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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

REMOÇÃO BIOLÓGICA DE GÁS SULFÍDRICO CONCENTRADO PARA TRATAMENTO DO BIOGÁS / BIOLOGICAL REMOVEL OF CONCENTRATE HYDROGEN SULFIDE FOR TREATMENT OF BIOGAS

Araujo, Gabriele Monego 12 April 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The biogas is a product of the microbiological degradation process of organic matter. Biogas consists mainly in methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide. The high methane concentration in biogas made it an attractive fuel and its use solves a problem of emission, since methane has a polluting effect superior than of carbon dioxide. The hydrogen sulfide, although present in small amounts, is a toxic and highly corrosive gas, and besides being a major pollutants of the atmosphere. In this sense, this work is dedicated to investigate the removal efficiency for H2S biofiltration process in a synthetic biogas flow. The biological processes it is an interesting alternative as compared to physical-chemical processes, and the biofiltration represents the most widely used. Performed an experimental bioreactor biofilter model and evaluated vegetable sponge as a packing for immobilization of microorganisms of the genus T. thioparus and activated sludge as medium for acclimatization of bacteria. The experiment took place within 31 days, with a flow gas of 0.02 m³.h-1, a residence time of empty bed of 190s and an affluent concentration of 10000 ppmv. During the study the system temperature kept in mesophilic range registering 28.3°C as average, however the pH range preserved below of recommended at T. thioparus bacteria, reaching pH = 2.48. The moisture of the environment remained around 55%. The removal efficiency achieved was 67% corresponding to an effluent concentration of 3314 ppm to an elimination capacity of 177 g.m-3h-1. However, the final concentration of methane decreases from 59.9% to 49.5% this is explained by the dilution of the gas by supplied air system, which is essential to feed the microbiological requirements for the H2S oxidation. The results show that it is possible to apply the vegetable sponge to biofiltration of H2S. / O biogás é um produto do processo da degradação microbiológica da matéria orgânica. Este gás consiste principalmente em metano, dióxido de carbono e pequenas quantidades de hidrogênio, nitrogênio e sulfeto de hidrogênio. A alta concentração de metano faz com que o biogás seja um combustível atraente e o seu uso resolve um problema de emissão, já que o metano tem um efeito poluente superior ao dióxido de carbono. O sulfeto de hidrogênio, embora esteja presente em pequenas quantidades, é um gás altamente tóxico e corrosivo, além de ser um dos maiores poluentes da atmosfera. Nesse sentido, dedicou-se este trabalho a investigar a eficiência de remoção de H2S por processo de biofiltração em um fluxo de biogás sintético. Os processos biológicos constituem-se como uma alternativa bastante interessante quando comparados aos processos físico-químicos, sendo que a biofiltração é o processo mais amplamente utilizado. Realizou-se estudo experimental em biorreator modelo biofiltro e avaliou-se como meio suporte esponja natural para imobilização dos microrganismos do gênero T. thioparus e lodo ativado como meio para aclimatação das bactérias. O experimento decorreu no período de 31 dias, com uma vazão de 0,02 m³.h-1, um tempo de residência do leito vazio de 190s, e uma concentração de afluente de 10000 ppmv. Durante o estudo a temperatura do sistema manteve-se na faixa mesofílica registrando-se uma média de 28,3°C, porém o pH conservou-se em um faixa abaixo da recomendada para bactérias T.thioparus, atingindo pH = 2,48. A umidade do meio permaneceu em torno de 55%. A eficiência de remoção atingida foi de 67% correspondendo a uma concentração efluente de 3314 ppmv para uma capacidade de eliminação de 177 g.m-3h-1. Entretanto, a concentração final de metano diminui de 59,9% para 49,5% isso se explica pela diluição do gás pelo ar fornecido ao sistema, o qual é essencial para suprir as necessidades microbiológicas requeridas para a oxidação do H2S. Os resultados mostram que é possível utilizar a esponja natural para biorremoção do H2S.
62

USO DE BIOFILTRAÇÃO NA REMOÇÃO DO SULFETO DE HIDROGÊNIO PRESENTE NO BIOGÁS / USE OF BIOFILTRATION IN THE REMOVAL OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IN BIOGAS

Aita, Bruno Carlesso 23 April 2014 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Biogas is an end product of anaerobic degradation of organic substances and has limited use in power generation mainly due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Currently, most of the techniques employed in the removal of H2S from biogas have a chemical base, with high material costs and generating secondary pollutants. The biological processes for the removal of H2S have become an effective and economical alternative to traditional gas treatment systems based on physicochemical techniques. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the performance of a bench scale biofilter for the removal of H2S present in synthetic biogas. In addition, the concentrations of CO2 and CH4 in the effluent biogas were evaluated. The inoculum used in the experiment was composed of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans fixed on a packing of wood chips. The synthetic biogas was supplied to the system with a composition of 60% CH4, 39 % CO2 and 1 % H2S. The determination of the concentration of hydrogen sulfide was performed by voltammetry and the concentrations of CH4 and CO2 by gas chromatography. The biofilter operated continuously for 37 days with an average removal efficiency of H2S of 75 ± 13 % and maximum of 97%. The elimination capacity of the system reached an average of 130 ± 23 g.m-3.h-1 and a maximum of 169 g.m3.h-1. The biofiltration system showed an average reduction of only 6 % in the CH4 content of the biogas. Thus, besides efficiently being used for the removal of H2S, the system was able to maintain the biogas energy value. / O biogás é um produto final da degradação anaeróbica de substâncias orgânicas e tem seu uso limitado na geração de energia devido, principalmente, à presença do sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S). Atualmente, a maior parte das técnicas empregadas na remoção de H2S do biogás tem base química, possuindo altos custos materiais e gerando poluentes secundários. Os processos de remoção biológica de H2S têm se tornado uma alternativa eficaz e econômica para os sistemas tradicionais de tratamento de gás baseados em técnicas físico-químicas. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar o desempenho de um biofiltro em escala laboratorial na remoção do H2S presente em biogás sintético. Além disso, avaliaram-se as concentrações de CH4 e CO2 no biogás efluente. O inóculo utilizado no experimento foi composto de Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans fixado em um meio suporte de cavacos de madeira. O biogás sintético fornecido ao sistema possuiu composição de 60% de CH4, 39% de CO2 e 1% de H2S. A determinação da concentração de sulfeto de hidrogênio foi realizada através de voltametria e as concentrações de CH4 e CO2 por cromatografia gasosa. O biofiltro operou continuamente durante 37 dias, apresentando uma eficiência média na remoção de H2S de 75 ± 13% e máxima de 97%. A capacidade de eliminação do sistema atingiu um valor médio de 130±23 g.m-3.h-1 e máximo de 169 g.m-3.h-1. O sistema de biofiltração apresentou uma redução média de apenas 6% no teor de CH4 do biogás. Sendo assim, além de poder ser eficientemente utilizado para a eliminação do H2S, o sistema foi capaz de manter o valor energético do biogás.
63

Remoção de 'H IND. 2' 'S' de ar por Thiobacillus denitrificans utilizando biofiltro percolador

Solcia, Renata de Bello [UNESP] 01 February 2011 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:59:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 solcia_rb_me_araiq.pdf: 1432643 bytes, checksum: 92164fbf9e408534eafc69bd3af54fbe (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foram realizados ensaios para o estudo da viabilidade da conversão de lavadores químicos (tecnologia química muito utilizada para a remoção de H2S) em biofiltros percoladores para a remoção de H2S. Foi investigado o efeito inibitório da concentração de sulfato no meio de recirculação de nutrientes, o efeito do pH, da vazão de recirculação de nutrientes, da concentração de alimentação de H2S na corrente gasosa e do tempo de residência na eficiência de remoção de H2S em dois biofiltros percoladores, um recheado com espuma de poro aberto de poliuretano e o outro com anéis de Pall de polipropileno. Durante a etapa de imobilização dos micro-organismos foi observado, experimentalmente, que o anel de Pall de polipropileno não é um bom suporte para a imobilização de Thiobacillus denitrificans e, portanto, no caso da conversão de um lavador químico constituído por um leito de recheio de anéis de Pall em um biofiltro percolador, seria apropriada a substituição deste suporte por espuma de poro aberto de poliuretano, por exemplo, que demonstrou ser um bom suporte para a formação do biofilme. Durante o estudo do efeito do pH observou-se que o aumento de pH aumenta a porcentagem de remoção de H2S, sendo que nas condições utilizadas, o intervalo de pH ótimo ficou entre 7,6 – 8,5. O efeito inibitório da concentração de sulfato foi observado a partir de 16,5 g L-1 no biofiltro de espuma de poro aberto de poliuretano e de 13,0 g L-1 no biofiltro de anéis de Pall de polipropileno. Os efeitos da vazão de recirculação de nutrientes e do tempo de residência do gás foram mais evidentes no biofitro de anéis de Pall comparado a espuma de poro aberto, devido, provavelmente, às características do suporte. No biofiltro de espuma de poro aberto, a diminuição do tempo de residência afetou a... / In this work experiments were carried out in order to study the viability of conversion of chemical scrubbers (current technology) to biotrickling filter for removing H2S. Many parameters were investigated, such as, the inhibitory effect of sulfate concentration in the nutrient recirculation, the effect of the pH, the flow rate of recirculating nutrient, the inlet H2S concentration and the gas stream residence time in the H2S removal capacity in two biotrickling filter. One of them was packaged with open pore polyurethane foam and other with polypropylene Pall rings. During and after the immobilization stage it was observed, experimentally, that polypropylene Pall rings is not a good support for immobilizing Thiobacillus denitrificans. Thus, in the case of a chemical packaged scrubber conversion using such support in a biotrickling filter, it would be appropriate to replace it by open pore polyurethane foam, for instance, which demonstrated to be a better support to the biofilm to establish. It was shown that increasing the pH an increase in the H2S removal was detected. In this experimental work conditions, the optimum pH range was from 7.6 to 8.5. The inhibitory effect of the sulfate concentration was observed from 16.5 g L-1 in the open pore polyurethane foam biofilter and 13.0 g L-1 in the polypropylene Pall rings biofilter. The effects of the flow rate of the recirculating nutrient and the gas residence time were more evident in the Pall ring biofilter when compared with the open pore foam, probably due to the support characteristics. In the open pore foam biofilter, decreasing the residence time the H2S removal percentage was affected only for less than 9 s, whereas in the Pall rings biofilter, before 33 s. In both biofilters as lower the residence time, lower the H2S removal percentage. In the open pore polyurethane foam... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
64

Avaliação da utilização de diferentes materiais suporte na biofiltração de sulfeto de hidrogênio / Utilization of different packing materials in the hydrogen sulfide biofiltration

Jorge Luis Rodrigues Pantoja Filho 25 April 2008 (has links)
O sulfeto de hidrogênio é um gás que pode causar os mais diversos danos se lançado ao meio ambiente devido, principalmente, à sua elevada toxicidade, corrosividade, odores indesejáveis e alta demanda de oxigênio. Atualmente existem diferentes processos físico-químicos estabelecidos para o tratamento desse composto, entretanto são consideradas técnicas onerosas do ponto de vista econômico e ambiental. Os processos biológicos constituem-se como uma alternativa bastante interessante quando comparados aos processos físico-químicos, sendo que a biofiltração é o processo mais amplamente utilizado. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados três tipos diferentes de materiais suporte, sendo um sintético - espuma de poliuretano - e dois orgânicos - fibra de côco e bagaço de cana -, para a biofiltração de uma mistura gasosa contendo \'H IND.2\'S\'. Como inóculo, optou-se pela utilização de cultura mista originária de duas fontes: a) unidade de biofiltro aerado submerso pertencente ao Serviço Autônomo de Água e Esgoto da Cidade de São Carlos, b) unidade de lodos ativados pertencente a São Carlos S/A - Indústria de Papel e Celulose. A adaptação do inóculo foi realizada em meio nutriente específico. Foi observado um período de partida de somente 2 dias nos três sistemas. Com o intuito de avaliar o impacto do aumento progressivo das taxas de carregamento mássico no desempenho dos três biofiltros, os mesmos foram submetidos a taxas de 19, 32, 54 e 70 g/m³.h (concentrações afluentes médias de 184, 328, 526 e 644 ppm para tempo de retenção do gás de, aproximadamente, 50 segundos). As eficiências remoção média em todos os sistemas mantiveram-se sempre acima dos 99,3%. A capacidade eliminação máxima alcançada pelos biofiltros oscilou entre 74 e 80 g/m³.h. As perdas de carga verificadas no ensaio hidrodinâmico foram baixas, variando entre 0,59.\'10 POT.-2\' a 0,68 \'10 POT.-2\' mca, para a velocidade superficial utilizada durante o estudo. O modelo matemático empregado na previsão do desempenho dos sistemas ajustou-se bem aos dados experimentais. Portanto, pode-se concluir que os materiais suportes testados são adequados para a biofiltração de sulfeto de hidrogênio. / Hydrogen sulfide is a gas which has high restrictions regarding to its disposal in the environment, mainly, because of its high toxicity, malodors, high oxygen demand, etc. Currently, there are many different physical-chemical processes established in order to treat this compound, nevertheless they are considered expensive techniques by the point of economical and environmental views. Biological processes are very interesting alternatives when they are compared to the physical-chemical ones, and biofiltration is the most used process. In this work, three different materials as support media were evaluated, - a synthetic one - represented by the polyurethane foam, - two organic ones - represented by coconut fiber and sugar bagasse -, for a biofiltration of a gaseous mixture containing \'H IND.2\'S\'. Microorganisms were obtained from two sources: a) submerged aerated biofilter unit, b) activated sludge unit. Inoculum\'s adaptation was realized in specific nutrient media. It was observed a 2 days start-up period in the three systems. In order to evaluate some impact caused by the progressive increasing of mass loading rate on the biofilters performance, were applied rates of 19, 32, 54 e 70 g/m³.h (average influent concentrations of 184, 328, 526 e 644 ppm to the empty bed retention time of, approximately, 50 seconds). Average removal efficiencies in the systems were always above 99,3%. Maximum elimination capacities reached by the biofilters were in the range of 74 e 80 g/m³.h. Loss pressure verified by the hands of hydrodynamic essays varied between 0,59.\'10 POT.-2\' a 0,68.\'10 POT.-2\' mca, to a superficial velocity utilized during the work. Mathematical model used to predict the performance of the systems fitted reasonably the experimental data. Then, it can be concluded that the three packing materials are appropriated for the hydrogen sulfide biofiltration.
65

Impact of Biosurfactants on Biodegradation of a Binary Mixture of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic VOCs in Trickle Bed Air Biofilter

Dewidar, Assem A. 28 October 2019 (has links)
No description available.
66

Degradation of 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol in a Biotrickling Filter in the presence of Fungi and Bacillus Subtilis

Varanattaikura Prakash Chandran, Gopika 29 September 2021 (has links)
No description available.
67

Assessing Biofiltration Pretreatment for Ultrafiltration Membrane Processes

Cumming, Andrea 01 January 2015 (has links)
An engineered biological filtration (biofiltration) process treating a nutrient-enriched, low-alkalinity, organic-laden surface water downstream of conventional coagulation-clarification and upstream of an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane process was assessed for its treatment effectiveness. The impact of biofiltration pretreatment on UF membrane performance was evaluated holistically by investigating the native source water chemistry and extending the analysis into the drinking water distribution system. The biofiltration process was also compared in treatment performance to two alternative pretreatment technologies, including magnetic ion exchange (MIEX®) and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption. The MIEX®, GAC adsorption, and biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration pretreatments were integrated with conventional pretreatment then compared at the pilot-scale. Comparisons were based on collecting data regarding operational requirements, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduction, regulated disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation, and improvement on the downstream UF membrane operating performance. UF performance, as measured by the temperature corrected specific flux or mass transfer coefficient (MTC), was determined by calculating the percent MTC improvement relative to the existing conventional-UF process that served as the control. The pretreatment alternatives were further evaluated based on cost and non-cost considerations. Compared to the MIEX® and GAC pretreatment alternatives, which achieved effective DOC removal (40 and 40 percent, respectively) and MTC improvement (14 and 30 percent, respectively), the BAC pretreatment achieved the lowest overall DOC removal (5 percent) and MTC improvement (4.5 percent). While MIEX® relies on anion exchange and GAC relies on adsorption to target DOC removal, biofiltration uses microorganisms attached on the filter media to remove biodegradable DOC. Two mathematical models that establish an empirical relationship between the MTC improvement and the dimensionless alkalinity to substrate (ALK/DOC) ratio were developed. By combining the biofiltration results from the present research with findings of previous studies, an empirical relationship between the MTC improvement versus the ALK/DOC ratio was modeled using non-linear regression in Minitab®. For surface water sources, UF MTC improvement can be simulated as a quadratic or Gaussian distribution function of the gram C/gram C dimensionless ALK/DOC ratio. According to the newly developed empirical models, biofiltration performance is optimized when the alkalinity to substrate ratio is between 10 and 14. For the first time a model has thus been developed that allows for a predictive means to optimize the operation of biofiltration as a pretreatment prior to UF membrane processes treating surface water.
68

Potential of Ulva sp. in biofiltration and bioenergy production: Research article

Dang, Thom Thi, Yasufumi, Mishima, Dang, Kim Dinh 15 November 2012 (has links)
In order to evaluate the effect of seaweeds in bio-filtration for removing nitrogen from marine aquaculture and in bioenergy production, Ulva sp. was used in this study. Experiments were triplicated and run in 3-day incubation at salinities with 30 psu, 10 psu and 5 psu in different initial ammonium nitrogen concentrations from 100 μM to 10,000 μM, equivalently to marine aquaculture conditions. The highest concentrations of ammonium removed were about 690 μmol (12.42 mg) NH4+ at 30 psu, 410 μmol (7.38 mg) NH4+ at 10 psu and 350 μmol NH4+(6.3 mg NH4+) at 5 psu in three days of incubation, while highest growth rates of Ulva sp. were 49% and 150% per day at 500 μM of initial ammonium concentration, similarly to the growth rate reported in microalgae. Moreover, after these experiments, biomass of Ulva sp. has been tested for bioenergy producing goals, because the carbohydrate concentration of this alga was very high, reaching 60-70% of DW. Thus, Ulva sp. can be cultured to remove nitrogen concentration in eutrophication conditions at aquaculture systems in combination with the purpose of bioenergy production after harvesting. / Để đánh giá hiệu quả của tảo biển trong việc lọc sinh học loại bỏ hợp chất ni tơ từ việc nuôi trồng thủy sản và trong việc sản xuất năng lượng sinh học, Ulva sp. đã được sử dụng trong nghiên cứu này. Các thí nghiệm được lặp lại 3 lần và chạy trong 3 ngày trong tủ ổn nhiệt tại các điều kiện độ mặn 30psu, 10psu, 5psu ở các nồng độ NH4+-N từ 100μM đến 10.000μM, tương đương với điều kiện nuôi trồng thủy sản nước mặn. Nồng độ cao nhất của NH4+-N được loại bỏ khoảng 690 μmol NH4+(12,42mg NH4 +) tại 30psu, 410μmol NH4+(7,38mg NH4+) tại 10psu và 350 μmol NH4+(6.3mg NH4+) tại 5psu, trong đó tỉ lệ sinh trưởng của Ulva sp. là rất cao, sinh trưởng từ 49 đến 150% mỗi ngày tại nồng độ ammonium ban đầu 500 μM tương đương với sinh trưởng của vi tảo. Hơn nữa, sau các thí nghiệm trên, sinh khối của Ulva sp. được thử nghiệm sản xuất năng lượng sinh học vì hàm lượng carbohydrate trong tảo rất cao, chiếm khoảng 60-70% trọng lượng khô của tảo. Như vậy, Ulva sp. có thể được nuôi trồng để loại bỏ hợp chất ni tơ trong điều kiện phú dưỡng của các hệ thống nuôi trồng thủy sản, kết hợp với mục tiêu sản xuất năng lượng sinh học sau thu hoạch.
69

Novel integrated scheme for destruction of hydrophobic hazardous air pollutants

Aly Hassan, Ashraf 28 September 2010 (has links)
No description available.
70

Water Infiltration and Pollutant Rentention Efficiencies in the Ballona Creek Rain Garden

Burkhard, Jamie Lynn 01 April 2018 (has links) (PDF)
Biofiltration systems like rain gardens and bioswales are an important tool for capturing andinfiltrating polluted runoff, but little data exists on their efficiencies within Mediterraneanclimates. A two-year study initiated in 2015 investigated water retention and pollutant loadingand retention in the Ballona Creek Rain Garden (BCRG). This 300 by 3 m biofiltration systemwas constructed by The Bay Foundation in 2011 along Ballona Creek in Culver City, Los AngelesCounty, California. The purpose of the garden was to capture and infiltrate runoff from lightindustrial and commercial operations bordering the Creek, thus reducing pollutants enteringthis waterway and flowing into Santa Monica Bay 9 km downstream. During storm events,runoff enters the garden via five inlets, and when filled, flows into the creek via two outlets.The goal of this study was to sample flows and pollutant concentrations in runoff entering andleaving the garden and then integrate these to calculate mass loading estimates. Flows weremeasured at all inlets and outlets using 90° V-notch weirs outfitted with Hobo water levelsensors to produce hydrographs. The following pollutants were measured at all flowing inletsand outlets two to three times per storm depending on its duration and intensity: fecalindicator bacteria (E. coli and enterococci), total suspended solids, metals (copper, zinc, andlead), and semivolatile hydrocarbons (polyaromatic hydrocarbons, diesel hydrocarbons, andmotor oil hydrocarbons). The summation of load method was used to calculate the mass ofcontaminants entering and leaving the garden for each storm event, and their percent capturewithin the garden. The BCRG was very effective at infiltrating runoff and sequesteringpollutants. The garden’s infiltration rates ranged from 73% to 100% (with 100% for many of thesmaller storms percent retentions were in the 80-90% range for all pollutants, with an average of 90% for allnine pollutants sampled. This suggests rain gardens and other Low Impact Development (LID)systems can be used successfully in urban Mediterranean climates like Los Angeles to promoteinfiltration, capture pollutants, and prevent polluted stormwater from reaching impaired waterbodies.

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