Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Resumo: Foram avaliadas as características quantitativas, qualitativas e o potencial e distribuição da produção de biogás, da cama de frangos de corte.Os estudos foram realizados em galpões experimentais, laboratórios e biodigestores. O experimento foi analisado como inteiramente casualisado, adotando-se esquema fatorial 4x3x2 considerando quatro quantidades de cama (0,4, 0,5, 0,6 e 0,7 kg MS.ave-1), três materiais de cobertura dos galpões AMC (telha de fibrocimento), AMB ( fibrocimento com pintura) e ALU (alumínio ondulada) e dois lotes de criação de aves em camas com uma utilização e reutilização em Dourados - MS. O ambiente dos galpões, proporcionado pelos diferentes tipos de cobertura foi caracterizado a partir de índices de temperatura do bulbo seco, umidade relativa e velocidade do vento. Para avaliar o desempenho animal foram observados: o peso vivo, consumo de ração e mortalidade e para a quantificação da cama, foram estudados peso da cama produzida, teor de matéria seca, coeficiente de resíduo, umidade, proteína bruta, potencial de emissão de amônia, temperatura da superfície e do interior da cama de frango e produção de biogás...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract:Quantitative, qualitative characteristics and potential and biogas distribution from poultry litter were evaluated.. The experiment was analyzed as a completely randomized, using a 4x3x2 factorial scheme established by four quantities of litter (0.4; 0.5; 0.6 and 0.7 kgMS.bird-1), three covering materials of aviaries: AMC (asbestos cement tile), AMB (asbestos cement tile with painting) and ALU (wavy aluminum tile) and two lots of breeding in Dourados - MS. Aviary environment, which was promoted by different kinds of covering, was characterized descriptively considering dried bulb temperature index, humidity index and wind velocity. In order to evaluate broiler performance, it was observed: live weight, ration consumption, mortality and for poultry litter quantification: produced litter weight, dry matter content, residue coefficient, dampness, crude protein, ammonia emission potential, surface, and inside temperature of poultry litter and biogas production were studied...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientadores: Pablo Cesar Cadavid Perez, Ennio Peres da Silva / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T23:16:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CadavidPerez_PabloCesar_M.pdf: 7917924 bytes, checksum: b9f856e4bbec32b1fe5889e8b04b4cc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: Devido às constantes crises no mundo causadas pela dependência do petróleo tem-se buscado diversificar as fontes primárias energéticas, tais como, energia solar, eólica, hidráulica e biomassa. Além disso, é cada vez maior a preocupação com a contaminação atmosférica que constitui um dos problemas decorrentes do intenso uso do petróleo. Entre as alternativas que apresentam um interesse crescente está a exploração do gás gerado em aterros sanitários que tem uma composição média em massa de 50% de metano, 40% de gás carbônico e 10% de outros gases. No país, os aterros são ricos em resíduos orgânicos, o que contribui para formação de grandes quantidades de metano; porém, atualmente os gases são queimados sem qualquer tipo de aproveitamento energético. Do ponto de vista ambiental, as emissões gasosas de aterros sanitários contribuem para o aquecimento global do planeta com alguns gases apresentando alto grau de toxicidade, mau cheiro, perigo de explosão, além de outros riscos. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar o Projeto Conceitual e Análise Técnico-Econômica preliminar para o aproveitamento do gás gerado em aterros sanitários, utilizando pilhas a combustível na produção de energia elétrica e térmica, levando também à diminuição da poluição atmosférica. O projeto inclui uma concepção de um Sistema Integrado inovador na área de aproveitamento de biogás, que consiste na exploração conjunta da Unidade Receptora e de Tratamento de Resíduos (URTR), Complexo Delta, do Município de Campinas/SP e da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETE), Piçarrão, do mesmo Município. Nessa integração, além da geração de energia elétrica e térmica, é possível a exploração do gás carbônico para neutralização de esgoto alcalino, por meio de um Reator de Neutralização de Esgoto Alcalino (RNEA) e a utilização dos lodos gerados nos biodigestores da ETE como material de cobertura na UR TR. A determinação do potencial de gás aproveitável é obtida por meio de métodos de cálculo e dados, teóricos e experimentais, utilizando o valor total de resíduos domiciliares e comerciais, depositados na URTR e sua composição percentual. Utilizando a análise termodinâmica das reações de fermentação e combustão tem-se que o volume gerado de CH4 por ano é VCH4 = 149,1 l/kg. Pela análise das reações de biodegradação, tem-se que o volume total de gases é VTOTAL = 287,7 l/kg. Comparando VTOTAL com VCH4, pode ser confirmado que a composição de CH4 está entre 50 e 65%, valores médios encontrados na literatura. Pela análise da cinética das reações foi calculado um fator de eficiência de biodegradação entre 46,6 e 55,4%, sendo que estes valores também correspondem com valores teóricos. O potencial total de gás aproveitável calculado teórica e experimentalmente para 190.000 ton/ano de resíduos foi de 16,7 milhões m3/ano, assumindo 60% de extração de gases. O potencial energético total real do aterro utilizando PAFC's é de 2,32 MW. Concluiu-se que existe viabilidade técnica para implantação do sistema, o qual será economicamente atraente a médio-longo prazo em dependência do avanço da tecnologia de pilhas a combustível e das mudanças políticas e econômicas do setor energético do país / Abstract: Due to the constants crises in the world caused by the dependence of the petroleum many researches have been done in order to diversify the energy primary sources, such as, solar energy, wind energy, hydraulic energy and biomass energy. Besides, it is every time larger the concern with the atmospheric contamination. Among the alternatives that present a growing interest it is the exploration of the gas generated in landfill that has a medium composition of 50% of methane, 40% of carbon gas and 10% of other gases. In the country, the landfill is rich in organic residues, what contributes to formation of great amounts of methane; however, now the gases are burned without any type of energy use. Of the environmental point of view, the gaseous emissions of landfill contribute to the global heating of the planet with some gases presenting high toxicity degree, bad smell and explosion danger, besides other risks. Like this, the objective of this research is to present the Conceptual Project and preliminary Technician-economical Analysis for the use of the gas generated in landfill, using fuel cell in the electric and thermal energy production, also taking to the decrease of the atmospheric pollution. The project includes a conception of a SYSTEM INTEGRATED innovative in the area of biogas use that consists of the united exploration of the Landfill Complexo Delta (URTR), of the Municipal district of Campinas/SP/Brazil and of the Waste Water Treatment Station (ETE), Piçarrão, of the same Municipal district. In that integration, besides the electric power generation and thermal, it is possible the exploration of the carbon gas for neutralization of alkaline waste water, through a Neutralization Reactor (RNEA) and the use of the sludge generated in the biodigestors of ETE as covering material in URTR. In order to evaluate the energetic potential of this system, the amount of profitable gas was calculated, using different theoretical and experimental methodologies. Using the thermodynamic analysis of the fermentation reactions and combustion was calculated the generated volume of CH4 a year (VCH4 = 149.1 l/kg). For the analysis of the biodegradation reactions was calculated the total volume of gases (VTOTAL = 287.7 l/kg). Comparing VTOTAL with VCH4, it can be confirmed that the composition of CH4 is in the strip between 50 and 65%, medium values found in the literature. For the analysis of the kinetics of the reactions a factor of biodegradation efficiency is calculated between 46.6 and 55.4%, that you/they are also values found in the literature. The total theoretical and experimental potential of profitable gas for 190,000 ton/year of residues and assuming 60% of extraction of gas is 16.7 million m3/year. The total potential energy of the landfill using the PAFC is 2.32 MW. It was concluded that technical viability exists for implantation the fuel cell system, which will be economically attractive the medium-long period in dependence of the progress about fuel cell technology and political and economical changes of the energy section in the country / Mestrado / Mestre em Engenharia Química

The aim of this study was to evaluate the methane potential of 35 kg of blue mussels in a batch amanaerobic two-stage dry digestion system (pilot-scale), which consists of aleach bed reactor (LB) and an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB). We monitored the process daily by measuring temperature, pH, COD, VFA, NH4+ gas flow rate and gas content. The temperature was approximately 30 C in the LB and 36 C in the UASB reactor. The applied OLR was 1.5 g COD/l*d. After 37 days process run, we obtained a total methamne yield of 0.64 Nm3 respectively 0.29 Nm3/kg VS, of that 70% in the LB reactor and 30% in the UASB reactor.

In this study, the bioconversion of manure and silage to biogas by an anaerobic digestion process in batch reactors was studied. Biogas is a valuable alternative energy source, mainly in rural areas. The main aim for the environment is to use biogas as a fuel instead of crude oil or natural gas. In this study, two different parameters were studied to observe the changes in methane productivity. The first three reactors were shaken once per week and the following three reactors were shaken 5 times per week. The results showed that mixing has no major effect on the methane production yield. In the second six reactors a mixture of 1% and 3% silage was added and the results were recorded. When the data from the reactors with just manure was compared to the reactors with 1% and 3% silage, it was seen that the silage increased the production rate and total gas produced. The process stabilization took a long time for digestion with the 3% silage possibly caused by release of too much fatty acids.

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Junior / Banca: Gener Tadeu Pereira / Banca: Luiz Augusto do Amaral / Banca: Ana Carolina Amorim Orrico / Banca: Mônica Sarolli Silva de Mendonça Costa / Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a melhor diluição para dejetos de suínos, aves de postura, ovinos, caprinos, bovinos de corte e bovinos de leite para o abastecimento de biodigestores, bem como a influência da separação de sólidos desses mesmos dejetos na produção e qualidade do biogás, no potencial de produção de biogás e redução de sólidos. Para o teste de diluições os dejetos foram diluídos em água nas proporções: 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7 e 1:8 (kg de dejeto por kg de água) e adotado o processo físico de peneiramento (peneiras com malhas quadradas de 0,75, 1,00 e 1,50 mm) para separação dos sólidos. Para o ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia (biodigestores tipo batelada e semi-contínuos) a separação dos sólidos foi feita com peneira de malha de 1mm e substratos com cerca de 4% de sólidos totais. Teste de diluição: embora os resultados tenham variado entre os tipos de dejeto, de modo geral a peneira de malha 1,50 mm permitiu a maior passagem de sólidos. Mas em relação a diluição cada tipo de dejeto apresentou uma resposta. Ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia (biodigestores tipo batelada): embora para cada dejeto o processo de biodigestão anaeróbia tenha tido uma resposta diferente, de modo geral a separação de sólidos proporcionou melhor qualidade de biogás, porém não foi eficiente para aumentar o potencial de produção de biogás e reduzir sólidos do substrato. Ensaio de biodigestão anaeróbia (biodigestores do tipo semi-contínuo): para os dejetos utilizados (aves de postura e bovinos de leite) a separação de sólidos proporcionou melhor qualidade de biogás, menor produção de biogás, maior redução de sólidos e, para os potenciais de produção de biogás os resultados foram quase sempre positivos. Conclui-se que para o teste de diluição e peneiras os resultados não permitiram uma conclusão geral para todos os dejetos avaliados, pois cada um apresentou características individuais e, para a ... / Abstract: This trial aimed to evaluate the best dilution for pig, laying hens, sheep, goats, beef cattle and dairy cattle manure to supply digesters, as well as the influence of the solids separation in those same wastes on the production and quality of biogas, on the potential of biogas production and solids reduction. For the dilution test the wastes were diluted with water in the proportions 1:4, 1:5, 1:6, 1:7 and 1:8 (kg of manure per kg of water) and adopted the physical process of screening (sieve with square meshes of 0.75, 1.00 and 1.50 mm) for separation of solids. When tested for anaerobic digestion (batch and semi-continuous digesters) separation of solids was made with 1 mm mesh sieve and substrates of about 4% total solids. Dilution test: although the results varied among the types of manure, generally a 1.50 mm mesh sieve allowed greater flow of solids. But in relation to the dilution used each type of waste had a different response. Testing of anaerobic digestion (batch digesters): although for each manure the process of anaerobic digestion has had a different result, generally solids separation provided better biogas quality, but it was not efficient to increase the potential of biogas production and reduce solids of substrate. Testing of anaerobic digestion (semi-continuous digesters): for the wastes (laying hens and dairy cattle) used the solids separation provided better quality of biogas, lower biogas production, greater reduction of solids and in regards to the potential of biogas production the results were almost always positive. It was concluded that for dilution and sieves test results did not allow a general conclusion for all waste reviews, because each one had individual characteristics and, the separation of solids is an efficient method to enhance the quality of the biogas produced, but in relation to the potential of biogas production and solids reduction of the substrate ... / Doutor

Inom VA-branschen ökar energi- och miljömedvetenheten. Detta har lett till en önskan om att ta vara på resursinnehållet i avloppsslammet, vilket kan tas tillvara genom rötning. Men precis som andra slambehandlingsmetoder har rötning flera olika föroch nackdelar. Syftet med examensarbetet är att bidra till ökad kunskap gällande de generella ekonomiska samt miljö- och energimässiga för- och nackdelarna med rötning. Den första frågan som har ställts i examensarbetet är vilka för- och nackdelar som uppstår på Rättviks avloppsreningsverk vid användning av rötning respektive utan rötning. Den andra frågan som har ställts är hur nyttjandet av produkterna som bildas vid rötning kan öka. Examensarbetet har avgränsats till att fokusera på rötningens påverkan på avloppsreningsverket. Metoderna i detta arbete har varit litteratur- och dokumentsstudier samt personlig kommunikation för att inhämta relevant information. I arbetet har även en fallstudie gjorts på Rättviks avloppsreningsverk för att hämta information och granska rötning ur en verklig situation. För att svara på frågeställningarna har två olika scenarier för Rättviks avloppsreningsverk används. Scenario 1, dagens system, och Scenario 2, framtida system där rötningen har kompletterats med en gasklocka och gasmotor. Båda scenarierna redovisar styrkor som volymminskningen och färre transporter i jämförelse med om rötning inte används. Svagheter med systemen är att det är bland annat stort värmebehov på grund av att rötkammaren inte är isolerad. Vid jämförelser mellan scenario 1 och om rötning inte används redovisas teoretiska uträkningar besparingar på cirka 265 000 kronor år 2019 tack vare användningen av rötning på Rättviks avloppsreningsverk. Jämförelsen redovisar också att volymreduceringen måste vara 13 procent eller större för rötning ska bidra till besparingar. Vid jämförelse av scenario 1 och 2 redovisas en besparing på cirka 91 000, beroende på energifördelningen hos rötningen. En av slutsatserna som kunnat dras är att det troligen är lönsamt för Rättviks avloppsreningsverk att använda rötning, tack vare volymreduceringen. En annan slutsats är att åtgärder som gasklocka och gasmotor eller uppgradering till fordonsgas skulle förbättra användandet av biogasen. Dock skulle åtgärderna eventuellt inte vara ekonomiskt försvarbar i dagsläget men önskvärda i framtiden. Då belastningen troligen är högre med mer avloppsslam, vilket bidrar till en större biogasproduktion. Även ändring av slutomhändertagande och slutanvändning kan vara lämpligt för att öka nyttjande av resurserna i slammet men även på grund av framtida lagändringar. / In the water and wastewater industry, energy and environmental awareness is increasing. This has led to a desire to utilize the resources that sewage sludge contains, which can be exploited by anaerobic digestion. However, just like other sludge treatment methods, digestion has several different advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of this degree project has been to contribute to increased knowledge regarding the general economic, environmental and energy advantages and disadvantages of digestion. The first question posed in this degree project is what advantages and disadvantages the usage as well as the non-usage of anaerobic digestion has on the Rättvik water treatment plant. The second question posed is how the usage of the products created by anaerobic digestion can increase. The degree project has been limited to focusing on the effects of digestion on the wastewater treatment plant The methods used in this work have been literature and document studies as well as personal communication to obtain relevant information. In the degree project, a case study has been performed at Rättvik's wastewater treatment plant to retrieve information and review anaerobic digestion from a real situation. Two different scenarios from Rättvik's treatment plant have been used to answer the questions. Scenario 1, today's system and Scenario 2, the future system, digestion has been supplemented with a gas clock and gas engine. Both scenarios report strengths such as volume reductions and fewer transports compared to if no digestion is used. The weaknesses with the systems are that there is, among other things, a great need for heat. In comparisons between scenario 1 and if digestion is not used, savings of approximately SEK 265,000 in 2019 are reported from theoretical calculations due to the use of digestion at Rättvik's sewage treatment plant. The comparison also reports that the volume reduction must be 13 percent or higher for the digestion to contribute to savings. When comparing scenarios 1 and 2, a saving of about 91,000 is reported, depending on the energy distribution of the digestion. One of the conclusions that can be drawn is that it is probably profitable for Rättvik's wastewater treatment plant to use the digestion thanks to the volume reduction. Another conclusion is that measures such as gas holder and gas engine or upgrade to vehicle gas would improve the use of biogas. However, the measures may not be economically justified but desirable in the future as the load is higher and thus more sewage sludge and greater biogas production. Change of final disposal and end use may also be appropriate to increase utilization of the resources in the sludge, but also due to future legislative changes.

Global concerns of climate change, increased greenhouse gas emissions and security of energy supply have accelerated the search for alternative energy sources both indeveloped and developing countries. Developing countries are now embracingutilization of biogas as a renewable energy option to meet some of their cooking andlighting needs. In Uganda, despite the introduction of biogas in the 1950’s, thetechnology has not received considerable acceptance and as a result its penetrationhas remained relatively low.  Several installed biogas plants have failed and those working are not working to theexpectation of the technicians and their owners. This research presents results of thestudy carried out to establish the performance of farm based biogas systems so as toassess the challenges faced by the users and to identify the possible causes of failurefor the non-operational systems.  A survey of 144 biogas plants was carried out after which performance monitoring ofselected digesters in the districts of Luwero, Kampala, Wakiso, Mbale, Jinja andMukono. It was found that 55% of the surveyed  biogas  plants  were  not  operational and  others  not  performing  to  the  users expectations. Most of the plants monitoredwere operating in the temperature range of 18°C-25°C with the gas quality rangingbetween 50-60% methane. Most digesters showed evidence of high organic loadingrates indicated by traces of biogas at the expansion chamber. The identified  causes of  failure  were  poor  system  maintenance, poor workmanship during constructionworks, poor  operation  practices, availability of other cheap fuel alternatives, lazinessand lack of interest amongst  the users, lack of alternative sources of feedstock andsystem blockages. Furthermore, there is need to sensitize people on the need for using alternativesources of energy such as biogas and improved cooking stoves for fuel saving as mostof them use wood and charcoal as supplementary fuels. This would reduce globalwarming through reduced deforestation and bring about environmental sustainabilityas a whole.

A consequence of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea is growth of algae that accumulates in the coastal areas and beaches. Dense algal mats may cause anoxia or hypoxia and greatly reduce the recreational value of the area. Algae also functions as hyper accumulators of heavy metals and their metal levels may become toxic to higher trophic levels. The project Wetlands, Algae and Biogas (WAB) aims at removing algal beach cast for commercial use in biogas production and further use of the fermentation residues as fertilizer. Collection of algae would remove both nutrients and heavy metals from the Baltic Sea but leave us with large amounts of algae containing heavy metals. A concern for the biogas production based on these Baltic algae is the effects from the heavy metals, during fermentation, in the residues and the use of them as fertilizer. A literature review shows that the levels of heavy metals should not inhibit the biogas production but during the fermentation there is a loss of (48%) biological material and the metals are concentrated in the residues. Samples of algae from Trelleborg (SE) show higher concentrations of cadmium (Cd) than algae from Poland (PL). The Swedish residues border or surpass the legislative amount of heavy metals that are allowed to be applied to arable land in Sweden. This is both due to the higher concentrations of heavy metals and the differences between European and Swedish legislation. To use the residues as fertilizer detoxification is required, mainly for Cd in Sweden. There are effective methods, chemicals and ion exchangers (70-80%), for removing heavy metals from organic leachate. But these methods lack testing on a large scale, the costs and the environmental aspect of these methods on tons of algae per year are unknown. Co-fermentation with a suitable substrate would dilute the heavy metal concentration and could reduce possible problems such as hydrogen sulfide accumulation in the biogas. Another possible pathway for dealing with the heavy metal rich residues is as fertilizer for non-food crops such as the biofuel species willow (Salix). Willow is a fast growing tree that is a known accumulator of heavy metals and can be used as a remediation for contaminated soil. Based on the metal concentrations and respective legislation, estimations of 20 000 ha of willow for Trelleborg and 400 ha for Sopot beach (PL) is needed to process harvested algae. / Wetlands, Algae and Biogas (WAB)

Biofuels were recently seen as a solution for the predicaments of our age; the “energy crisis” and the” climate change”. Today biofuels derived from food crops are a subject of debate for food hunger of the world’s poor and one of the main reasons of increased food prices. Latest studies also show that biofuels have no significant reduction in energy consumption and emissions. Today many attentions have been focused on biofuels extracted from biomass of different residual material such as agriculture residuals. Sweden produces biogas from different sources and also is one of the main users of Brazil’s bioethanol. In this report we aim to study two biofuel alternatives for Sweden transportation fleet; biogas from sugar beet residues in Sweden and imported bioethanol from sugarcanes from Brazil. The study is based on a life-cycle assessment (LCA) of the two mentioned biofuels. Three main units of agriculture, industrial production process and transportation is studied in the life cycle of the mentioned fuels. Based on energy inputs and emissions biogas from sugar beets in Sweden is a better alternative for Sweden transportation fleet. Bioethanol from Brazil is a crop-based fuel and highly energy consuming in the agricultural operations and industrial production process. Biogas fuel production requires increase in production capacity and technological developments.

The Western Dairy Center at Utah State University had recognized through traiing of cheesemaking that a challenge that can exist for farmstead and artisan cheese manufacturing operations is disposal or utilization of the whey that is produced when milk is converted into cheese. Land application of whey is limited and can cause odor problems which would be detrimental to a cheesemaking operation located at the rual-urban interface. The project provided information in support of a research grant from the Western Sustainable Agribulture Research and Education program that was investigating economics and feasiblity of using anaerobic digestion for treatment of whey and cow manure mixtures. We performed initial trials to determine the level of whey that could be mixed with manure and have satisfactory operation of the digester to produce methane and a biomass. A continuous digester was used to produce biomass material for microbiological and physical testing for its suitability for use as a renewable potting mix or soil conditioner. The benefits from this research are that we have shown how a value-added product can be made by converting whey and manure into a deodorized biomass that could replace the use of peat moss, which is a non-renewable resource. This can improve the economics of using a bioreactor for whey disposal.