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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Análise de parabenos em amostras de água de cultivo de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) e efeitos em biomarcadores bioquímicos / Parabens analysis in water samples with nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and effects in biochemical biomarkers

Daniele Caetano da Silva 13 July 2015 (has links)
Os parabenos utilizados como conservantes nas indústrias de cosméticos, alimentos e fármacos não são removidos por completo nas estações de tratamento de água e esgoto, além disso, podem causar danos a biota aquática. O presente estudo teve como finalidade aplicar um método analítico novo para quantificar o metil (MP), etil (EP), propil (PP), butil (BP), benzilparabeno (BzP) e a mistura (metil e propilparabeno) em amostras de água dos aquários com tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus). A técnica analítica usada foi a cromatografia líquida com detector de arranjo de diodo (HPLC-DAD). Avaliou-se a toxicidade dos parabenos em tilápias e os efeitos nos biomarcadores bioquímicos dos animais após 6 e 12 dias dos testes de exposição e por administração via injeção intraperitoneal. A concentração dos parabenos utilizada em todos os testes foi de 4,0 mg L-1 (de cada parabeno individualmente) e de 6,0 mg L-1 do metil e de 1,7 mg L-1 do propilparabeno para a mistura. Foram feitas análises nos biomarcadores superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), glutationa redutase (GR), glutationa reduzida(GSH-t) e peroxidação lipídica (MDA). O limite de detecção dos parabenos foi de 0,03 mg L-1 (MP e EP), 0,05 mg L-1 (PP) e 0,10 mg L-1 (BP e BzP), e o limite de quantificação foi de 0,13 mg L-1 (MP, EP, PP), 0,18 mg L-1 (BP) e 0,25 mg L-1 (BzP). Foi possível quantificar somente o PP e a mistura (MP + PP) nas amostras de água dos aquários que continham peixe, no máximo 30 h após a exposição. Nas amostras de água sem a presença dos peixes, foi possível quantificar o BP e a mistura, metil e propilparabeno, durante os 12 dias de exposição. Os testes de toxicidade mostraram que a concentração letal para 50% dos indivíduos após 48 h de exposição foi de 67,11 mg L-1 do MP, 24,08 mg L-1 do EP, 17,34 mg L-1 do PP, 7,98 mg L-1 do BzP e 7,80 mg L-1 do BP, sendo que estes dois últimos compostos podem ser considerados os mais tóxicos da classe. Outro modo de ação tóxica também observada dos parabenos foi a narcose, ou seja, a perda temporária da consciência e da mobilidade. À medida que aumenta o comprimento da cadeia, aumenta a lipofilicidade destas substâncias, que está relacionada com o coeficiente de partição octanol/água (Kow) das mesmas e consequentemente aumenta a toxicidade. Estes dados indicaram que quanto mais lipofílico mais tóxico é o composto. Relacionando as atividades enzimáticas testadas com os níveis de peroxidação lipídica, o metilparabeno foi o único composto capaz de provocar danos aos tecidos testados por meio das espécies reativas de oxigênio. Isso foi comprovado através da inibição da atividade das enzimas analisadas com o aumento nos níveis de MDA. Por outro lado, mesmo com as enzimas antioxidantes apresentando atividades elevadas isso não foi suficiente para impedir a redução nos níveis de GSH-t. Tais resultados indicam que os parabenos podem agir negativamente nas tilápias. / Parabens, used as preservatives in cosmetics, foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals are not completely removed from water in sewage treatments, which may cause damage to aquatic biota. The present study addresses a new methodology to measure the quantity of methyl (MP), ethyl (EP), propyl (PP), butyl (BP), benzyl (BzP) parabens and a mixture of methyl and propylparaben in water. Aquarium water of experiments with tilapia samples was analyzed for 12 days by liquid chromatography with a doide array detector (HPLC-DAD). The toxicity of parabens in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and its effects on biochemical biomarkers were also evaluated after 6 and 12 days of exposure and intraperitoneal injection. The concentrations of parabens used in all tests were 4.0 mg L-1 (alone) and to mixture was 6.0 mg L-1 of methyl and 1.7 mg L-1 of propylparaben. Biomarkers, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione reduced (GSH-t) and lipid peroxidation (MDA) were analyzed. The results show the detection limits for the analysis of parabens were 0.03 mg L-1 (MP and EP), 0.05 mg L-1 (PP) and 0.10 mg L-1 (BP and BzP), and the quantification limits were 0.13 mg L-1 (MP, EP, PP), 0.18 mg L-1 (BP) and 0.25 mg L-1 (BzP). In the water sample with fish, the compounds PP and the mixture (MP + PP) could be quantified up to 30h after exposure. In the water sample without fish, the compounds BP and the mixture were quantified for 12 days of exposure. Toxicity test revealed the lethal concentrations for 50% of individuals after 48 h of exposure were 67.11 mg L-1 for MP, 24.08 mg L-1 for EP, 17.34 mg L-1 for PP, 7.98 mg L-1 for BzP and 7.80 mg L-1 for BP. Therefore, BzP and BP can be considered the most toxic of the class. As the chain length grows, the lipophilicity of the substances increases. Such an increase is related to their octanol/water (Kow) partition coefficient and, consequently, increases toxicity. Another toxic action observed for the parabens was the temporary loss of consciousness and mobility of the organisms. According to the enzymatic activity tested and the lipid peroxidation levels, the methylparaben was the only compound that caused damage by reative oxidative species, supported by the inhibition of the activities of the enzymes and the increase in the MDA levels. However, the high activity of the antioxidant enzymes to exposure and intraperitoneal injections could not prevent the reduction in the levels of GSH-t. Such results indicate parabens can cause negative effects on tilapia.
182

Correlação entre ingestão de aflatoxina B1, concentração sérica e urinária de AFB1-adutos e expressão hepática de marcadores moleculares relacionados à hepatocarcinogênese em ratos / Correlation between aflatoxin B1 intake and serum and urinary concentrations of AFB1-adducts and hepatic expression of molecular markers related to hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

Mauricio de Rosa Trotta 22 August 2016 (has links)
A aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) é um metabólito de fungos do gênero Aspergillus que crescem naturalmente em alimentos. Devido às condições climáticas e às práticas agrícolas inadequadas, países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Brasil, possuem alta possibilidade de exposição à AFB1 através de alimentos contaminados. A exposição crônica a essa micotoxina pode acarretar no surgimento de carcinoma hepatocelular e explicar a incidência desse tumor na ausência de fatores como hepatites virais e cirrose. Após a ingestão oral, a AFB1 é biotransformada para a sua forma genotóxica que se liga ao DNA das células hepáticas. Isso gera mutações que podem ser consideradas promotoras da hepatocarcinogênese. Na sequência desse processo, ocorre a formação de novos adutos de aflatoxina que podem se ligar à proteína plasmática ou serem excretados pela urina, respectivamente, AFB1-lisina e AFB1-N7-guanina. Esses compostos podem ser detectados e funcionar como biomarcadores da exposição e da toxicidade da AFB1. A AFB1 foi administrada enteralmente em ratos Wistar, via gavagem, durante 90 dias, sendo essa forma de exposição a mais próxima daquela pela qual os seres humanos estão suceptíveis. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais: Grupo Controle (sem AFB1), AFB50 (50 ppb), AFB100 (100 ppb) e AFB200 (200 ppb), sendo a concentração de AFB1 em parte por bilhão (ppb) por kilograma de dieta consumida. Foram realizadas avaliações de bioquímica plasmática de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e alanina aminotransferase (ALT); alterações na expressão hepática de genes e proteínas relacionadas ao processo de hepatocarcinogênese (Ciclina D1, p53, ?-catenina, Proibitina, p27Kip1 e Glutationa-S-Transferase-p1-GSTP) por meios das técnicas de imuno-histoquímica e PCR em tempo real. Foram realizadas determinações dos níveis dos adutos da AFB1 no soro, na urina. Os resultados mostraram que houve aumento na expressão de AST e ALT em todos os grupos que receberam AFB1. No grupo AFB200 e, em menor proporção no AFB100, surgiram diversos focos de hepatócitos alterados marcados positivamente com GSTP, que são lesões pré-neoplásicas bem determinadas e consideradas endpoints em ensaios de hepatocarcinogênese experimental. A análise das proteínas hepáticas indicou que as lesões decorrentes da AFB1 nos grupos AFB200 e AFB100 apresentaram superexpressão de ciclina D1, p53, ?-catenina, proibitina, indicando a participação delas em vias que favorecem a hepatocarcinogênese. Adicionalmente, ocorreu uma redução na expressão gênica do gene p27, o que também indica uma condição favorável para a progressão neoplásica para a formação de carcinoma hepatocelular. A quantificação dos níveis de adutos no soro e na urina apontou que a formação desses compostos foi dose-dependente com as diferentes concentrações de AFB1 empregadas. Além disso, houve correlação entre a formação dos adutos com a expressão das proteínas Ciclina D, p53, ?-catenina e Rb. Sendo assim, foi possível, experimentalmente, apontar as principais proteínas envolvidas na hepatocarcinogênese e indicar que os adutos de aflatoxina no soro e na urina podem ser biomarcadores úteis para mensurar a exposição e o dano causado pela ingestão subcrônica de AFB1. / Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is metabolite produced by fungi of genus Aspergillus that grows naturally in food. Due to weather conditions and inadequate agricultural practices, developing countries, including Brazil, have high possibility of exposure to AFB1- contamined food. Chronic exposure to this mycotoxin may result in the emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma and explain the incidence of this tumor in the absence of factors such viral hepatitis and cirrhosis. After oral ingestion, AFB1 is biotransformed to its genotoxic form that binds to DNA in liver cells. This leads mutations that may be considered promoters of hepatocarcinogenesis. Following this process, there is the formation of new adducts of aflatoxins that can bind to plasma proteins or are excreted in the urine, respectively, AFB1-lysine and AFB1-N7-guanine. These compounds can be detected and work as biomarkers of exposure and toxicity of AFB1. AFB1 was administered in Wistar rats enterally, via gavage, for 90 days, and this form of exposure is closest which humans are susceptible. The animals were separated into four groups: control group (without AFB1), AFB50 (50 ppb), AFB100 (100 ppb) and AFB200 (200 ppb), in which concentration of AFB1 in part per billion (ppb) per kilogram of diet consumed by animals. It were performed liver biochemistry plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) assessments; changes in hepatic expression of genes and proteins related to hepatocarcinogenesis (Cyclin D1, p53, ?-catenin, Prohibitin, p27Kip1 e Glutatione-STransferase-p1-GST-P) by immunohistochemical and real-time PCR techniques. The levels of AFB1 adducts of serum and urine were performed. The results showed increase in AST and ALT levels in all groups receiving AFB1. In group AFB200 and, lesser extent in AFB100, emerged several altered hepatocyte foci positively marked with GST-P, which are well determined preneoplastic lesions and deemed endpoints in experimental hepatocarcinogenesis assays. Analysis of liver proteins indicated that damage from AFB1 in groups AFB200 and AFB100 showed overexpression of cyclin D1, p53, ?-catenin, prohibitin, indicating their participation in ways that favor the hepatocarcinogenesis. Additionally, there was a decrease in gene expression of the p27 gene, which also indicates a favorable condition for neoplastic progression to hepatocellular carcinoma. Quantification of adducts levels in serum and urine showed that the formation of these compounds was dose-dependent with different concentrations of AFB1 employed. In addition, there was a correlation between the formation of adducts with the protein expression of Cyclin D, p53, ?-catenin and Rb. Thus, it was possible experimentally to point out the key proteins involved in hepatocarcinogenesis and indicate that aflatoxin adducts in serum and urine can be useful biomarkers to measure exposure and damage caused by subchronic ingestion of AFB1.
183

Study of the molecular response of uropathogenic E. coli to ciprofloxacin in human bloodstream infection models to enhance the understanding of antibiotic therapy in urosepsis

Gandi, Senthil Kumar January 2014 (has links)
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a major burden for healthcare due to high prevalence and increasing multi-drug resistance, and advance to urosepsis which accounts up to 20-30% of sepsis cases. Therapy failures due to inappropriate antibiotic treatment are a serious issue. We are studying the transcriptomic response of the uropathogenic strain E. coli CFT073 to antibiotic treatment during bloodstream infection (BSI) models in order to understand and avoid antibiotic therapy failures in bloodstream infection/urosepsis treatments which are caused by in vivo and in vitro differences of bacterial response to antibiotic challenge which cannot be explained by antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Bloodstream infection models and controls were established by growing E. coli CFT073 in Iso-Sensitest medium, pooled human serum, and pooled human whole blood with and without ciprofloxacin. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for E. coli CFT073 in these models were identified and used to set the antibiotic challenge in the serum/blood cultures. The antibiotic challenge was introduced at mid logarithmic phase of growth of the organism to depict a clinical scenario. Global gene expression profiling of these conditions was examined using E. coli Genechip 2.0 from Affymetrix. Data analysis was performed using the Partek Genomics Suite. The difference in the growth medium was well reflected in the growth pattern. In contrast to the growth in IST, the growth in whole blood was double the duration and growth in human serum was 6 fold longer. This difference was also reflected in the transcriptomic study where metabolic genes were regulated differently in each medium as expected. When comparing the responses to antibiotic challenge, bacteria grown in the respective medium displayed specific responses to the antibiotic challenge which were not seen in the other media. The common functions of genes that responded to the ciprofloxacin challenge were SOS response, DNA repair, DNA replication, fimbrial genes and bacteriophage initiation. A subset of the bacteriophage genes showed similar responses between the three models. From genes that were differentially regulated, responses observed in the serum model appeared to have the highest fold changes; this could be an inverse proportion to the nutrient availability in the medium. In this study we have established new models to investigate bloodstream infections based on human serum and whole blood. They have been used to identify previously unknown differences in the molecular response to antibiotic treatment by the uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 depending on the media. In ongoing and future studies we will exploit these differences in gene expression as biomarkers of bacterial response to antibiotics for the development of diagnostic tools for antibiotic therapy monitoring and as well as tools for diagnostics and stratification in drug development.
184

Avaliação analítica de potenciais biomarcadores para câncer de bexiga em urina / Analytical evaluation of potential biomarkers for bladder cancer in urine

Juliana Vieira Alberice 11 April 2014 (has links)
O câncer de bexiga é uma neoplasia urogenital que acomete homens e mulheres, sendo que somente no Brasil 8.600 novos casos ao ano são diagnosticados. Cistoscopia transuretral é a conduta padrão no diagnóstico e acompanhamento do câncer de bexiga. Entretanto, tal procedimento é extremamente invasivo e doloroso além de ter elevado custo e não garantir todos os resultados. Assim, busca-se por marcadores moleculares que possam auxiliar no diagnóstico e progressão do câncer de bexiga, bem como diminuir a necessidade de exames invasivos no acompanhamento de pacientes tratados. Nesse sentido, a urina tem papel de destaque como fonte de biomarcadores devido principalmente ao seu caráter não invasivo. <br /> Nesse trabalho foram utilizadas duas abordagens \'ômicas\': proteômica e metabolômica, para a busca de biomarcadores em urina para o diagnóstico e prognóstico do câncer de bexiga, respectivamente. Com a abordagem proteômica buscou-se apenas por biomarcadores para o diagnóstico da doença e, utilizando as técnicas de eletroforese 2-DE, OFFGEL e MS, juntamente com análise estatística multivariada, foi possível identificar 32 proteínas que apresentam-se como potenciais marcadores para o câncer de bexiga. A abordagem metabolômica foi empregada para a busca de biomarcadores para reincidência e progressão da doença. As técnicas analíticas utilizadas nessa abordagem, LC-MS e CE-MS, mostraram-se complementares e, dos resultados obtidos com ambas e avaliados com análise estatística multivariada foi possível indicar 19 metabólitos para reincidência e 23 metabólitos para progressão do câncer de bexiga. <br /> Assim, neste trabalho explorou-se como as ciências \'ômicas\', a qual abrange técnicas analíticas de high-throughput, estatística multivariada e ferramentas de bioinformática auxiliando na descoberta de potenciais biomarcadores não invasivos para o diagnóstico e prognóstico do câncer de bexiga. Portanto, o presente estudo foi de grande importância e relevância à medida que ilustrou como tais técnicas podem potencialmente auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças e contribuir para tratamentos personalizados no futuro, indicando a potencialidade de estudos dessa natureza. / Bladder cancer is an urogenital cancer affecting men and women, and just in Brazil 8,600 new cases are diagnosed annually. Transurethral cystoscopy is a standard conduct in the diagnosis and monitoring of bladder cancer. However, this procedure is extremely invasive, painful, expensive and does not guarantee the best results. Thus, the searching for molecular markers may assist in the diagnosis and monitoring of bladder cancer, as well as decreasing the need for invasive tests in the monitoring of patients treatment. In this way, urine shows an important role as a source of biomarkers, mainly due to its non-invasive nature. <br /> In this work we used two \'omics\' approaches: proteomics and metabolomics, to search for biomarkers in urine for the diagnosis and progression of bladder cancer, respectively. The proteomics approach was explored for biomarkers for diagnosing disease. Using 2-DE, OFFGEL electrophoresis, and MS techniques, as well multivariate statistical analysis, they were identified 32 proteins that may be pointed as potential markers for bladder cancer. The metabolomics approach was used to search for biomarkers for progression and recurrence of the disease. The analytical techniques used for this approach, LC-MS and CE-MS, were complementary to each other and the results evaluated with multivariate statistical analysis indicated that 19 metabolites for recurrence and 23 metabolites for progression of bladder cancer could possibly be used for validation studies. <br /> Thus, we demonstrated how the \'omics\' sciences, which include high- throughput analytical techniques, multivariate statistical analysis, and bioinformatics tools, aid in the discovery of potential biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis, evaluate recurrence and monitor progression of bladder cancer. Therefore, this study was of high relevance to demonstrate the potential of such techniques to contribute to studies of personalized medicine.
185

Efeito do alumínio e manganês, em pH ácido, nos parâmetros de estresse oxidativo em machos de Astyanax altiparanae (Characiformes: Characidae) / Effect aluminum and manganese, in acidic pH, on the oxidative stress parameters of Astyanax altiparanae males (Characiformes: Characidae)

Abdalla, Raisa Pereira 25 September 2015 (has links)
Muitos metais como alumínio e manganês, quando adicionados nas águas pela atividade antrópica, podem produzir efeitos deletérios nos organismos. Estes metais causam alterações no sistema fisiológico, como alterações metabólicas, respiratórias, além de serem capazes de aumentar a produção das espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs), o que podem alterar a atividade das enzimas antioxidantes que atuam no estresse oxidativo. O presente estudo investigou se a exposição aguda por 24 e 96 horas ao alumínio (Al) e manganês (Mn) em pH ácido, de forma isolada ou combinada (Al+Mn), são capazes de causar estresse oxidativo em machos sexualmente maduros de Astyanax altiparanae, e também verificou se 96 horas em água livre de metais, eram suficientes para que estes animais se recuperassem dos possíveis efeitos deletérios destes metais. A exposição ao pH ácido alterou os níveis da atividade da SOD branquial no período agudo (96h) e a atividade desta enzima não retornou aos níveis do controle no período de recuperação. A exposição ao Al aumentou a concentração de GSH (24h) nas brânquias no período agudo, retornando aos níveis do controle (96h). O Mn não alterou os níveis dos parâmetros de defesas estudados, no entanto isso ocasionou ao aumento de malondialdeído (MDA) nas células, acarretando em peroxidação lipídica. Os animais expostos ao Al+Mn combinados apresentaram diversas variações, aumentando a concentração de GSH e atividade GPx no período agudo nas brânquias. Apesar da tentativa de defesa no período agudo, o período de recuperação apresentou alterações na atividade da catalase (96h), aumento da metalotioneína (24h) e altos níveis de lipoperoxidação (96h) hepática. Os metais estudados, independentemente do pH ácido, podem ser considerados indutores do estresse oxidativo em machos de A. altiparanae, influenciando na atividade enzimática e ocasionando alterações fisiológicas que podem interferir na reprodução. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo ajudarão a entender os mecanismos de estresse oxidativo induzido pelos metais (Al e Mn) e sua possível influência na reprodução de A. altiparanae / Many metals such as aluminum and manganese, when added in the waters by human activity, can produce deleterious effects in organisms. These metals cause changes in the physiological system, such as metabolic, respiratory disorders, as well as being able to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can alter the activity of antioxidant enzymes that act on oxidative stress. This study investigated whether acute exposure for 24 and 96 hours to aluminum (Al) and manganese (Mn) in acidic pH, isolated or combined (Al + Mn), are able of causing oxidative stress in sexually mature Astyanax altiparanae males, and also if the exposition for 96 hour in free metal water was enough for these animals to recover from the possible deleterious effects of these metals. The acidic pH altered levels of gill SOD activity in the acute period (96 hours) and the activity of this enzyme did not return to control levels during the recovery period. The exposition to Al increased the GSH levels (24h) in the gills in the acute period, returning to control levels (96h). The exposition to Mn did not alter the levels of the studied defence parameters, however this led to an increase in cell MDA (malondialdehyde), resulting in lipid peroxidation. The animals exposed to Al + Mn combined presented several variations in the measured parameters, increasing the concentration of GSH and GPx activity in the acute period (24h) in the gills. Despite the defence attempt in the acute period, the recovery period showed changes in catalase activity in the liver (96h), increased hepatic metallothionein (24h) and higher levels of hepatic lipid peroxidation (96h). The metals studied, irrespective of water at acid pH, they can be considered inducers of oxidative stress in A. altiparanae males influencing enzyme activity and causing physiological changes that can interfere with reproduction. Our findings will help to understand the mechanisms of oxidative stress induced by metals (Al and Mn), and its effects in A. altiparanae reproduction
186

Compostos butílicos de estanho em tecidos de bagres estuarinos (Siluriformes, Ariidae) da costa sul e sudeste brasileira: monitoramento e toxicidade / Btyltin compounds in estuarine catfishes (Siluriformes, Ariidae) tissues from Brazilian southern and southwest coast: monitoring and toxicity

Santos, Dayana Moscardi dos 31 August 2012 (has links)
Compostos butílicos de estanho (BTs) estão na lista dos contaminantes impactantes relacionados ao ambiente marinho. Sua ampla distribuição associada à elevada toxicidade faz com que o monitoramento desses compostos no ambiente costeiro seja de fundamental importância. A ocorrência de BTs foi verificada em sedimentos superficiais, material particulado em suspensão e nos tecidos (fígado e brânquias) de três espécies de bagres estuarinos: Cathorops spixii, Aspistor luniscutis e Genidens genidens; amostrados em 8 estuários da região sul e sudeste brasileira. As análises foram realizadas através de GC-PFPD, seguindo padrões de controle de qualidade analítico e onde foi constatada a ocorrência de efeito matriz sobre o sistema analítico a partir da quantificação das amostras de tecido. Dentre os estuários amostrados, verificou-se um maior impacto dos BTs sobre os sistemas estuarinos de Paranaguá e Itajaí, em decorrência da presença destes compostos em todos os compartimentos ambientais analisados. As três espécies investigadas puderam ser consideradas como biomonitoras da presença de BTs no ambiente, uma vez que são passíveis de assimilação destes compostos, mesmo em organismos amostrados em regiões distantes de potencias fontes de entrada. Os efeitos sobre a fisiologia de C. spixii amostrado em Paranaguá também foi investigada a partir do uso de biomarcadores no fígado desses organismos, constatando um impacto associado à presença destes contaminantes no sistema. / Butyltin compounds (BTs) are in the list of related contaminants striking marine environment. Their widespread distribution associated with high toxicity causes the monitoring of fundamental importance. The occurrence of BTs were checked through superficial sediments, suspended particulate matter and tissues (liver and gill) analysis on three estuarine catfishes: Cathorops spixii, Aspistor luniscutis e Genidens genidens; sampled in eight estuaries from Brazilian south and southeast coast. Analysis were carried by GC-PFPD, following quality control procedures, where was verified the presence of matrix effect over the system from tissues quantification. Among estuaries, the major impact was found in Paranaguá-PR and Itajaí-SC, due the presence of these compounds in all investigated compartments. These three catfish species have shown good biomonitors of BTs presence once were liable of uptake, even in groups sampled far from potential BTs sources. The effects over C. spixii physiology were also checked in Paranaguá from the use of biomarkers on liver of these organisms, noting the impact related with the presence of these compounds on the system.
187

Preparação e caracterização de nanopartículas de molibdatos de terras raras para detecção do antígeno específico da próstata (PSA) / Synthesis and characterization of rare earth molibdates nanoparticles for detection of specific prostatic cancer (PSA)

Dias, Clarissa Lombardi 16 December 2013 (has links)
O interesse em utilizar terras raras para investigar propriedades e funções de sistemas bioquímicos tanto quanto de determinar substâncias biológicas tem crescido em diferentes áreas, incluindo biomarcadores em imunologia (fluoroimunoensaios). Atualmente, o uso de terras raras no diagnóstico de diversas doenças tem se tornado muito importante com o desenvolvimento de kits de diagnóstico. Como característica principal, as terras raras podem apresentar longo tempo de vida, fotoestabilidade e bandas de emissão finas e bem definidas na região do visível, demonstrando vantagens únicas quando comparadas a outras espécies luminescentes. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar molibdatos de terras raras pelo método de coprecipitação, assim como caracterizá-los através de técnicas como: difração de raios X, espectroscopia do infravermelho, análise termogravimétrica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e estudos de luminescência. Nesse trabalho foram desenvolvidos três diferentes estudos de síntese: a influência da variação da velocidade do dispersor no momento da precipitação; a influência do tratamento térmico na estrutura, morfologia e propriedades luminescentes; e a influência da concentração do íon dopante nas propriedades estruturais e espectroscópicas. Outro passo importante desse trabalho foi o de aminofuncionalizar as nanopartículas utilizando um organosilano (APTES) para recobrir e estabelecer pontos para que essas partículas pudessem se ligar a espécies biológicas. Foi comprovado pelos resultados das caracterizações que esse processo foi eficiente e a incorporação da sílica foi bem sucedida. O Antígeno Específico da Próstata (PSA) foi então ligado às nanopartículas funcionalizadas para possibilitar o diagnóstico de câncer de próstata através de fluoroimunoensaios e dessa forma, níveis de detecção foram estabelecidos. / The interest in using rare earths to investigate the properties and functions of biochemical systems as well as to determinate biological substances has increased in several fields, including biomarkers in immunology (fluoroimmunoassays). Nowadays the use of lanthanides in the diagnosis of various diseases have become more important through the development of commercial diagnostic kits. As main feature, these rare earths can show a long lifetime, photostability and emission bands of atomic like behavior and well defined, in the visible region, demonstrating unique advantages when compared to other luminescent species. The present work had as its goal to synthesize rare earth molybdates by the co-precipitation method as well as to characterize these materials by X-ray diffraction, near infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electronic microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and luminescent studies. In this work, three different studied were developed: the influence of the vortex speed variation during co-precipitation in the structure of the final product, morphology and luminescence properties; the influence of the annealing temperature also in the structure, morphology and luminescence properties; and the influence of concentration of the doping in the luminescence properties. Another important step of this work was the functionalization of nanoparticles using an organosilane (APTES) to coat and establish points for binding the particles to biological species. It was proved that this process was very efficient by the characterization results and the silica incorporation was well succeeded. Specific prostatic cancer (PSA) was then linked to the functionalized nanoparticles to diagnostic prostatic cancer by fluoroimmunoassay and levels for detection were established.
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Biomarcadores diagnósticos relacionados à atividade da doença periodontal em diabéticos / Diagnostic biomarkers related to periodontal disease activity in diabetics

Costa, Priscila Paganini 16 March 2012 (has links)
O objetivo geral deste estudo foi monitorar a atividade da doença periodontal e sugerir potenciais biomarcadores salivares relacionados a esta atividade em pacientes com periodontite crônica associada ou não Diabetes mellitus tipo 2, a partir da avaliação do perfil da expressão gênica de sítios periodontais progressivos e de proteínas inflamatórias salivares. Foram incluídos 56 pacientes, sendo 21 com periodontite crônica (DP), 20 com periodontite crônica associada ao Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DP+DM) e 15 periodontal e sistemicamente saudáveis (controle). Foi realizado exame radiográfico antes e dois meses após a terapia periodontal básica, e posteriormente foi feita a subtração radiográfica a partir dos pares das radiografias. As medidas das áreas com perda de densidade foram registradas. Coleta de saliva não estimulada, verificação da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c) e exame clínico periodontal profundidade de sondagem (PS), nível clínico de inserção relativo (NCIR), sangramento à sondagem (SS) e índice de placa (IP) também foram realizados antes e dois meses após a terapia periodontal básica. Os sítios periodontais com perda de inserção progressiva 1 mm na reavaliação foram considerados ativos de acordo com uma adaptação do método de tolerância. Biópsias de tecido gengival de sítios ativos e inativos com parâmetros clínicos semelhantes foram analisadas com real time PCR Array para análise do perfil de expressão gênica da resposta imune-inflamatória. As amostras de saliva foram submetidas ao imunoensaio Multiplex Cytokine Profiling para análise de expressão de proteínas. No grupo DP, 9% dos sítios foram classificados como ativos e no grupo DP+DM, 12% (p > 0,05). A média de perda de inserção clínica foi maior no grupo DP+DM (1,34 mm) em relação ao grupo DP (1,21 mm) (p < 0,05). Houve correlação entre a perda de inserção clínica e a área da perda de densidade radiográfica tanto nos sítios ativos do grupo DP (R = 0,79; p = 0,001), quanto do grupo DP+DM (R = 0,86; p < 0,001). Ambos os grupos DP e DP+DM apresentaram um perfil down-regulated em relação aos pacientes saudáveis (grupo controle). Quando comparado o grupo DP+DM ao grupo DP, pacientes diabéticos apresentaram um perfil up-regulated. Sítios ativos do grupo DP mostraram nove genes (ABCF1, CD40LG, IL10, IL5, CCR2, CCR4, CCR7, CCL18 e CXCL1) diferencialmente expressos (p < 0,05) com um perfil up-regulated. Sítios ativos do grupo DP+DM mostraram seis genes (LTA, CXCR1, CCL19, CCL8, CCL17 e CXCL12) diferencialmente expressos (p < 0,05) com um perfil up-regulated. Após a terapia periodontal básica, houve uma significante redução de algumas proteínas salivares (IL1b, IL1ra, IL10, IL17, TGFb, IL8, eotaxin e MCP-3) nos grupos DP e DP+DM, mas sem diferença estatisticamente significante (p > 0,05). Concluindo, este estudo foi capaz de monitorar a atividade da doença periodontal em pacientes com e sem diabetes após a terapia periodontal básica; foi possível identificar genes diferencialmente expressos em sítios ativos de ambos os grupos, que podem ser úteis na indicação de potenciais biomarcadores para diagnóstico da doença periodontal na fase ativa; as proteínas salivares analisadas mostram uma tendência em diferenciar o padrão de saúde e de doença, podendo ser futuramente utilizadas como potenciais biomarcadores de periodontite associada ou não ao diabetes. / The overall aim of this study was to monitor the periodontal disease activity and suggest potential salivary biomarkers related to this activity in chronic periodontitis patients with or without type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM), based on the evaluation of gene expression profile of progressive periodontal sites and salivary inflammatory proteins. Fifty-six patients were enrolled, 21 with chronic periodontitis (PD group), 20 with chronic periodontitis and DM (PD+DM group) and 15 periodontal- and systemically healthy (control). Radiographs were taken before and two months after non-surgical periodontal therapy, and radiographic subtraction was performed from pairs of these radiographs. Measurements of the areas with density loss were recorded. Unstimulated saliva collection, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement and periodontal examination probing pocket depth (PPD), relative clinical attachment level (rCAL), bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque index (PI) were also conducted before and two months after non-surgical periodontal therapy. The periodontal sites with progressive attachment loss 1 mm at the recall visit were considered active sites according to the adapted method of tolerance. Gingival biopsies of active and non-active sites with similar clinical parameters were harvested for gene expression analysis of the immune-inflammatory response with Real Time PCR Array. Saliva samples were analyzed by Multiplex Cytokine Profiling Immunoassay for analysis of protein expression profile. In PD group, 9% of the sites were classified as active and in PD+DM group, 12% (p > 0.05). The clinical attachment loss mean was higher in the PD+DM group (1.34±0.23 mm) compared to the PD group (1.21±0.16 mm) (p < 0.05). There was a correlation between clinical attachment loss and darkened radiographic areas in active sites of the PD group (R = 0.79, p = 0.001) and PD+DM group (R = 0.86, p < 0.001). Both PD and PD+DM groups showed a down-regulated profile compared to healthy subjects (control group). When compared PD group to PD+DM, patients with diabetes had an upregulated profile. Active sites of the PD group showed nine genes (ABCF1, CD40LG, IL10, IL5, CCR2, CCR4, CCR7, CCL18 and CXCL1) differentially expressed (p < 0.05) with an up-regulated profile. Active sites of the PD+DM group showed six genes (LTA, CXCR1, CCL19, CCL8, CCL17 and CXCL12) differentially expressed (p < 0.05) with an up-regulated profile. After non-surgical periodontal therapy, there was a significant reduction of clinical parameters and HbA1c levels (p < 0.05), accompanied by a reduction of some salivary proteins (IL1b, IL1ra, IL10, IL17, TGFb, IL8, eotaxin and MCP-3) in groups PD and PD+DM, but without statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this study was able to monitor the periodontal disease activity in periodontal patients with or without diabetes after the non-surgical periodontal therapy; it was possible to identify genes differentially expressed in active sites from both groups, which may be considered useful in indicating potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of active periodontal disease; salivary proteins show a trend in distinguishing the standard of health and disease and may be used in the future as potential biomarkers of periodontitis with or without diabetes.
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Discovery of Low-Molecular Weight Novel Serum Biomarkers for Diagnosing Preeclampsia and Alzheimer's Disease

Anand, Swati 01 March 2016 (has links)
Preeclampsia (PE), a life threatening pregnancy-related disorder, is characterized mainly by new onset of hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation. Currently, PE cannot be predicted prior to onset of symptoms and there is no cure for the disease. There is a clear value in having biomarkers able, early in a pregnancy, to identify women at risk for PE so that proper treatment therapies could be developed. Although a number of serum candidate markers have been proposed to be altered in PE patients, their use is limited due to poor sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, there is ongoing need for better set of novel biomarkers predicting PE. Consequently, for my first project, we used a serum proteomic approach involving reversed phase capillary-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (cLC-ESI-QTOF). Our approach focuses on the less abundant (nM or lower), lower molecular weight peptides and lipids predicting PE. We got previously collected sera from pregnant women at 12–14 weeks gestation. There were 24 controls, having term uncomplicated pregnancies and 24 cases, which developed PE later in the same pregnancy. Many statistically significant serum PE biomarker candidates were found comparing cases and controls. In addition, multimarker combinations having high detection sensitivity and specificity (AUC >0.9) were developed using logistic regression analysis. For my second project, serum lipidomic analysis of sera from pregnant women was undertaken to determine if useful PE lipid biomarkers exist. A discovery study involving a shotgun lipidomic approach was performed using sera collected at 12-14 weeks of pregnancy from 27 controls with uncomplicated pregnancies and 29 cases that later developed PE. Lipids were extracted using organic solvent and analyzed by direct infusion into a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Statistically significant lipid markers were found and reevaluated in a second confirmatory study having 43 controls and 37 PE cases. The initial study detected 45 potential PE markers. Of these, 23 markers continued to be statistically significant in the second confirmatory set. Several multi-marker panels with AUC >0.85 and high predictive values were developed from these markers. My third project also involved the above mentioned approach for detection of novel lipid biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of age-related dementia. Currently, there are no methods to detect Alzheimer's at an early stage when treatment therapies could be applied. Therefore, there is need for detection of panel of biomarkers for detecting patients at risk to AD at an early stage. In the initial discovery set, sera from 29 different stage AD cases and 32 controls were analyzed using direct infusion mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF). This study yielded 89 potential lipid biomarkers which were evaluated in another confirmation study. Of these, 35 markers continued to be statistically significant in the second confirmatory set. Using the confirmed markers, several multi-marker panels with AUC > 0.87 were developed for any stage AD cases vs controls. Multi-marker panels with AUCs > 0.90 were developed for each specific CDR vs controls, including the earliest stage of AD. These lipidomic biomarkers are likely to distinguish AD cases regardless of the stage from controls. In conclusion, we successfully detected, validated and identified low molecular weight novel biomarkers for PE and lipid biomarkers for AD.
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Utilizing urinary biomarkers in Egyptian adolescent applicators and non-applicators to characterize pesticide exposure to λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos applied on cotton crops over time

Okeke, Barbara C. 01 May 2018 (has links)
Organophosphates (OPs) and Pyrethroids (PYRs) are widely used pesticides in both agricultural and non-agricultural environments. In agricultural work settings, typically more than one pesticide is used in combination, or sequentially, to kill pests. There is currently a gap in research that looks at how exposures to multiple pesticides can impact human health – particularly among adolescents who work in these environments. The goal of this dissertation research was to examine the use of OP (chlorpyrifos, and profenofos) and PYR (λ-Cyhalothrin, α-Cypermethrin) pesticides across an application season and how exposure is associated with symptoms and cholinesterase enzyme activity, and to examine the impact of a sequential exposure to multiple OPs, and exposure to both OPs and PYRs. Urine and blood samples, questionnaire data, and a medical exam were collected over a 10-month period from adolescent pesticide applicators in Egypt. Overall, applicators had higher exposure than non-applicators to all four pesticides. The non-applicators were also exposed and had levels 4 times higher in urine metabolite levels than the general population in the U.S. In addition, these exposures caused increased symptoms and severity of symptoms among both applicators and non-applicators. In conclusion, adolescent agriculture workers in the Egyptian cotton fields are exposed to multiple pesticides and are susceptible to the impact of those exposures on their health.

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