Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-07-03T14:46:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lanna Lôbo de Araújo.pdf: 1424509 bytes, checksum: e22f493ad51c66d665b74c545edb8568 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-13T15:41:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lanna Lôbo de Araújo.pdf: 1424509 bytes, checksum: e22f493ad51c66d665b74c545edb8568 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-13T15:45:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lanna Lôbo de Araújo.pdf: 1424509 bytes, checksum: e22f493ad51c66d665b74c545edb8568 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T15:45:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Lanna Lôbo de Araújo.pdf: 1424509 bytes, checksum: e22f493ad51c66d665b74c545edb8568 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-03 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / There some decades the search for alternative energetic sources is mundialy on the focus. For environmental reasons economic and geopolitical this search has been strained and one of the sources of alternative energy that awakens the trend to replace fossil fuels, is the ethanol that is a cleaner fuel. Even more, companies, governments and researchers has been focused their reachers to it. The obtained alcohol by biomass fermentation is called "bioethanol". Brazil's position about the full use of biomass is very privileged because of its greatest world’s biodiversity, an intense solar radiation, abundance water, climate’s diversity and biomass from biomass products on a large scale, Brazil presents itself as the most advanced country in this technology once it is the currently largest bioethanol producer in the world. In this context the goal of this study is presenting the ethanol’s production viability from a efficiently hydrolyzate of cassava starch Manhiot esculenta Crantz which was obtained with the recombinant amylases (α-amylase and glucoamylase), resulting from the previous work developed in the research group by OLIVEIRA (2009) and CARMO (2010). The hydrolyzate was fermented by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae commercial yeast on systems known as fermentometers. The hydrolyzate resulted in a 20 gL-1 ethanol concentration in 6 h, with hydrolysis efficiency of exceeding 57% volumetric productivity 3.33 g/L-1h-1 and yield factor of substrate consumption of 0.29 gg-1. / Há algumas décadas a busca por fontes energéticas alternativas está em foco no circuito mundial. Por questões ambientais, econômicas e geopolíticas essa procura tem se acirrado, e uma das fontes alternativas de energia, que desperta essa tendência em substituir os combustíveis fósseis é o etanol; que é um combustível menos poluente. E cada vez mais empresas, governos e pesquisadores têm voltado seu foco de pesquisa para ele. O álcool obtido por fermentação de biomassas é denominado “bioetanol”. A posição do Brasil em relação ao aproveitamento integral das biomassas é bastante privilegiada pelo fato do mesmo possuir a maior biodiversidade do planeta; uma intensa radiação solar; água em abundância; diversidade de clima e pioneirismo na produção de bicombustíveis da biomassa em larga escala, o Brasil apresenta-se como o país mais avançado nessa tecnologia já que atualmente é o maior produtor de bioetanol do mundo. Neste contexto, o estudo em questão teve como objetivo apresentar a viabilidade da produção de etanol a partir de um hidrolisado eficiente de fécula de mandioca Manihot esculenta Crantz que foi obtido com a utilização de amilases recombinantes, sendo uma α-amilase clonada de Bacillus licheniformis e expressa em Bacillus subtilis e uma glucoamilase clonada de Aspergillus awamori e expressa em Pichia pastoris, advindas de trabalhos anteriormente desenvolvidos em nosso grupo de pesquisa. O hidrolisado obtido foi fermentado pela levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae comercial em sistemas conhecidos como fermentômetros. O hidrolisado resultou em uma concentração de 20 gL-1 de etanol em 6 h, com eficiência de hidrólise igual a 57%, produtividade volumétrica 3,33 gL-1h-1 e fator de rendimento em substrato consumido de 0,29 gg-1.

Com o intuito de elucidar os efeitos das propriedades físicas e morfológicas na efetividade da sacarificação enzimática das fibras de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, este trabalho propõe o uso de diferentes métodos de processamento físico-químicos e -mecânicos para a modificação da estrutura da parede celular. Os tratamentos físico-mecânicos, através de fenômenos de fibrilação e delaminação, promovem a abertura estrutural das fibras e aumentam a acessibilidade às enzimas hidrolíticas, porém sem modificar a composição química do material. Para uma compreensão abrangente da ação dos métodos físico-mecânicos propostos nas características estruturais, as fibras de bagaço foram previamente tratadas por métodos físico-químicos - hidrotérmico e organossolve - de modo a obter cinco materiais de diferentes composições químicas. O estudo dos tratamentos físico-mecânicos foi realizado empregando-se equipamentos de diferentes configurações, cujos modos de ação e consequente impacto nas fibras diferem entre si, sendo estes dois tipos de refino - refinador de discos Bauer e moinho Jokro, e um tipo de moagem - moinho criogênico. A variável do refino em moinho Jokro foi o tempo de tratamento, enquanto as variáveis do processamento em refinador de discos foi o tempo de refino e a distância entre os discos. Já as condições da moagem criogênica foram definidas de modo a obter amostras homogêneas do ponto de vista macroscópico. As modificações provocadas na estrutura das fibras foram determinadas a partir das análises das áreas superficiais externa (dimensões das fibras) e interna (porosidade da parede celular), além da organização cristalina das fibrilas celulósicas. Primeiramente, estudou-se de modo detalhado os efeitos dos métodos mecânicos nas propriedades estruturais das amostras de bagaço, interpretando-se como os efeitos primários do refino evoluem de acordo com a severidade e o tipo tratamento empregado a partir das caracterizações dos efeitos secundários. Posteriormente, confrontaram-se os resultados obtidos nas análises físicas e morfológicas com o rendimento de açúcares obtido na hidrólise enzimática. Os resultados permitiram constatar que, enquanto o moinho Jokro promoveu um grande aumento no rendimento de glicose obtido por culminar, simultaneamente, no aumento da estrutura capilar pela intensa fibrilação interna, e da área superficial externa tanto pela formação de elementos finos quanto pela redução das dimensões das fibras por corte, o refinador de discos Bauer levou a uma melhoria menos pronunciada na hidrolisabilidade por resultar no aumento da porosidade, porém sem expressivos corte e fibrilação externa das fibras. Diferentemente, a moagem criogênica promoveu apenas a drástica e heterogênea redução das dimensões das fibras, enquanto não permitiu mudanças significativas na hidrolisabilidade das amostras. Por fim, os valores dos parâmetros estruturais determinados foram analisados pelo método estatístico de componentes principais (PCA) visando quantificar por qual fator cada uma destas características influencia na extensão da hidrólise da celulose do bagaço. A PCA permitiu visualizar que os fatores relacionados à superfície interna da parede celular, como a área de poros acessíveis e a dimensão lateral do cristalito de celulose, são os principais aspectos que regem o rendimento de sacarificação da biomassa lignocelulósica. Os resultados deste estudo permitiram assim a proposta de um modelo de predição do comportamento de hidrólise das amostras de bagaço. / In order to elucidate the effects of the physical and morphological properties on the effectiveness of enzymatic saccharification of sugarcane bagasse fibers, this work proposes different methods of physico-chemical and -mechanical processing to modify the cell wall structure. Through fibrillation and delamination phenomena, physico-mechanical treatments promote the structural opening of the fibers and increase the accessibility to hydrolytic enzymes, but without modifications on the chemical composition of the processed material. For a thorough comprehension about the action of the proposed physico-mechanical methods on the structural characteristics, the bagasse fibers were previously treated by physico-chemical methods - hydrothermal and organosolv - to obtain five materials with different chemical composition. The study of the physico-mechanical treatments was performed by equipment with different configuration, which operating modes and consequent impact on the fibers differ from each other. The equipment were two types of refiner - Bauer discs refiner and Jokro mill - and one type of mill - cryogenic mill. The refining variable considered for the Jokro mill was the refining time, while the processing variables for the disc refiner were the refining time and the discs gap. Concerning the cryogenic mill, the operation conditions were defined to achieve macroscopic homogeneous samples. Modifications on the fibers structure were assessed by analysis of the external and internal surfaces (fibers dimension and the cell wall porosity, respectively), as well as the crystalline organization of the cellulosic fibrils. Firstly, it was performed a thorough study concerning the effects of the mechanical methods in the structural properties of the bagasse samples. In this study, it was interpreted how the primary effects of refining evolve according to severity and type of treatment from the characterization of the secondary effects. Then, the results acquired in the physical and morphological analysis were confronted with the glucose yield obtained in the enzymatic hydrolysis. The results showed that the Jokro mill promoted a great increase in the glucose yield by culminating, simultaneously, in the increase of the capillary structure by the intense internal fibrillation, and of the external surface area both by the formation of fines as by the reduction of the dimensions of fibers by cutting. In turns, the Bauer discs refiner leaded to a lower improvement of the bagasse pulps hydrolysability, which was a consequence of the increased porosity, but without expressive cut and external fibrillation of the fibers. In a different way, the cryogenic milling promoted just a drastic and heterogeneous reduction of the fibers dimensions, without any significant change in the hydrolysability of the samples. Finally, the determined values of the structural parameters were analyzed by the statistical method of the principal component analysis (PCA), aiming to quantify by which factor each one of these characteristics influences in the extent of hydrolysis of bagasse cellulose. The PCA showed that the factors related to the internal surface of the cell wall, such as the accessible pore area and the lateral dimension of the cellulose crystallite, are the main aspects that govern the saccharification yield of the lignocellulosic biomass. The results of this study allowed the proposal of an empiric prediction model of the hydrolysis behavior of the bagasse samples.

O uso da biomassa florestal é uma importante alternativa de fonte energética renovável, econômica, técnica e ambientalmente viável, disputando espaço com outras fontes energéticas, mais caras ou não renováveis, tais como gás natural, eletricidade, óleo diesel e GLP. Dentro do setor industrial, maior consumidor de energia a partir de biomassa, destaca-se o segmento de cerâmicas vermelhas, tradicional consumidor de lenha para a produção de energia. Uma considerável parcela de empresas deste setor recentemente passou a utilizar, como alternativa de energia, cavacos, produzidos a partir de resíduos madeireiros diversos. A opção por esse tipo de biomassa se deve a quatro principais razões: maior disponibilidade desse material para aquisição no mercado; envolver um importante aspecto ambiental, uma vez que se trata de um material reciclado; por proporcionar uma maior homogeneidade durante a combustão, quando comparado com a lenha; e possibilita a automação da alimentação dos fornos. Esse material, no entanto, possui alta heterogeneidade quanto à sua composição o que influencia na maioria das suas propriedades. Os cavacos amostrados nas cerâmicas foram classificados e agrupados por similaridade, sendo encontrados 10 diferentes tipos, cuja composição poderia conter materiais sólidos decorrentes do processamento de toras de pinus e eucalipto em serrarias, resíduos madeireiros oriundos da reciclagem de materiais diversos em centros urbanos, resíduos de marcenarias e outros compostos de misturas dos demais. As análises laboratoriais mais completas permitiram a classificação dos materiais por grupos mais afins: Grupo A: contendo materiais dos tipos 1, 3, 5, 6 e 7 compostos por partículas maiores e com pouca serragem. Esse grupo foi o que apresentou maior umidade, maior densidade a granel, menor poder calorífico e menor teor de cinzas; Grupo B: contendo materiais dos tipos 9 e 10, que continham mais partículas menores e principalmente serragem, apresentando menor umidade, menor densidade a granel, maior poder calorífico e maior teor de cinzas; Grupo C, concentrando os tipos 2, 4 e 8, que possuíam uma mistura mais proporcional entre partículas maiores e menores, apresentando resultados intermediários entre os Grupos A e B para as variáveis analisadas. As classificações obtidas abrem possibilidades para a proposição de critérios para a melhoria de aspectos ligados à aquisição e utilização dos resíduos madeireiros pelo setor. No mérito dos resultados específicos dos materiais, os tipos 1 e 6 foram os que ocorreram com maior frequência, estando presentes na maioria das amostras, além de ocorrerem na grande maioria das cerâmicas amostradas e ao longo de todo o período da amostragem. O cavaco do tipo 1, composto basicamente por resíduos de serraria de pinus, foi o mais frequente e considerado preferido pelo setor de cerâmica. Tal aspecto deve ser ponderado frente à tendência de escassez desse produto, dada a tendência de diminuição dos plantios da espécie no país. A densidade a granel teve correlação diretamente proporcional com a umidade, consequência dessa avaliação ter sido realizada com o material em seu estado \"in natura\". Tal aspecto é relevante, pelo fato da comercialização de cavacos para energia ser realizada com base em volume. / The use of forest biomass is an important alternative of renewable energy source, economic, technical and environmentally viable, fighting for space with other energy sources, more expensive or non-renewable, such as natural gas, electricity, diesel and LPG. Within the industrial sector, biggest consumer of biomass energy, the segment of red ceramics represents a traditional consumer of wood for the production of energy. A considerable number of companies in this sector has recently started to use, as alternative for energy production, chips made from several different wood wastes. The choice for such biomass alternative is due to four main reasons: high availability of material on the market; positive environmental advantage since it is a recycled material; higher uniformity during combustion, compared with firewood; and the possibility of implementation of automatic processing for furnace feeding. This material, however, has high heterogeneity in its composition which affects the majority of its properties. The chips were sampled in ceramics, sorted and grouped by similarity resulting in 10 different types, whose composition could contain solid materials from sawmill processing of pine and eucalyptus logs, wood waste from the recycling of various materials in urban centers, joinery waste and other compounds mixing the other materials. Laboratory analysis enabled a more complete classification of the materials by similar groups: Group A materials containing types 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 consists of larger particles and low sawdust. This group showed higher humidity, higher bulk density, lower calorific value and lower ash content; Group B, containing materials of the type 9 and 10, which contained a higher quantity of small particles and mostly sawdust, with lower humidity, lower bulk density, higher calorific value and higher ash content; Group C, focusing on the types 2, 4 and 8, which had a more proportionate mix of larger and smaller particles presenting intermediate results between Groups A and B for the variables analyzed. The obtained ratings open up possibilities for the proposal of criteria for the improvement of the acquisition and use of wood waste by the sector. When considered the specific results of each material, types 1 and 6 were the most frequent, being present in most samples, occurring in the majority of the sampled ceramics and throughout the full period of sampling. The chip type 1, composed primarily of pine sawmill residues, was considered the most frequent and preferred by the ceramic industry. This aspect should be weighed against the trend of scarcity of the product, given the downward trend in the plantations of the tree species in the country. The bulk density had direct correlation with moisture, a result of the fact that this evaluation was carried out with material in its \"in natura\" state. This aspect is relevant, because the marketing chips for energy is carried out based on volume.

Não consta resumo na publicação. / The biological value of the proteins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown in sugar cane molasses was studied in rats during 3 generations. The animals were fed two levels of yeast protein either 10% or 25% and compared with casein fed controls. In the first generation the PER and body weight were significantly lower for the animals receiving the yeast in their diet. In the 2rd and 3rd generation the growth was retarded even more in relation to what had been observed for the first one, specially at 10% protein level. A decreased male fertility was also observed at litter born from rats fed either 10% or 25% protein. The digestibility for casein was 90% and 80% for single cell protein.

Os combustíveis derivados do petróleo são notadamente reconhecidos como fontes insustentáveis de energia, visto que há um empobrecimento das suas fontes, e ainda pela contribuição nas mudanças climáticas globais. Nesse cenário, os biocombustíveis aparecem como alternativa renovável frente às não-renováveis. No Brasil, a inserção de fontes renováveis na matriz energética tem crescido ao longo das últimas décadas, onde o biodiesel tem desempenhado um papel de destaque. A linha de frente da produção está centrada nos vegetais superiores e resíduos contendo óleos vegetais e animais, entretanto, estas não são as únicas fontes de matéria-prima para a fabricação do biodiesel. Microalgas oleaginosas são uma alternativa potencial que resolve, em parte, alguns dos problemas associados ao biodiesel oriundo de óleos vegetais e animais. As microalgas podem acumular significativas quantidades de lipídeos (até mais que 50% do seu peso seco) e gerar grande quantidade de biomassa, porém, não se encontram disponíveis na natureza em concentrações que suportem exploração comercial, salvo exceções. Portanto, para serem produzidas em larga escala, podem ser utilizados sistemas controlados de cultivo. Dentro desse contexto, a pesquisa foi dividida em 3 etapas que visaram atingir os seguintes objetivos: (1) Através de técnicas de axenização, purificar duas cepas de Chlorella spp. para que os resultados obtidos pudessem ser atribuídos exclusivamente à alga; (2) Estudar o comportamento de duas cepas em dois meios de cultura distintos (WC e TAP) utilizando glicose como fonte orgânica de carbono e investigar fatores físicos e químicos para otimizar a produtividade de biomassa e lipídeos em relação à esses fatores. (3) Com os fatores escolhidos e otimizados, avaliar de forma simplificada o cultivo em média escala (fotobiorreatores de 10 L). A cepa de Chlorella DAM5% 04 apresentou os melhores resultados quanto às velocidades de crescimento, e por isso foi escolhida. Para monitorar o crescimento, foram utilizadas as absorbâncias calibradas previamente por sólidos suspensos. O modelo de Gompertz foi utilizado para a modelagem do crescimento e gerou curvas e parâmetros de crescimento (amplitude, velocidades máximas específicas de crescimento e tempo de geração). A adição de glicose aos meios de cultura aumentou 4 vezes as velocidades de crescimento quando comparado ao meio WC padrão (de 0,30 UFC mL-1 dia-1 para 1,23 UFC mL-1 dia-1. A relevância da glicose no meio TAP foi em relação à biomassa produzida, que dobrou seu valor em relação ao WC e TAP padrão (de 500 mg.L-1 para 1090 mg.L-1). Na investigação dos fatores químicos, a retirada de enxofre do meio foi responsável por aumentar em mais de 7 vezes o valor da fluorescência de lipídeos neutros (de 1 u.a para 7,8 u.a.), sendo o mais eficiente. Na combinação dos fatores envolvidos, a produção de biomassa chegou ao 2000 mg.L-1, ao passo que a fluorescência de lipídeos chegou às 14 u.a. O ponto ótimo para produção de biomassa e fluorescência de lipídeos neutros encontrado pelo modelo de otimização utilizado foi de 98 mg L-1 de nitrogênio, 51 mg L-1 de fósforo, 0 mg L-1 de enxofre e 200 μmol fótons m-2 s-1 para o meio de cultura. Esses valores foram utilizados na fase posterior, o cultivo nos fotobiorreatores. Foi constatado que o airlift é mais suscetível à contaminação da cultura (comprovado microscopicamente) do que as bags, o que interferiu nos resultados. As maiores velocidades específicas de crescimento foram obtidas no reator airlift (5,77 d-1) para o cultivo com ar enriquecido em CO2 (2%), sendo de 4 a 5 vezes maiores do que as obtidas em pequena escala (tubos de ensaio). Em relação à biomassa, o cultivo no airlift apresentou 2550 mg L-1. A fluorescência de lipídeos neutros não ultrapassou 1 u.a, em todos os experimentos realizados nos fotobiorreatores, muito aquém dos valores encontrados nos tubos. / Oil-based fuels are notably recognized as unsustainable sources of energy, as their sources are impoverished, as well as their contribution to global climate change. In this scenario, biofuels appear as a renewable alternative to non-renewable ones. In Brazil, the insertion of renewable sources in the energy matrix has grown over the last decades, where biodiesel has played a prominent role. The production front line is centered on top vegetables and residues containing vegetable and animal oils, however, these are not the only sources of raw material for the production of biodiesel. Oil microalgae are a potential alternative that solves, in part, some of the problems associated with biodiesel from vegetable and animal oils. Microalgae can accumulate significant amounts of lipids (up to more than 50% of their dry weight) and generate large amounts of biomass, but are not available in nature at concentrations that support commercial exploitation, except for exceptions. Therefore, to be produced on a large scale, controlled cropping systems can be used. Within this context, the research was divided into 3 stages that aimed to achieve the following objectives: (1) Through axenization techniques, to purify two strains of Chlorella spp. So that the results obtained could be attributed exclusively to the algae; (2) To study the behavior of two strains in two different culture media (WC and TAP) using glucose as an organic carbon source and to investigate physical and chemical factors to optimize biomass and lipid productivity in relation to these factors. (3) With the chosen and optimized factors, to evaluate in a simplified way the cultivation in medium scale (10B photoboreaders). The Chlorella strain DAM5% 04 presented the best results regarding growth rates, and it was therefore chosen. To monitor growth, the absorbances previously calibrated by suspended solids were used. The Gompertz model was used for growth modeling and generated growth curves and parameters (amplitude, maximum growth speeds and generation time). The addition of glucose to the culture media increased the growth rates 4 fold compared to standard WC media (0.30 CFU mL-1 day-1 to 1.23 CFU mL-1 day-1). In the investigation of the chemical factors, the removal of sulfur from the medium was carried out in the same way as the biomass produced, which doubled its value in relation to WC and standard TAP (from 500 mgL-1 to 1090 mg L-1). Which is responsible for increasing the fluorescence value of neutral lipids by more than 7 times (from 1 ua to 7.8 ua), being the most efficient. In the combination of the factors involved, biomass production reached 2000 mg.L-1, Whereas the lipid fluorescence reached 14 ua. The optimal point for the production of biomass and fluorescence of neutral lipids found by the optimization model was 98 mg L-1 of nitrogen, 51 mg L-1 of phosphorus, 0 mg L-1 of sulfur and 200 μmol photons m-2 s-1 for the culture medium. Phase, culture in photobioreactors. It has been found that the airlift is more susceptible to contamination of the crop (microscopically proven) than bags. The highest specific growth rates were obtained in the airlift reactor (5.77 d-1) for CO2-enriched air (2%) cultivation, 4 to 5 times higher than those obtained on a small scale (test tubes). In relation to biomass, the airlift culture presented 2550 mg L-1. Neutral lipid fluorescence did not exceed 1 u.a. in all experiments performed on photobioreactors, well below the values found in the tubes.

Orientadores: Aline Carvalho da Costa, Sarita Cândida Rabelo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T15:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BayonaAyala_OlgaLucia_M.pdf: 2487047 bytes, checksum: 8b5429f4a75079995619323320d0d52c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A palha da cana-de-açúcar é um resíduo lignocelulósico que pode ser usado na produção de etanol através da hidrólise deste material e da fermentação dos açúcares resultantes. Neste trabalho, dois tipos de pré-tratamento, peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino e hidróxido de cálcio (cal), foram avaliados para aumentar a susceptibilidade da palha à hidrólise enzimática. Um planejamento experimental 2³ + configuração estrela com triplicata no ponto central para cada um dos pré-tratamentos foi elaborado considerando as variáveis tempo, temperatura e concentração do reagente no pré-tratamento como fatores e a concentração de glicose obtida após a hidrólise, em g/g de palha de cana, como resposta. As condições ótimas encontradas para o pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino foram 1 h de pré-tratamento a 60ºC, usando 0,44 mL de peróxido de hidrogênio/g de palha, em pH 11,5. A solubilização da hemicelulose e lignina foi de 83,10% e 71,85%, respectivamente. A hidrólise enzimática da palha pré-tratada nessas condições levou a um rendimento de glicose de 333 mg/g de palha bruta, equivalente a um rendimento global de 86,97% e a uma conversão na hidrólise de 90,35% quando a hidrólise enzimática foi realizada a 50ºC, pH 4,8 e em 48 h com 3% (m/m) de sólidos, empregando uma carga enzimática de 15 FPU de celulase/g de palha seca pré-tratada e 25 CBU de ?-glicosidase/g de palha seca pré-tratada. O resultado obtido após a hidrólise da palha pré-tratada com hidróxido de cálcio nas condições escolhidas como as melhores de pré-tratamento (53h, 90°C e 0,4 g cal/g palha seca) foi de 206 mg glicose/g de palha bruta, correspondendo a um rendimento de glicose global de 53,90% e conversão na hidrólise de 56,58%, quando a hidrólise foi realizada nas mesmas condições usadas para a palha pré-tratada com peróxido de hidrogênio alcalino. O pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio se mostrou mais efetivo em relação à liberação dos açúcares fermentescíveis, além de se trabalhar com uma maior concentração de sólidos quando comparado com o pré-tratamento com hidróxido de cálcio (15% (m/m) e 4% (m/m), respectivamente) / Abstract: The sugarcane straw is a lignocellulosic waste that can be used to increase the production of ethanol through hydrolysis of this material and fermentation of the sugars produced. In this work, the conditions of two pretreatments, alkaline hydrogen peroxide and calcium hydroxide (lime), were evaluated to enhance the susceptibility of sugarcane straw to enzymatic hydrolysis. A 2³ + central composite design was performed considering pretreatment time, temperature and reagent concentration in the pretreatment as factors and glucose concentration after hydrolysis, in g/g bagasse, as the response. The optimal conditions for the pretreatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide were 1 h of pretreatment at 60 °C using 0.44 mL (0.65 g) hydrogen peroxide/g straw, at pH 11.5. At these conditions the solubilization of hemicellulose and lignin were of 83.10% and 71.85%, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the pretreated straw led to a glucose global yield of 86.97% and to hydrolysis conversion of 90.35% when enzymatic hydrolysis was performed at 50 °C, pH 4.8 and 48 hours with 3% (w/w) solids and 15 FPU cellulase / g pretreated straw and 25 CBU ?-glucosidase/g pretreated straw. The best results after hydrolysis of straw pretreated with lime in the chosen pretreatment conditions (53.07 h, 90 °C and lime concentration of 0 4 (g/g) dry straw) was of 206 mg glucose/g of raw straw, corresponding to an overall yield of 53.9% and hydrolysis conversion 56,58% when hydrolysis was performed in the same conditions used for peroxide pretreated straw. The alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment was more effective in the release of fermentable sugars, besides working with higher solids concentration as compared with lime pretreatment (15% (w/w) and 4% (w/w), respectively) / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Abstract In northernmost Fennoscandia, grazing by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) has a substantial impact on the vegetation of boreal forests and arctic-alpine tundra heaths, which are reflected in below-ground processes, such as nutrient mineralization and soil organic matter decomposition. In the present thesis, the effects of reindeer grazing on soil nutrient cycling were studied by comparing grazed situation with an ungrazed control area in ten boreal forests and six arctic-alpine tundra heaths. In boreal forests, reindeer grazing reduced microbial respiration in both the oligotrophic and mesotrophic study areas, indicating a deficiency of labile substrates for the soil microbes due to reindeer grazing. Simultaneously, there was heterogeneity in the impact on nitrogen mineralization rates as at some sites, mineralization was enhanced by grazing. The fertilization effect of urine and faeces can therefore be strong enough a factor to outweigh a reduction in quality of soil organic matter. In the oligotrophic forests, low soil moisture content in the grazed areas could sometimes limit the mineralization rates even when the potential for mineralization was enhanced by grazing. In the tundra ecosystems, there was spatial variation in the impact of grazing on microbial respiration and nitrogen mineralization. Low grazing intensity occurring outside the growing season had a retarding impact on nutrient cycling in both unfertilized, nutrient-poor and fertilized, nutrient-rich conditions. In contrast, a relatively high grazing intensity enhanced the mineralization rates in two nutrient-poor and two nutrient-rich tundra heaths. When three different grazing intensities were compared in one oceanic, nutrient-rich and one continental, nutrient-poor tundra heath, the strongest positive effect of grazing on soil nutrient cycling occurred in the heavily grazed areas. The data do not support the assumption that soil nutrient availability regulates whether herbivores enhance or retard nutrient cycling in the soil. Instead, the net effect of grazing is determined by the balance between the underlying mechanisms that may work at opposite directions. The most important of these mechanisms are the grazer-mediated impact on the decomposability of the dominant vegetation and fertilization by urine and faeces. The duration, intensity and seasonal timing of the grazing seem to be important factors that regulate whether reindeer grazing enhances or retards soil nutrient cycling in each specific area. Due to the high spatial and temporal variation in the effects of grazing observed in this study, it is not possible to generalize the overall impact of grazing. Further study is required in order to determine the exact conditions under which grazing enhances or it retards soil nutrient cycling.

The proposed Sustainable Energy Model is based on rice husk and the development of briquettes made from agricultural waste, which will increase efficiency in the domestic sector, and potentially replace conventional polluting fuels such as firewood. Large volumes of rice husks from millers are found scattered in rural agricultural areas of the San Martin region of Peru, where people are exposed daily to the emissions of polluting gases produced by burning these wastes, causing respiratory and lung diseases. Despite present circumstances, this waste has a great energetic potential that is not yet used by society, representing an opportunity to encourage socioenvironmental development and generate added value to the husk. Based on a compaction and drying process, briquettes were obtained with 4,040 kcal / kg of heat power and 80.39% combustion efficiency, allowing the little use of biofuel compared to firewood, and consequently, the utilization of this biofuel would reduce levels of deforestation. In contrast to similar projects, the sustainability of an energetic model of briquette production will be achieved when economic, environmental and social aspects are met, developing clean technologies and an efficient supply chain, from the supply of the husk to the commercialization of briquettes

There is increasing concern regarding alternative, sustainable energy sources, such as biofuels, to replace declining oil reserves. The abundance of lignocellulosic biomass makes it the only imaginable resource that can potentially substitute a substantial portion of the fossil fuels we use today, but current methods for producing biofuels from non-food crops are cost intensive and not economically viable. Synthetic biology provides several potential approaches for developing biologically mediated processes for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into biofuels. Such systems are based on engineered microbes that produce enzymes for catalysing the conversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars and subsequently into high value products. Effective degradation of cellulose requires multiple classes of enzyme working together. In naturally occurring cellulose degrading microbes, bioconversion is catalysed by a battery of enzymes with different catalytic properties. However, naturally occurring cellulases with multiple catalytic domains seem to be rather rare in known cellulose-degrading organisms. Using synthetic biology approaches, seven cellulases with multiple catalytic domains were engineered and tested to determine the usefulness of such chimeric enzymes to replace cloning of multiple enzymes for biomass conversion. Catalytic domains were taken from Cellulomonas fimi endoglucanases CenA, CenB and CenD, exoglucanase Cex, and β-glucosidase, Cfbglu as well as Cytophaga hutchinsonii cellodextrinase CHU2268. All fusions retained both catalytic activities of the parental enzymes. To investigate the benefits of fusion, Citrobacter freundii NCIMB11490 was transformed with either fused or non-fused enzymes and cultured with cellulose blotting papers as main carbon source. Cells expressing fusions of Cex with CenA or CenD reproducibly showed higher growth than cells expressing non-fused versions, as well as more rapid physical destruction of paper. The opposite was observed for the other combinations. Comparing two different Cex and CenA fusions, CxnA2, which contains two carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs), degraded filter paper faster and led to better growth than CxnA1, which contains only one CBM. It was observed that CxnA1 was exported to the supernatant of E. coli and C. freundii cultures, as also seen for Cex and CenA, although there is no clear biological mechanism for this. Monitoring of growth using colony counts is laborious, but the use of optical density is not possible for cellulose-based cultures as it is affected by the insoluble cellulose particles. The SYBR Green I/propidium iodide live/dead staining protocol was therefore evaluated for growth measurements and was found to allow rapid measurements of large numbers of samples. In conclusion, these studies have demonstrated a simple and useful method for making chimeric proteins from libraries of multiple parts. The results demonstrate that use of fusion proteins can improve biomass conversion in vivo, and could potentially reduce the necessity for cloning of multiple enzymes and improve product yields. A simple and effective method for monitoring growth of bacteria in turbid cultures using a fluorimeter has also been developed.

We present joint analyses of satellite-observed combustion products to examine bulk characteristics of combustion in megacities and fire regions. We use retrievals of CO, NO2 and CO2 from NASA/Terra Measurement of Pollution In The Troposphere, NASA/Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument, and JAXA Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite to estimate atmospheric enhancements of these co-emitted species based on their spatiotemporal variability (spread, sigma) within 14 regions dominated by combustion emissions. We find that patterns in sigma(XCO)/sigma(XCO2) and sigma(XCO)/sigma(XNO2) are able to distinguish between combustion types across the globe. These patterns show distinct groupings for biomass burning and the developing/developed status of a region that are not well represented in global emissions inventories. We show here that such multi-species analyses can provide constraints on emission inventories, and be useful in monitoring trends and understanding regional-scale combustion.