In dem Bericht werden praktikable mikrobiologische Nachweismethoden für ausgewählte Indikatorkeime in zehn repräsentativen sächsischen Biogasanlagen aufgezeigt. Weiterhin sind verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Hygienisierung von Wirtschaftsdünger und Gärresten inklusive der Bewertung der technischen und ökonomischen Realisierbarkeit dargestellt. Aus mikrobiologischer und ökonomischer Sicht ist unter den beschriebenen Gegebenheiten eine zusätzliche Hygienisierung für Biogasanlagen nicht erforderlich. Bereits die mesophile Prozessführung bewirkt eine Reduktion der Keimzahlen. Der mikrobiologische Befund der untersuchten Gärrestproben war nicht schlechter als der Befund des Ausgangsproduktes Gülle. Es kann deshalb davon ausgegangen werden, dass das seuchenhygienische Risiko bei der Düngung mit Gärresten nicht höher ist als bei der Verwendung von Gülle. Die Studie richtet sich an Landwirtschaftsbetriebe, wissenschaftliche Einrichtungen und Behörden.

Biogas är en förnyelsebar energikälla som tillverkas genom att organiskt material som matavfall bryts ner av mikroorganismer under anaeroba (syrefria) förhållanden. Regeringen har satt upp mål för en högre matavfallsutsortering vilket leder till ökad mängd tillgängligt substrat till biogasproduktion. Matavfallet som samlas in börjar brytas ner under tiden det transporteras och lagras. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur länge matavfall lagras, ta fram ett representativt recept på ett genomsnittligt matavfall i Sverige och utvärdera hur mycket metanpotential som försvinner från matavfall med avseende på lagringstid, insamlingssystem (papper- och plastpåse) och lagringstemperatur (22°C och 6°C) genom laboratorieförsök. Den genomsnittliga lagringstiden för matavfall från villor och flerbostadshus i undersökningen var sex dagar. Ett recept för matavfall har tagits fram med hjälp av litteratursökning och modifiering av recept i Avfall Sveriges rapport U2010:10. Laboratorieförsöken visade att skillnaden i metanpotential mellan plast och papper var tydlig vid 22°C, då metanpotentialen sjunker, men obefintlig vid 6°C. För att uppnå maximal metangasproduktion från matavfall under den varma delen av året så är plastpåsar bättre då de har en mer konserverande effekt på matavfallet än papperspåsar. Detta kan relateras till att plast är tätare än papper och därför håller inne flyktiga ämnen. / Biogas is a renewable energy source that is produced when organic materials like food waste is degraded by microorganisms under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions. The Swedish Government has set goals for a higher sorting of food waste, leading to increased amounts of available substrate for biogas production. Collected food waste begin to break down during the time it is transported and stored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the length of the storage, produce a representative recipe for an average food waste in Sweden and evaluate how much methane potential is lost from food waste with respect to the storage time, collection method (paper or plastic bag) and storage temperature (22°C and 6°C) through laboratory tests. The average storage time of food waste from houses and apartment buildings in the survey was six days. A recipe for food waste has been developed with the help of literature search and modification of recipes in ‘’Avfall Sverige’’ report U2010:10. Laboratory tests showed that the difference in methane potential between the plastic and paper were clear at 22°C, with decreasing methane potential, but non-existent at 6°C. To achieve maximum methane production from food waste during the warmer part of the year, plastic bags are better because they have a preservative effect on the food waste. This can be related to the fact that plastic are denser than paper and therefore holds volatile compounds better.

Für den Bau von Biogasanlagen werden die aktuellen Fördermöglichkeiten von Bund und Land aufgezeigt. Zudem enthält das kleine Nachschlagewerk zahlreiche, speziell für Sachsen ausgewählte Links zu Beratungsangeboten, Planungshilfen, Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechner, Schulungen und Fachliteratur. Übersichten zu Vergütungssätzen für die ins Stromnetz eingespeisten Kilowattstunden bei unterschiedlichen Einsatzstoffen und -mengen verdeutlichen die Eckpunkte des Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetzes 2009 und der Novelle, die ab 2012 in Kraft tritt.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_ma_dr_jabo.pdf: 534415 bytes, checksum: b5ee5194dc95e8eab1f6290e4a93d680 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo objetivou a avaliação da eficiência do processo de ultrafiltração seguida da biodigestão anaeróbia no tratamento de efluentes de frigorífico de tilápia. Para tanto, realizada ultrafiltração dos diferentes resíduos gerados no processamento de tilápia (sangria - SG, filetagem - FL e processo contínuo - PC) com membrana de ultrafiltração modelo KOCH, HF1.0-45-XM50 visando avaliar a eficiência da mesma na redução de matéria orgânica, desempenho hidráulico e recuperação proteica. A partir do concentrado obtido na ultrafiltração foi possível avaliar a biodigestão anaeróbia dos diferentes resíduos utilizando estrume bovino como inóculo, estabelecendo quatro tratamentos sendo: sangria, processo contínuo, filetagem e controle, sendo este último composto somente de estrume bovino e água. No processo de ultrafiltração foi possível obter alta remoção de matéria orgânica em todos os efluentes gerados, principalmente em demanda química de oxigênio, nitrogênio total, sólidos suspensos totais e proteína bruta, tendo médias de redução de DQO de 95,21%, 96,21%, 76,26%, NT de 94,74%, 92,49%, 66,54%, SST 96,25%, 94,33%, 83,73% e PB 94,74%, 92,48%, 66,54% para sangria, processo contínuo e filetagem, respectivamente. O desempenho da membrana, medido pelo fluxo de permeado, e a retenção proteica não apresentam diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, sendo a recuperação proteica de 99,99% para todos os tratamentos. Já o concentrado do resíduo de sangria apresentou maior concentração protéica, com média de 70,43%, enquanto os demais tratamentos apresentaram médias de 60,42% e 41,44% para os tratamentos de processo contínuo e filetagem, respectivamente. Para a biodigestão anaeróbia ocorre diferença estatística (P<0,01) entre os tratamentos a partir do 37º dia, tendo o PC com maior produção acumulada, assim como para produção... / This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of ultrafiltration followed by anaerobic digestion to effluent from tilapia’s frigorific. Therefore, ultrafiltration made of different wastes generated in the processing of tilapia (bleeding - BL, filleting - FL and continuous process - PC) by ultrafiltration membrane model KOCH, HF1.0-45-XM50 to evaluate the efficiency in organic matter redution, hydraulic performance and protein recovery. From the concentrate obtained in the ultrafiltration was possible to evaluate the anaerobic digestion using cattle manure as inoculum, establishing four treatments: bleeding, continuous process control and filleting, the latter being composed only manure and water. In the ultrafiltration process was possible to obtain high removal of organic matter in all effluents generated mainly in chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total suspended solids and crude protein, with average reductions of COD 95.21%, 96.21 %, 76.26%, TN 94.74%, 92.49%, 66.54%, TSS 96.25%, 94.33%, 83.73% and CP 94.74%, 92.48% , 66.54% for bleeding, continuous process and filleting, respectively. The membrane performance, measured by the permeate flux and protein retention were not significantly different between the treatments, and the protein recovery was 99.99% for all treatments. The concentrated residue of bleeding had a higher protein concentration, with an average of 70.43%, while the other treatments had means of 60.42% and 41.44% for the continuous process and filleting, respectively. For the anaerobic digestion could be obtained statistical difference (P <0.01) between the treatments over the 37th day, and the PC with the highest cumulative production, as well as daily production (0,003 m3. biogas.day-1) and production by m3.kg-1 influent (0.0297). For gases composition does not occur difference among treatments, but FL has a higher methane average, with 78.05%, while... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Support and investment´s subsidies of production of electricity from renewable sources after 2009 made a phenomenon from a biogas plants. This thesis specifies the most used feedstock for biogas production in the Czech Republic. Each substrate used in biogas plants, have different chemical composition, dry matter content, thus providing another volume of biogas. Specifications of elections of substrate, was made on the based on consultations with the operators of agricultural biogas plants. Stabilized anaerobic process increases the production of biogas and supports economic situation of farms.

The diploma thesis is focused on the topic of an important and working of biogas plants. Literature review is focused on working of biogas plants - their kinds, possible inputs and outputs and naturally processes. The aim of practical part is a research, which is concentrated on quantity and quality of inputs for maintain an optimal running of biogas plant, even in crisis periods (like is lack of harvest in poor year). And also it is focused on profitability poor year against average year.

My work assesses the technology use of corn silage extrusion for biogass production based on biological proces, technological limits, legislation and financial indicators of the biogass station. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on the extrusion process. Based on the robust simulation of the experimental part we can conclude, that the pressure of 1.372 MPa probably moves close to the biotechnological optimum in the relation to the kinetics production of CH4 in certain conditions (the temperature of 38 °C, the delay time of the corn silage in the high pressure extruder CZ UV 21314 was 600 s). From the economic point of view, the assessment was carried out using the net present value (NPV), which serves as a criterion for evaluation of the profitability of investment projects. The technology seems to be a very interesting alternative not only for financial viability reasons, but also in relation to the environment.

Diploma work is based on technological, economic and legislative assesment of the problem of using bekary returns to propose alternative solution in relation to the processing technology of anaerobic fermentation. The participation of bakery returnts were laboratory simulated in automatic anaerobic fermenters called Stix. Teoretical part is focused on valid legislation. The economical assessment was evaluated by the index of the net present value. The highest production of methan was evaluated in propotion 100:0 of bakey returns and dung. Although the ideal proportion is 50:50 from economic assessment.

Many agricultural biogas stations process predominantly phytomass specifically grown for power engineering purposes as a primary raw material. This results in gradual increase of maize proportion in sowing sequences at the exclusion of traditional area-specific crops, which presents various potential negative effects. The aim of study is to evaluate the substitution of maize with wheat straw in the anaerobic fermentation process from the biotechnological and economic viewpoint. For this purpose, wheat straw pellets were pretreated using the high-pressure extruder in compliance with UV CZ 21314 at different runtime parameters. Cumulative methane (CH4) production in quarter-mode operation simulation, based on the extrusion pressure, cycle duration and fermentation temperature, was the main evaluation criteria. Optimal run time parameters were derived from the approximation ? extrusion pressure 1,35 MPa, reaction time 210 s, in order to achieve maximal CH4 production at mesophilic fermentation temperature (38 °C). For fermentation temperature 48 °C, optimal pressure 1,25 MPa and cycle duration 180 s were approximated. The discount rate of Net Present Value (NPV) was established as a main comparative criterion considering overall executive, legislative and technological aspects of analyzed biological effects. Based on these findings suggest, wheat straw extrusion is interesting, unconventional and profitable technology in the field of biogas production.

In the master thesis the focus is laid on assessment of data and values from particular biogas generation units. For this topic I introduced in particular chapters of the thesis own opinions and experience of various experts. Expert data have been compared with own results gained by testing and evaluation of such received data. In this master thesis further technical parameters for the technology of anaerobic fermentation have been put together as well as information and data about other new technologies for biogas treatment and cleaning. Attention has been paid also to the outlook for using this environmentally friendly and green way of energy harvesting in the future.