d1b1519df (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Metaloproteinases presentes no veneno de serpentes são toxinas hemostaticamente ativas que interferem em diferentes níveis na cascata de coagulação e têm sido exploradas como ferramenta bioquímica nas pesquisas de coagulação, diagnósticos, modelos de inibidores de metaloproteinases e compreensão do mecanismo de ação de venenos. Estudos estruturais complementados por ensaios de docking molecular têm ajudado muito na compreensão de suas especificidades e mecanismo de ação. Assim, neste trabalho a metaloproteinase não-hemorrágica fibrinogenolítica da classe PI, isolada do veneno de Bothrops moojeni (BmooMP -I) foi cristalizada e sua estrutura resolvida a 1,76 Å de resolução. O íon zinco catalítico possui uma coordenação octaédrica formada por três histidinas canônicas (His 140 , His 144 e His 150 ) e por três moléculas de solvente. Uma comparação seqüencial e estudos estruturais indicaram que os motivos que compreendem os resíduos 153-164 e 167-176 possuem uma característica saliente, que diferencia as outras SVMPs hemorrágicas das não-hemorrágicas de classe PI, podendo estes motivos estarem diretamente envolvidos no desenvolvimento da atividade hemorrágica. Além do projeto principal, foram realizados estudos com a proteína endo-1,4-β-glicanase de Bacillus subtilis (Cel5A), que hidrolisa a ligação glicosídica β(1-4) do polímero de celulose. Esse polímero tem recebido grande atenção do meio acadêmico e industrial devido ao seu potencial na produção de açúcares solúveis, produtos químicos e biocombustíveis. Porém para o aproveitamento da biomassa celulósica é necessário a ação sinérgica do coquetel enzimático formado por endo-1,4-β-glicanases, celobiose-hidrolases ou exo-1,4-β-glicanases e β-glicosidases. Assim, o gene Cel5A constituído pelo domínio catalítico e o módulo de ligação à carboidratos (CBM) foi clonado... / Snake venom metalloproteinases are hemostatically active toxins that interfere in different levels on the blood coagulation cascade. Therefore, they have been extensively investigated as biochemical tools for coagulation studies and diagnostics, and as model for design of metalloproteinases inhibitors and understanding of venom action mechanism. Structural studies complemented by molecular docking experiments have been instrumental to shed light on the the stereo specificity and action of enzymes. In this study, a fibrin(ogen)olytic non-hemorragic PI class metalloproteinase isolated from Bothrops moojeni (BmooMPα-I) was crystallized and its structure determined at 1,76 Å resolution. The catalytic zinc ion displays an octahedral coordination formed by three canonical histidines (His 140 , His 144 e His 150 ) and three solvent molecules. Comparative sequence and structural studies indicate that the motif comprising amino acid segments 153-164 e 167-176 is a salient feature that differentiates non- and hemorrhagic PI class SVMPs and it might be directly involved in the development of the hemorrhagic activity. In parallel to the main project, a biophysical study was carried out on the thermophilic endo-1,4-β-glucanase from Bacillus subtilis. Endo-cellulases are responsible for the cleavage of β(1-4) glycosidic linkages from cellulose. This polymer has been receiving great attention from both industrial and academic community due to its applications in food, chemical and biofuels industries. However, for its use is needed to reduce the cellulose into fermentable sugars and this process involves the synergistic action of endo-1,4-β-glucanases, celobiose-hydrolases or exo-β-1,4-glucanases and β-glucosidases. In this project, the gene of the Cel5A consisting of the parental catalytic domain and its carbohydrate-binding module was cloned in pET28a vector and expressed in BL21(DE3)... (Abstract complete click electronic access below)
32

Análise conformacional dos petídeos protonectina e protonectina (1-6), isolados e em associação, em mistura TFE-água

Baldissera, Gisele [UNESP] 20 January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:29:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 baldissera_g_me_sjrp.pdf: 1871660 bytes, checksum: 86dc29a222aa0aef2af0753574aed6e0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Protonectina e Protonectina 1-6 são peptídeos extraídos do veneno da vespa social Agelaia pallipes pallipes. O primeiro apresenta atividade hemolítica, de degranulação de mastócitos e quimiotática, enquanto o segundo apresenta somente a atividade quimiotática quando atuam isoladamente. A associação destes dois peptídeos, em proporção 1:1 produz um aumento nas atividades hemolíticas e de degranulação de mastócitos, enquanto a atividade quimiotática decresce acentuadamente, ou seja, em associação apresentam um comportamento mais acentuado de interação com membranas. Dados de dicroísmo circular mostram que, quando associados, há um pequeno acréscimo no percentual de aminoácidos em conformação de hélice-α. A proposta deste trabalho é analisar, usando dinâmica molecular, os aspectos conformacionais da Protonectina isolada e em associação com a Protonectina 1 – 6 em misturas de TFE-água, para entender se e como ocorre essa associação, procurando destacar quais fatores podem ser determinantes nesse processo. A Protonectina isolada foi estudada por meio de dinâmicas moleculares de equilíbrio e dinâmica associada ao método de troca de réplicas. Com esse método, obteve-se dezesseis trajetórias de 60 ns varrendo o intervalo de temperaturas de 287 a 342 K, usando uma conformação em hélice alfa ideal como estrutura inicial. Usando o software WHAM e parâmetros como o RMSD e a primeira das componentes de uma Análise de Componentes Principais, PCA, como coordenadas de reação, obteve-se a superfície de energia livre, que apresenta dois mínimos principais. O mínimo com energia mais baixa contém estruturas ordenadas, com parte dos resíduos em alfa-hélice, ou em hélice-5 ou, ainda, numa combinação de “turns” e B-bridges, enquanto conformações aleatórias são encontradas no segundo mínimo. Destes dados o tempo de transição... / Protonectin and Protonectin 1- 6 are peptides extracted from the venom of the social wasp Agelaia pallipes pallipes. While Protonectin presents hemolytic, mast cell degranulation and chimiotactic activities, protonectin 1-6 just presents the chimiotactic activity. When these peptides are mixed at 1:1 molar ratio the hemolytic and mast cell degranulation activities increase while the chemiotactic decreases significantly. Circular Dicroism data shows a small increase in the amount of residues in ordered structures, alfa helix, for example. The purpose of this work is to analyse the conformational features of these peptides isolated and in association in TFE-water mixtures using molecular dynamics simulation to understand if this association occurs or not and how. The Protonectin was studied using equilibrium MD simulations and associating Molecular dynamics and the replica exchange methods. With this method, sixteen trajectories of the 60 ns in the range 287 – 342 K was simulated, all the replicas starting from an ideal alfa helix. Using the WHAM software, RMSD parameters and the first Principal Components Analysis, PCA, we have the free energy surface, that presents two principals minimums. One corresponding to structures with some organization some residues in α-helix, 5-helix or turns associated with b-bridges. The other minimum presents structures in coil conformation. The “folding” time were stimated and the stability of the conformations are discussed. Starting from typical structures found in the equilibrium dynamic associated with the replica exchange method six 60 ns trajectories were simulated. These simulations comprove some stabilization of the structures found at the energy minimum. The association of Protonectin and Protonectin 1- 6 was studied using equilibrium molecular dynamics run during at ~300 ns in the ambient temperature. The results suggest that there... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
33

Caracterização da interação de inositol hexafosfato e cloreto com hemoglobina humana: aspectos energéticos e estruturais

Silva, Vanessa de Cássia Teixeira da [UNESP] 22 January 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-01-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:47:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_vct_me_sjrp.pdf: 648221 bytes, checksum: 471be77c5cc136374f3cf0a74fb31395 (MD5) / A ligação do O2 à Hemoglobina (Hb) é um processo regulado por interações alostéricas. Os íons Inositol hexafosfato (IHP) e cloreto, e prótons, são efetores alostéricos que estabilizam a Hb na estrutura quaternária T, diminuindo a afinidade da proteina pelo O2 em meio alcalino. A ligação de IHP também altera a cooperatividade de algumas hemoglobinas como, por exemplo a hemoglobina desArg, uma variante da HbAo da qual o resíduo arginina 141 das cadeia alfas foram retirados enzimaticamente. Estas argininas são prováveis sitios de interação com ions cloreto. Neste trabalho investigou-se a influência que a ligação de ânions Cl - e/ou IHP à Hb nas propriedades funcionais e conformacionais da proteína. Foi determinado o efeito destas interações na afinidade e cooperatividade de ligação de oxigênio à proteína, na liberação de prótons com a oxigenação ( efeito Bohr ), e na conformação da proteína. O papel de resíduos específicos nestes efeitos foi investigado comparando resultados obtidos com HbAo, Hb-desArg, e Hb Chesapeake (R92L), um mutante natural na qual a arginina 92 esta substituída por leucina. Os resultados mostraram que a retirada do resíduo C-terminal da cadeia alfa, arginina 141, suprimiu a cooperatividade da hemoglobina, diminui o número de prótons liberados durante a oxigenação, e que esta liberação de prótons foi a mesma na presença ou ausência de íons cloreto. Ainda, a retirada deste resíduo não interferiu no efeito Bohr dependente de IHP. Os resultados mostraram que a saturação de oxigênio ligados à HbA0 na presença de IHP não induziu a mudança na estrutura quaternária observada na ausência deste ânion, e na sua presença em meio com NaCl. Apesar disto, a cooperatividade da ligação é mantida. A arg-141α tem papel fundamental na estabilização pelo IHP da estrutura quaternária... / The hemoglobin (Hb) oxygenation is a molecular process regulated by allosteric interactions. Inositol hexaphosphate (IHP), chloride and protons are heterotropic effectors that stabilizes the deoxy state, the quaternary structure T, decreasing O2 affinity in alkaline solution. IHP binding also modifies cooperativity of several Hbs, such as desArg Hemoglobin, a variant form of HbA which is obtained by enzymatic cleavage of the two Arg-141alfa residues. This residue has been identified to be a Cl - binding site on Hb. This work follows up previous studies of the structure- function regulation of Hb oxygenation by anions Cl - and/or IHP. We measured the effect of these interactions on cooperativity and oxygen affinity, protons release upon oxygenation (Bohr Effect), and protein conformation. The role of specific residues on this effect was investigated trough results obtained with HbA, desArg Hemglobin and Hemoglobin Chesapeake (R92L), a natural mutant in which Arg- 92α is changed to Leu. The results showed that the suppression of C-terminal Arg-141 implies in non- cooperative O2-binding to Hemoglobin, lowering the protons released during oxygenation, and the protons release remains the same on chloride absence and presence. The removal of this residue didn´t affect the Bohr Effect on IHP presence. The results showed that O2 binding in the presence of IHP don´t induce quaternary structure transition observed in the absence of anions. Nevetheless, the cooperativity was maintained. The arg-141 have a main role on IHP stabilization of oxy and deoxy protein quaternary structure T. This conclusion is supported by results desArg Hemoglobin oxygenation determined in IHP presence, with and without NaCl. Calorimeters assays of IHP interaction with three Hemoglobin species, carried through Isothermal Titration Calorimetry confirm the Arg-141 importance on oxygenated... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
34

FABP4: interactions with endothelial cell plasma membrane and effects on vascular smooth muscle cells.

Saavedra García, Paula 22 January 2016 (has links)
Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) és una adipoquina secretada pel teixit adipós implicada en la regulació del metabolisme energètic i la inflamació. S'han detectat nivells elevats de FABP4 circulant en persones amb factors de risc cardiovascular i aterosclerosi, encara que no hi ha moltes dades sobre FABP4 i l'aterosclerosi en humans. Alguns estudis han demostrat que FABP4 té un efecte directe sobre els teixits perifèrics, concretament promovent la disfunció endotelial. La disfunció endotelial juga un paper clau en el desenvolupament de lesions ateroscleròtiques, així com la migració i proliferació de cèl·lules de múscul llis vascular. No obstant això, el mecanisme d'acció i funcions de FABP4 circulant són poc conegudes. La hipòtesi d'aquest treball és que FABP4 interacciona amb teixits perifèrics contribuint a la disfunció endotelial i remodelació vascular a partir de la interacció amb proteïnes de membrana plasmàtica, que actuarien com a elements d'ancoratge i/o receptors mitjançant rutes de senyalització intracel·lular, i/o internalització. Els nostres resultats indiquen que FABP4 exògena interactua específicament amb citoqueratina 1 (CK1) en les membranes cel·lulars endotelials i la seva inhibició farmacològica per BMS309403 disminueix lleugerament la formació d'aquests complexos. A més, FABP4 exògena travessa la membrana plasmàtica per entrar al citoplasma i nucli de cèl·lules endotelials (HUVECs). També hem demostrat que FABP4 exògena forma un complex amb CK1 en les cèl·lules del múscul llis vascular (HCASMCs) i que té un efecte directe induint la migració i proliferació de les HCASMCs a través de l'activació de la via de senyalització MAPK per la fosforilació de ERK1/2 i activació dels factors de transcripció nuclears c-myc i c-jun. Aquests resultats suggereixen que FABP4 circulant podria tenir un paper en el remodelat vascular i progressió de l'aterosclerosi. Aquestes dades contribueixen al nostre coneixement actual sobre el mecanisme d'acció de FABP4 circulant. / Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) es una adipoquina secretada por el tejido adiposo implicada en la regulación del metabolismo energético y la inflamación. Se han detectado niveles elevados de FABP4 circulante en personas con factores de riesgo cardiovascular y aterosclerosis, aunque no hay muchos datos sobre FABP4 y aterosclerosis en humanos. Algunos estudios han demostrado que FABP4 tiene un efecto directo sobre los tejidos periféricos, concretamente promoviendo la disfunción endotelial. La disfunción endotelial juega un papel crucial en el desarrollo de lesiones ateroscleróticas, así como la migración y proliferación de células de músculo liso vascular. Sin embargo, el mecanismo de acción y las funciones de FABP4 circulante son desconocidos. La hipótesis de este trabajo es que FABP4 interacciona con tejidos periféricos contribuyendo a la disfunción endotelial y remodelación vascular a partir de la interacción con proteínas de membrana plasmática, que actuarían como elementos de anclaje y/o receptores mediando rutas de señalización intracelular, y/o internalización. Nuestros resultados indican que FABP4 exógena interactúa específicamente con citoqueratina 1 (CK1) en las membranas celulares endoteliales y su inhibición farmacológica por BMS309403 disminuye ligeramente la formación de estos complejos. Además, FABP4 exógena atraviesa la membrana plasmática para entrar en el citoplasma y núcleo de células endoteliales (HUVECs). También hemos demostrado que FABP4 exógena también forma un complejo con CK1 en las células del músculo liso vascular (HCASMCs) y que tiene un efecto directo sobre la migración y proliferación de HCASMCs a través de la activación de la vía de señalización MAPK por la fosforilación de ERK1/2 y activación los factores de transcripción nucleares c-myc y c-jun. Estos resultados sugieren que FABP4 circulante podría tener un papel en el remodelado vascular y en la progresión de la aterosclerosis. Estos datos contribuyen a nuestro conocimiento actual sobre el mecanismo de acción de FABP4 circulante. / Fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) is an adipose tissue-secreted adipokine that is involved in the regulation of energetic metabolism and inflammation. Increased levels of circulating FABP4 have been detected in individuals with cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis, although there is not much data on FABP4 in human atherosclerosis. Some studies have demonstrated that FABP4 has a direct effect on peripheral tissues, specifically promoting endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction plays crucial roles in the development of atherosclerotic lesions as well as migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. However, the mechanism of action and functions of circulating FABP4 are unknown. The hypothesis of this study is that circulating FABP4 has a direct effect on peripheral tissues. In particular at vessel wall level, FABP4 contributes to endothelial dysfunction and artery wall remodelling through interaction with endothelial plasma membrane proteins that act as anchoring elements and/or receptors mediating intracellular signalling, and/or FABP4 internalization. FABP4 acts on smooth muscle cells influencing cell migration and proliferation as well. Our results indicate that exogenous FABP4 interacts with specifically CK1 on endothelial cell membranes and the pharmacological FABP4 inhibition by BMS309403 decreases the formation of these complexes slightly. Furthermore, exogenous FABP4 crosses the plasma membrane to enter the cytoplasm and nucleus in HUVECs. In addition, we also demonstrated that exogenous FABP4 forms a complex with CK1 on vascular smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs) and has a direct effect of FABP4 on the migration and proliferation of HCASMCs through the activation of the ERK1/2 MAPK signalling pathway and activating the nuclear transcription factors c-myc and c-jun. Taking all these results together, it suggests that circulating FABP4 could have a role in vascular remodelling and atherosclerosis progression. These data contribute to our current knowledge regarding the mechanism of action of circulating FABP4.
35

Understanding ligand-receptor recognition by means of high-throughput molecular dynamics : a perspective for drug discovery

Ferruz Capapey, Noelia 1988- 04 March 2016 (has links)
Understanding how receptor-ligand interactions occur is a first step towards designing new drugs. The complete reconstruction of the binding process in a drug-receptor system provides all the physical-chemistry variables for rational design of inhibitors of a chosen target, an important step in drug discovery. Although very powerful, direct experimental observation of full binding processes is very hard to perform. In this thesis, by using high-throughput molecular dynamics in the distributed computing project GPUGRID.net and analysing the resulting data by Markov state models (MSM), we successfully estimated kinetics, thermodynamics and binding modes for different molecular systems. In the initial works, we focused on estimating the potency of inhibitor-protein complexes. In subsequent studies, we described more complex pictures of binding, taking into account the receptor dynamics or other binding molecules. The results are promising and establish the methodology as a very powerful tool in the first stages of the drug discovery pipeline. / Comprender las interacciones entre proteína y ligando es el primer paso para diseñar nuevos medicamentos. Llegar a reconstruir completamente este proceso de unión proporciona todas las variables físico-químicas para una optimización racional, un paso muy importante en el descubrimiento de fármacos. Pese a que esto ofrece muchas ventajas, todavía es complicado observar estos procesos experimentalmente. En esta tesis, utilizando simulaciones moleculares de alto rendimiento (HTMD) mediante el proyecto distribuido GPUGRID.net y análisis por Markov state models (MSM), hemos obtenido datos cinéticos, termodinámicos y modos de unión para varios sistemas. En los primeros trabajos nos centramos en estimar la afinidad entre complejos inhibidor-proteína. En trabajos posteriores, logramos caracterizar completamente rutas de unión del ligando teniendo en cuenta los confórmeros de la proteína u otros ligandos presentes. Los resultados son prometedores y establecen la utilidad de HTMD en las primeras fases de descubrimiento de fármacos
36

The Role of EXD2 in the maintenance of mithocondrial homeostasis

Aivio, Suvi Marjaana, 1981- 10 October 2014 (has links)
Mitochondrial dysfunction arising from aberrant mitochondrial nucleic acid homeostasis has been associated with various pathologies. In this thesis, we aim to characterize a putative mitochondrial exonuclease, EXD2, and the consequences of its loss in cell metabolism. For that purpose we use three approaches: 1) Biochemical assays with bacterially purified EXD2 to study its enzymatic activity, 2) In vitro experiments with cell lines to study the phenotype of cells with altered EXD2-levels, and, 3) In vivo experiments with a mouse xenograft model and D.melanogaster to study the consequences of EXD2-loss in tumors and at the organismal level. Our work shows, that EXD2 is a uniquely versatile mammalian exonuclease able to bind and degrade various DNA and RNA substrates. We demonstrate that loss of EXD2 in cancer cells leads to alterations in mtDNA, various metabolic changes and aberrant hypoxia signaling. We also describe how, in vivo, this leads to inhibition of breast tumor growth and increased lifespan in fruitflies. Taken together, our observations provide a link between mitochondrial nucleic acid maintenance and large-scale metabolic alterations influencing tumor growth and aging. / La disfunción mitocondrial que surge de la homeostasis de ácido nucleico mitocondrial aberrante se ha asociado con varias patologías. En esta tesis, se pretende caracterizar una exonucleasa putativo mitocondrial, EXD2, y las consecuencias de su pérdida en el metabolismo celular. Para ello utilizamos tres enfoques: 1) ensayos bioquímicos con EXD2 purificado de bacterias para estudiar su actividad enzimática, 2) los experimentos in vitro con líneas celulares para estudiar el fenotipo de las células con niveles de EXD2 alterados, y, 3) experimentos in vivo con modelo de xenotrasplante de ratón y D.melanogaster para estudiar las consecuencias de perdida de EXD2 en los tumores y en el nivel del organismo. Nuestro trabajo muestra que EXD2 es una exonucleasa mamíferos excepcionalmente versátil capaz de unirse y degradar diversos sustratos de ADN y ARN. Se demuestra que la pérdida de EXD2 en las células del cáncer conduce a alteraciones en el ADN mitocondrial, diversas alteraciones metabólicas y de señalización hipoxia aberrante. También describimos cómo, in vivo, esto conduce a la inhibición del crecimiento del tumor de mama y aumento de la vida útil en moscas de la fruta. En conjunto, nuestras observaciones proporcionan un enlace entre el mantenimiento de ácidos nucleicos mitocondriales y de gran escala alteraciones metabólicas que influyen en el crecimiento del tumor y el envejecimiento.
37

The Role of histone modifications in transcriptional regulation upon stress

Viéitez Manrique, Cristina, 1984- 18 December 2014 (has links)
In response to fluctuations in the environment, all living organisms have the ability to sense, respond and adapt to the new conditions. In budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) there is a massive and rapid reorganization of the transcriptional program in response to a stressful situation, which is governed by different signaling pathways, transcription factors, chromatin remodelers and histone modifiers. Many examples of histone posttranslational modifications (PTM) have been associated with transcriptional activation or repression under normal growth conditions, however little is known about the role of histones in the cellular adaptive response upon stress. In this study, we systematically analyze by high throughput screens cellular growth and transcription initiation of stress-responsive genes in 569 histone point mutants upon heat and osmostress. These screens provide a novel global map of the histone residues required for cellular survival and transcriptional regulation in response to heat and osmostress. Moreover, we show that the histone residues required in response to stress depend on the type of gene and/or the type of stress. Furthermore we characterized some examples of newly identified histone marks from histones H3 and H4 involved in the transcriptional regulation upon different stress conditions. / Todos los organismos vivos tienen la capacidad de adaptarse a condiciones adversas en el medio en el que viven para sobrevivir. En la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae se produce una rápida reorganización en el patrón transcripcional en respuesta a una situación de estrés. Esta reorganización transcripcional está regulada por diferentes vías de señalización, factores de transcripción, complejos remodeladores de cromatina y enzimas modificadoras de histonas. Numerosos ejemplos de modificaciones postraduccionales en histonas han sido asociados con la activación o la represión génica en condiciones normales de crecimiento. Sin embargo, se conoce muy poco sobre el papel de las histonas en la adaptación celular frente a una situación de estrés. En este trabajo, hemos analizado de forma sistemática el crecimiento celular y el inicio de la transcripción de genes que se inducen en respuesta a estrés en 569 mutantes puntuales de histonas en condiciones de estrés térmico y osmótico. Nuestros resultados proporcionan un mapa global de los residuos de las histonas esenciales para la supervivencia celular y la activación transcripcional en respuesta a estrés térmico y osmótico. Asimismo, estos análisis revelan que existe una especificidad respecto a los residuos de las histonas que son necesarios en respuesta a estrés dependiendo del tipo de gen y/o del tipo de estrés. Además, en este trabajo hemos caracterizado algunos ejemplos de residuos en las histonas H3 y H4 que tienen un papel importante en la regulación transcripcional en respuesta a estrés.
38

Regulation of gene expression program by the MAPK Sty1 and the transcription factor Atf1

Paulo Mirasol, Esther, 1984- 19 December 2014 (has links)
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a variety of molecules derived from molecular oxygen during different metabolic processes. ROS can react with different cellular components resulting in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and DNA damage. Single-cell organisms have to cope with a wide range of environmental changes and exposition to toxic compounds. In response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), S. pombe activates different signalling pathways depending on the severity of the stress exerted, mediate at least by two transcriptional factors (TFs), the AP-1 like Pap1 and the bZIP Atf1 controlled by the mitogen-activated protein kinase. In fission yeast, the Pap1 and Sty1 pathways constitute the key protective responses to oxidative stress. The MAPK Sty1 is activated upon several stress situations, like osmotic and oxidative stress. Since the modulation of gene expression is one of the main outputs of this response, we focused this work on the characterization of Sty1 pathway as a sensor of oxidative stress and the different molecular events leading to its transcriptional program activation. We have also, studied the role of translation by Elongator in the induction of the stress response / Els radicals lliures d’oxigen (ROS) són unes molècules derivades de l’oxigen provinents de diferents processos metabòlics. ROS poden reaccionar amb diferent components cel•lulars, resultant en peroxidació d’àcids grassos, oxidació de proteïnes i danys al DNA. Els organismes unicel•lulars estan sotmesos a una àmplia varietat de canvis ambientals i a l’exposició de compostos tòxics. En resposta a l’estrés oxidatiu provocat pel peròxid d’hidrogen, S. pombe activa diferent vies de senyalització segons la severitat de l’estrés sofert, dut a terme per dos factors de transcripció, Pap1 i el bZIP Atf1 sota el control aquest últim de la MAPK. En el llevat S. pombe, Pap1 i Sty1 constitueixen un paper clau per lat resposta a l’estrés oxidatiu. La MAPK Sty1 s’activa sota l’efecte de diferent estressos, aixi com l’estrés oxidatiu o l’osmòtic. La modulació de la resposta gènica és un dels principals punts en aquesta resposta, hem centrat el treball d’aquesta tesis en la caracterització de la ruta de Sty1 com a sensor de l’estrés oxidatiu així com els diferents events moleculars que activen el programa transcripcional. També hem estudiat el paper de la traducció per l’Elongato en la inducció de la resposta a estrés.
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Control of endoplasmatic reticulum homeostasis by Doa10-dependent protein degradation

Ruggiano, Annamaria, 1985- 26 May 2015 (has links)
La función, forma e identidad de los orgánulos celulares es determinada, en gran medida, por su composición lipídica y proteica. Para mantener el equilibrio celular, las tasas de síntesis y degradación tanto de proteínas como de lípidos deben controlarse con exactitud. La proteólisis mediante el sistema ubiquitino-proteosómico cumple un papel importante en la regulación del tiempo de vida media de una variedad de proteínas. El normal funcionamiento de numerosos procesos celulares requiere degradación selectiva de proteínas en forma precisa y oportuna; entre estos procesos algunos ejemplos prominentes son: tráfico intracelular y secreción, eliminación de polipéptidos dañados y reparación de ADN. Valga resaltar que anomalías en el sistema ubiquitino-proteosómico han sido asociadas a varias patologías humanas. Durante la proteosíntesis algunas proteínas mal plegadas se generan, de forma constitutiva, en la membrana y en el lumen del retículo endoplasmático (RE). Estas especies, potencialmente tóxicas, son eliminadas mediante el sistema ubiquitino-proteosómico por una ruta de control de calidad denominada degradación asociada al retículo endoplasmático (DARE). Más allá de esta bien conocida y estudiada función, DARE controla también la abundancia de algunas proteínas del RE correctamente plegadas y funcionales, pero de vida media corta. En este caso la selección y degradación de substratos responde a condiciones fisiológicas específicas y constituye un proceso regulado. De particular relevancia, la síntesis de esteroles se ajusta a los requerimientos celulares a través del control de la estabilidad de la enzima HMGR mediante un mecanismo de retroalimentación. A pesar de su importancia en la homeostasis del RE, hasta el momento sólo se conocen algunos pocos ejemplos de degradación regulada mediada por DARE. En el RE de S.cerevisiae tres enzimas ligasas de ubiquitina, entre ellas Doa10, participan en la degradación de proteínas mal plegadas. Con el propósito de encontrar sustratos regulados de Doa10 llevamos a cabo un examen proteómico. Encontramos varios candidatos, involucrados en diversas funciones celulares, y caracterizamos algunos de ellos en mayor profundidad. Demostramos que la degradación dependiente de Doa10 tiene un impacto crucial en la homeostasis de lípidos por medio de la eliminación regulada de Erg1, una enzima del anabolismo de esteroles. Más aún, encontramos que Doa10 lleva a la degradación de proteínas pertenecientes a los cuerpos lipídicos, un orgánulo derivado del RE; este descubrimiento resalta el rol que DARE juega en el control espacial de proteínas y el mantenimiento de la identidad del RE. / The function, shape and identity of cellular organelles are too a large extent determined by their lipid and protein composition. In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, the rate of synthesis and degradation of proteins and lipids must be accurately controlled. Proteolysis by the ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a major role in regulating the half-lives of a range of proteins. A multitude of cellular processes depends on timely controlled and selective protein degradation; just to mention a few, these include intracellular trafficking and secretion, elimination of damaged polypeptides and DNA repair. Remarkably, anomalies in the ubiquitin-proteasome system have been linked to several human pathologies. Misfolded proteins in the membrane and lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are constitutively generated during protein biosynthesis. These species are potentially toxic and are eliminated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system through a quality control pathway called ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD). Beyond this well-studied role, ERAD controls the levels of some folded, functional but short-lived ER proteins by eliminating them under a specific physiological condition, thereby in a regulated fashion. Of note, sterol production is adjusted to cell needs through feedback control of the HMGR enzyme stability. Despite its importance in ER homeostasis, regulated degradation through ERAD still accounts for only few examples. Yeast Doa10 is one of three ER ubiquitin ligase enzymes implicated in the degradation of misfolded proteins. To seek for regulated Doa10 clients, we pursued a proteomics screening. We identified potential targets involved in diverse cellular functions and further characterized some of them. We demonstrate that Doa10-dependent degradation critically impacts lipid homeostasis through regulated disposal of the sterol pathway enzyme Erg1. Moreover, we show that Doa10 mediates degradation of proteins belonging to lipid droplets, an ER-derived organelle; this finding highlights a role for ERAD in protein spatial control and maintenance of ER identity.
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Understanding disordered and membrane protein recognition by molecular dynamics

Stanley, Nathaniel H., 1983- 24 April 2015 (has links)
This thesis has been about the use of a simulation technique, known as molecular dynamics simulations, to study biophysics in proteins that have historically been difficult to study with other methods. We have studied numerous systems, namely binding to the membrane proteins Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1R), and folding in the disordered protein kinase inducible domain (KID). In each case we have been able to analyze processes and uncover behaviors that are difficult or impossible to view by other means. / Esta tesis se trata del uso de un técnica de simulación, llamado simulación de dinámica molecular, para estudiar la biofísica de proteínas que históricamente han estado difícil estudiar por otros métodos. Hemos estudiado numerosas sistemas, en particular la encuadernación de ligandos en sistemas de membranas como Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) y el receptor Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P1R), y cómo se pliegue una proteína desordenada llamado Kinase inducible domain (KID). En cada caso hemos sido capaz de analizar procesos y detapar comportamientos que sean difícil o imposible ver por otros métodos.

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