Submitted by Maria Aparecida (cidazen@gmail.com) on 2017-07-31T14:17:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssyca Wan Lume da Silva Godinho.pdf: 1739359 bytes, checksum: 0af1aff824af11b4f673e69280e7d6ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-31T14:17:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jéssyca Wan Lume da Silva Godinho.pdf: 1739359 bytes, checksum: 0af1aff824af11b4f673e69280e7d6ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-22 / CAPES / The increasing rise in the consumption of plants and / or their products as therapeutic resources has stimulated the regulation of the use of Phytotherapy. But the offer of this therapy requires the guarantee of the access of the population to quality products, through the validation studies of the species. In this sense, the ethnobiological (ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological) studies have provided important subsidies, which allow the investigation of the vegetal resources used therapeutically by the population. Also noteworthy are to develop chemical studies, which provide important parameters for quality control from the raw material to the final product for dispensing. Thus, this study aims at ethnopharmacological and chemical analysis of Attalea speciosa Mart. Ex Spreng. (Babaçu), because it represents a plant species of great occurrence in the state of Maranhão, widely used popularly for several therapeutic purposes, aiming at an effective contribution in the validation of the species. The ethnopharmacological approach through semi-structured interviews allowed us to verify that Attalea speciosa represents a plant species widely used in the study sample for therapeutic purposes, especially for women over 57 years of age, with the use of a fortifier being predominant. To carry out the chemical study, the mesocarp of babaçu, acquired in Arari and Esperantinópolis (Maranhão) and Fortaleza (Ceará), representing the Amazon, Cerrado and Caatinga biomes respectively, was submitted to standard extraction to obtain hydroalcoholic extracts of babassu), Followed by reactions of phytochemical characterization, through chromatographic methods and chemical reactions. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of phenolic compounds, saponins, condensed tannins, steroids, flavonoids and catechins. The presence of the substances rutin, myricitrin, isoquercetin, vitexin, catechin and, with emphasis, the epicatechin, were evidenced by thin layer chromatography (CCD) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an ultraviolet detector (CLAE-UV-Vis). The analysis of socioeconomic data evidenced a difference between the profile pertinent to the users of plants for medicinal purposes and those of those who make therapeutic use of babassu, besides therapeutic uses of the metabolic and nutritional categories. The chemical profile revealed similarity to the extracts of the babassu mesocarp from different biomes, suggesting epicatechin as an analytical marker for the species. / A crescente ascensão no consumo de plantas e/ou seus produtos derivados como recursos terapêuticos, tem estimulado a regulamentação do uso da Fitoterapia. Mas a oferta dessa terapêutica exige a garantia do acesso da população a produtos de qualidade, através dos estudos de validação das espécies. Nesse sentido, os estudos etnodirigidos (etnobotânicos e etnofarmacológicos) têm fornecido importantes subsídios, que possibilitam a investigação dos recursos vegetais empregados terapeuticamente pela população. Destacam-se, ainda, o desenvolvimento dos estudos químicos, que fornecem parâmetros importantes para o controle de qualidade desde a matéria prima até o produto final para dispensação. Assim, este estudo objetiva realizar análise etnofarmacológica e química de Attalea speciosa Mart. ex Spreng. (babaçu), por representar espécie vegetal de grande ocorrência no estado do Maranhão, largamente empregada popularmente para diversos fins terapêuticos, visando contribuição efetiva na validação da espécie. A abordagem etnofarmacológica através de entrevistas semiestruturadas permitiu constatarmos que Attalea speciosa representa espécie vegetal amplamente empregada na amostra em estudo para fins terapêuticos, especialmente por mulheres acima de 57 anos, predominando a concordância do uso como fortificante. Para realização do estudo químico, o mesocarpo de babaçu, adquirido em Arari e Esperantinópolis (Maranhão) e em Fortaleza (Ceará), representando respectivamente os biomas Amazônia, Cerrado e Caatinga, foi submetido à extração padronizada para obtenção dos extratos hidroalcoólicos de babaçu (EHB), seguido de reações de caracterização fitoquímica, através de métodos cromatográficos e de reações químicas. No screening fitoquímico foi confirmada presença de compostos fenólicos, saponinas, taninos condensados, esteroides, flavononois e catequinas. Pela cromatografia em camada delgada (CCD) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada a detector de Ultravioleta (CLAE-UV-Vis) foi evidenciada a presença das substâncias rutina, miricitrina, isoquercetina, vitexina, catequina e, com destaque, a epicatequina. A análise dos dados socioeconômicos evidenciou diferença entre o perfil pertinente aos usuários de plantas para fins medicinais e o daqueles que fazem uso terapêutico do babaçu, além de usos terapêuticos das categorias metabólicas e nutricionais. O perfil químico revelou semelhança para os extratos do mesocarpo de babaçu oriundo de diferentes biomas, sugerindo epicatequina como marcador analítico para a espécie.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / There have been increasing calls to monitor Groundwater-Dependent Ecosystems (GDEs) more effectively, since they are biodiversity hotspots that provide several ecosystem services. The accurate monitoring of GDEs is an indispensable under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15, because it promotes the existence of phreatophytes. It is imperative to monitoring GDEs, since their ecological significance (e.g., as biodiversity hotspots) is not well understood in most environments they exist. For example, vegetation diversity in GDEs requires routine monitoring, to conserve their biodiversity status and to preserve the ecosystem services in these environments. Such monitoring requires robust measures and techniques, particularly in arid environments threatened by groundwater over–abstraction, landcover and climate change. Although in–situ methods are reliable, they are challenging to use in extensive transboundary groundwater resources such as the Khakea-Bray Transboundary Aquifer.

Certaines lignées de plantes tendent à rester dans le même biome au cours du temps (conservatisme de biome), tandis que d’autres semblent s’adapter plus facilement à de nouveaux biomes (changements de biome). Les ~396 espèces (14 genres) de la sous-famille des Cercidoideae se retrouvent dans plusieurs biomes à travers le monde, en particulier dans les régions tropicales de l’Amérique du Sud, de l’Asie et de l’Afrique. Ces espèces diffèrent aussi au niveau de leur port, pouvant être des arbres, arbustes, lianes ou herbacées. Après avoir établi une liste révisée d’espèces de la sous-famille, incluant tous les synonymes connus et leurs noms acceptés, des données d’occurrence ont été téléchargées depuis le Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) et d’autres bases de données d’herbiers. Après avoir nettoyé les données d’occurrences, des cartes de répartition des espèces ont été produites. Ces cartes ont été comparées avec des cartes publiées de biomes tropicaux afin d’attribuer chaque espèce à un biome et à un continent. Les biomes de forêt tropicale humide (179 espèces), de savane (117 espèces), succulent (65 espèces) et tempéré (7 espèces et sous-espèces) ont été identifiés comme importants pour décrire la répartition globale des Cercidoideae, avec plusieurs espèces se trouvant dans plus d’un biome. Après avoir reconstruit une phylogénie calibrée dans le temps, nous avons effectué des estimations de caractères ancestraux afin d’évaluer le nombre et la direction des changements de biome, de port et de continent. Les analyses suggèrent que plusieurs changements de biomes ont eu lieu dans l’histoire évolutive de la sous-famille, les changements du biome succulent à la forêt tropicale humide et de la forêt tropicale humide à la savane étant les plus communs, tandis qu’il n’y avait aucun changement depuis la savane. Sept changements de port ont eu lieu, dont trois qui sont associés à des changements de biome (un est caractéristique du genre Tylosema (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc., un du genre Lysiphyllum (Benth.) de Wit et un de l’espèce Phanera retusa Benth.). Les analyses montrent aussi que les changements de biomes tendent à avoir lieu au sein d’un même continent et que les dispersions vers de nouveaux continents tendent à se produire au sein d’un même biome. Par contraste avec d’autres sous-familles de légumineuses plus conservées au niveau des biomes, les changements fréquents observés au sein des Cercidoideae suggèrent une capacité d’adaptation à des environnements significativement différents à travers le temps. / Some plant lineages remain within the same biome over time (biome conservatism), whereas others seem to adapt more easily to new biomes (biome shifts). The ~396 species (14 genera) in subfamily Cercidoideae of Leguminosae (Fabaceae) are found in many biomes around the world, particularly in the tropical regions of South America, Asia and Africa, and display a variety of habits/growth forms (small trees, shrubs, lianas and herbs). After establishing an updated expert-verified species list, including all known synonyms and their accepted names, we downloaded and cleaned occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and other herbarium databases to produce species distribution maps. These maps were compared with existing biome maps to attribute species to biomes and continents. Rainforest (179 species), savanna (117 species), succulent (65 species) and temperate (7 species and subspecies) biomes were found to be important in describing the global distribution of Cercidoideae, with many species occurring in multiple biomes. After reconstructing a time-calibrated phylogeny, we performed ancestral state reconstructions to evaluate the number and direction of shifts in biome, habit and continents. Analyses suggest multiple biome shifts throughout the phylogeny, shifts from succulent to rainforest and from rainforest to savanna being the most common, while no shifts were observed from the savanna. Seven shifts in habit occurred, of which at least three were associated with biome shifts (one subtends the genus Tylosema (Schweinf.) Torre & Hillc., one subtends the genus Lysiphyllum (Benth.) de Wit and one occurs in Phanera retusa Benth.). Analyses also show that biome shifts tend to occur within the same continent and that dispersals to new continents tend to occur within the same biome. In contrast to other more biome-conserved legume subfamilies, the frequent shifts observed in Cercidoideae suggest ability for adaptation to significantly different environments through time.

O presente estudo de caso teve como objetivo específico investigar se ocorrem as manifestações do Conhecimento Pedagógico do Conteúdo (PCK), conforme modelo proposto por Rollnick e colaboradores, sobre o tema Biomas do estado de São Paulo, de uma participante do PIBID desenvolvido no IB-USP. Tal licencianda fez parte de um grupo que desenvolveu e aplicou uma sequência didática, durante um ano de PIBID. Utilizou-se como fonte de dados as transcrições de reuniões de planejamento e das aplicações das atividades em sala de aula, bem como dois instrumentos respondidos pela licencianda: um CoRe (Representação do Conteúdo) e um questionário. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, tendo como categorias a priori as manifestações: Saliência Curricular (SC), Estratégias instrucionais de um tópico específico (EI), Representações (R) e Avaliação (A). Optamos por desenvolver nossas análises e discussões a partir das ideias principais listadas no CoRe pela própria licencianda, sendo elas: (1) Diversidade, (2) Adaptações e (3) Fluxo de energia-cadeia trófica. Para a Ideia 1, verificou-se um destaque para identificação e reconhecimento da biodiversidade dos biomas Mata Atlântica, Cerrado e Mangue, bem como sua relação com os fatores abióticos. Ainda, ocorreu uma preocupação central com aspectos ligados a conservação de tais biomas (SC). Ocorreu o uso efetivo de aula expositiva dialogada como principal estratégia (EI). A licencianda aproveitou analogias interessantes trazidas pelos estudantes para desenvolver suas explicações (R). Utilizou-se instrumentos tradicionais de avaliação, porém incorporou-se de forma bastante contundente a avaliação diagnóstica (A). Já para a Ideia 2, observamos foco na Mata Atlântica e no Cerrado, destacando-se adaptações de organismos animais e vegetais aos locais em que vivem. A questão das adaptações às queimas no Cerrado esteve muito presente, bem como as adaptações das folhas e sementes das plantas que ocupam os biomas citados (SC). A aula expositiva dialogada ainda foi central, apesar de ser incrementada com demonstrações, incluindo material biológico. Um grande destaque foi dado ao trabalho de campo (EI). Foram destacadas relações entre tipos de sementes diferentes e seus respectivos tipos de dispersão (R). A avaliação diagnóstica continuou em destaque, bem como a lição de casa. Além de instrumentos mais tradicionais, debates foram destacados como uma possível forma de avaliação (A). Finalmente, para Ideia 3, tratou-se sobre a estrutura básica das cadeias tróficas e os mecanismos de fluxo de energia, porém destacando sua importância para a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico nos biomas (SC). As estratégias foram bastante variadas, como uso de jogo e construção de página no Facebook (EI). Representações foram incorporadas ao jogo didático (R). As discussões foram destacadas como formas possíveis de avaliação (A). Em uma auto avaliação, a licencianda destacou sua participação no PIBID como uma experiência valiosa para sua formação docente. Pudemos notar que conhecimentos relativos aos Alunos e ao Contexto foram mobilizados ao longo da participação no PIBID. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa demonstrou a presença das manifestações de PCK da licencianda ao participar do PIBID, evidenciando que a imersão nas atividades práticas proposta em tal programa possibilitou à licencianda mobilizar seus conhecimentos docentes, embora ainda exista um longo caminho a ser percorrido nessa profissão, que envolve aprendizado contínuo / The present case study aimed to investigate the occurrence of the manifestations of the Pedagogical Knowledge of Content (PCK), according to the model proposed by Rollnick and colleagues, on the theme Biomes of the state of São Paulo, of a PIBID participant, when developing activities during the program developed at IB-USP. This participant was part of a group of undergraduates who elaborated and applied a didactic sequence during a year of PIBID. We used as data source the transcription of planning meetings and application of classroom activities, as well as a CoRe (Content Representation) and an online questioner. The data were evaluated using content analysis, using manifestations as a priori categories: Curricular Salience (CS), Topic specific instructional strategies (S), Representations (R) and Assessment (A). We chose to develop our analyzes based on the main ideas listed in CoRe by the licensee, being: Diversity, Adaptations and Energy flow-trophic chain. About Idea 1, there was a highlight for the identification and recognition of the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Mangrove biomes, as well as its relationship with the abiotic factors. Also, there was a central concern with aspects related to the conservation of the biomes (CS). The use of expository teaching as a main strategy occurred, however in a dialogic form (S). The undergraduate student used interesting analogies, brought by the basic education students, to develop their explanations (R). Traditional assessment instruments were used, but the diagnostic assessment was incorporated in a very strong way (A). About Idea 2, we observed the focus on Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, addressing the issue adaptations of animals and plants to the environment where they live. The adaptations to burning in Cerrado was a very presented issue, as well as the adaptations of the leaves and seeds (CS). The dialogic expository teaching was still a central strategy. However, it was complemented using demonstrations, including biological material. A strong highlight was given to field work (S). The relationships among several types of seeds and their respective types of dispersion were highlighted (R). Diagnostic assessment continued to be used, as well as homework. In addition to more traditional instruments, debates were pointed as a possible assessment strategy (A). Finally, for Idea 3, the basic structure of the trophic chains and the mechanisms of energy flow were discussed. Additionally, the energy flow importance for maintaining the ecological balance in the biomes was highlighted (CS). There was a variety of instructional strategies, such as the use of a didactic game and Facebook page construction (S). Representations were incorporated into the didactic game (R). The discussions were highlighted as possible forms of assessment (A). In a self-assessment, the undergraduate student that was the subject of the present investigation highlighted her participation in PIBID as a valuable experience for her teacher training. We noted that knowledge about the Students and the Context was mobilized throughout the participation in PIBID. In conclusion, the present research demonstrated the presence of PCK manifestations of the undergraduate student during her participation in PIBID, showing that the immersion in the practical activities proposed by this program enabled the student to mobilize teachers\' knowledge, although there is still a long way of development related with this profession, which involves continuous learning

Anuros há muito tempo são conhecidos como portadores de tripanossomas em todo o mundo. Esses tripanossomas são transmitidos por sanguessugas e insetos hematófagos. Nenhum levantamento foi feito na América do Sul. A taxonomia tradicional resulta em identificações não confiáveis desses tripanossomas, a diversidade genética foi pouco investigada e o a filogenético é pouco conhecida. Neste estudo mostramos grande prevalência e marcada diversidade molecular e morfológica entre tripanossomas de várias espécies de anuros da Amazônia, Floresta Atlântica e Pantanal. O relacionamento filogenético inferido entre tripanossomas do Brasil, América do Norte, Europa e África revelou 5 clados de isolados de anuros. Um deles contem isolados de anuros e flebotomíneos, sugerindo que esses insetos possam ser vetores de tripanossomas de anuros. Em geral, os dados mostraram certo grau de associação entre clados de isolados e filogeografia de anuros e sugeriram que trocas de hospedeiros e adaptação ecológica desempenharam um papel importante na história evolutiva desses tripanossomas. / Amphibians of the order Anura have long been known to be infected with trypanosomes worldwide, infecting frogs and toads and transmitted by leeches and insects. No surveys were carried out in South American anurans. Traditional taxonomy renders unreliable identification of these trypanosomes, genetic diversity was poorly investigated and phylogenetic relationships are far from be understood. In this study, we showed high prevalence and marked morphological and molecular diversity among trypanosomes from several species from Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal. Phylogenetic relationships inferred among trypanosomes from Brazil, North America, Europe and Africa disclosed 5 major clades of anuran isolates. One clade contains anuran and sand fly isolates, suggesting that these insects can be vectors of anuran trypanosomes. In general, data showed a certain degree of association between clades of isolates and anuran phylogeography and suggested that host switching and ecological fitting also play a role in the evolutionary history of these trypanosomes.

Anuros há muito tempo são conhecidos como portadores de tripanossomas em todo o mundo. Esses tripanossomas são transmitidos por sanguessugas e insetos hematófagos. Nenhum levantamento foi feito na América do Sul. A taxonomia tradicional resulta em identificações não confiáveis desses tripanossomas, a diversidade genética foi pouco investigada e o a filogenético é pouco conhecida. Neste estudo mostramos grande prevalência e marcada diversidade molecular e morfológica entre tripanossomas de várias espécies de anuros da Amazônia, Floresta Atlântica e Pantanal. O relacionamento filogenético inferido entre tripanossomas do Brasil, América do Norte, Europa e África revelou 5 clados de isolados de anuros. Um deles contem isolados de anuros e flebotomíneos, sugerindo que esses insetos possam ser vetores de tripanossomas de anuros. Em geral, os dados mostraram certo grau de associação entre clados de isolados e filogeografia de anuros e sugeriram que trocas de hospedeiros e adaptação ecológica desempenharam um papel importante na história evolutiva desses tripanossomas. / Amphibians of the order Anura have long been known to be infected with trypanosomes worldwide, infecting frogs and toads and transmitted by leeches and insects. No surveys were carried out in South American anurans. Traditional taxonomy renders unreliable identification of these trypanosomes, genetic diversity was poorly investigated and phylogenetic relationships are far from be understood. In this study, we showed high prevalence and marked morphological and molecular diversity among trypanosomes from several species from Amazonia, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal. Phylogenetic relationships inferred among trypanosomes from Brazil, North America, Europe and Africa disclosed 5 major clades of anuran isolates. One clade contains anuran and sand fly isolates, suggesting that these insects can be vectors of anuran trypanosomes. In general, data showed a certain degree of association between clades of isolates and anuran phylogeography and suggested that host switching and ecological fitting also play a role in the evolutionary history of these trypanosomes.

O presente estudo de caso teve como objetivo específico investigar se ocorrem as manifestações do Conhecimento Pedagógico do Conteúdo (PCK), conforme modelo proposto por Rollnick e colaboradores, sobre o tema Biomas do estado de São Paulo, de uma participante do PIBID desenvolvido no IB-USP. Tal licencianda fez parte de um grupo que desenvolveu e aplicou uma sequência didática, durante um ano de PIBID. Utilizou-se como fonte de dados as transcrições de reuniões de planejamento e das aplicações das atividades em sala de aula, bem como dois instrumentos respondidos pela licencianda: um CoRe (Representação do Conteúdo) e um questionário. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo, tendo como categorias a priori as manifestações: Saliência Curricular (SC), Estratégias instrucionais de um tópico específico (EI), Representações (R) e Avaliação (A). Optamos por desenvolver nossas análises e discussões a partir das ideias principais listadas no CoRe pela própria licencianda, sendo elas: (1) Diversidade, (2) Adaptações e (3) Fluxo de energia-cadeia trófica. Para a Ideia 1, verificou-se um destaque para identificação e reconhecimento da biodiversidade dos biomas Mata Atlântica, Cerrado e Mangue, bem como sua relação com os fatores abióticos. Ainda, ocorreu uma preocupação central com aspectos ligados a conservação de tais biomas (SC). Ocorreu o uso efetivo de aula expositiva dialogada como principal estratégia (EI). A licencianda aproveitou analogias interessantes trazidas pelos estudantes para desenvolver suas explicações (R). Utilizou-se instrumentos tradicionais de avaliação, porém incorporou-se de forma bastante contundente a avaliação diagnóstica (A). Já para a Ideia 2, observamos foco na Mata Atlântica e no Cerrado, destacando-se adaptações de organismos animais e vegetais aos locais em que vivem. A questão das adaptações às queimas no Cerrado esteve muito presente, bem como as adaptações das folhas e sementes das plantas que ocupam os biomas citados (SC). A aula expositiva dialogada ainda foi central, apesar de ser incrementada com demonstrações, incluindo material biológico. Um grande destaque foi dado ao trabalho de campo (EI). Foram destacadas relações entre tipos de sementes diferentes e seus respectivos tipos de dispersão (R). A avaliação diagnóstica continuou em destaque, bem como a lição de casa. Além de instrumentos mais tradicionais, debates foram destacados como uma possível forma de avaliação (A). Finalmente, para Ideia 3, tratou-se sobre a estrutura básica das cadeias tróficas e os mecanismos de fluxo de energia, porém destacando sua importância para a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico nos biomas (SC). As estratégias foram bastante variadas, como uso de jogo e construção de página no Facebook (EI). Representações foram incorporadas ao jogo didático (R). As discussões foram destacadas como formas possíveis de avaliação (A). Em uma auto avaliação, a licencianda destacou sua participação no PIBID como uma experiência valiosa para sua formação docente. Pudemos notar que conhecimentos relativos aos Alunos e ao Contexto foram mobilizados ao longo da participação no PIBID. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa demonstrou a presença das manifestações de PCK da licencianda ao participar do PIBID, evidenciando que a imersão nas atividades práticas proposta em tal programa possibilitou à licencianda mobilizar seus conhecimentos docentes, embora ainda exista um longo caminho a ser percorrido nessa profissão, que envolve aprendizado contínuo / The present case study aimed to investigate the occurrence of the manifestations of the Pedagogical Knowledge of Content (PCK), according to the model proposed by Rollnick and colleagues, on the theme Biomes of the state of São Paulo, of a PIBID participant, when developing activities during the program developed at IB-USP. This participant was part of a group of undergraduates who elaborated and applied a didactic sequence during a year of PIBID. We used as data source the transcription of planning meetings and application of classroom activities, as well as a CoRe (Content Representation) and an online questioner. The data were evaluated using content analysis, using manifestations as a priori categories: Curricular Salience (CS), Topic specific instructional strategies (S), Representations (R) and Assessment (A). We chose to develop our analyzes based on the main ideas listed in CoRe by the licensee, being: Diversity, Adaptations and Energy flow-trophic chain. About Idea 1, there was a highlight for the identification and recognition of the biodiversity of the Atlantic Forest, Cerrado and Mangrove biomes, as well as its relationship with the abiotic factors. Also, there was a central concern with aspects related to the conservation of the biomes (CS). The use of expository teaching as a main strategy occurred, however in a dialogic form (S). The undergraduate student used interesting analogies, brought by the basic education students, to develop their explanations (R). Traditional assessment instruments were used, but the diagnostic assessment was incorporated in a very strong way (A). About Idea 2, we observed the focus on Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, addressing the issue adaptations of animals and plants to the environment where they live. The adaptations to burning in Cerrado was a very presented issue, as well as the adaptations of the leaves and seeds (CS). The dialogic expository teaching was still a central strategy. However, it was complemented using demonstrations, including biological material. A strong highlight was given to field work (S). The relationships among several types of seeds and their respective types of dispersion were highlighted (R). Diagnostic assessment continued to be used, as well as homework. In addition to more traditional instruments, debates were pointed as a possible assessment strategy (A). Finally, for Idea 3, the basic structure of the trophic chains and the mechanisms of energy flow were discussed. Additionally, the energy flow importance for maintaining the ecological balance in the biomes was highlighted (CS). There was a variety of instructional strategies, such as the use of a didactic game and Facebook page construction (S). Representations were incorporated into the didactic game (R). The discussions were highlighted as possible forms of assessment (A). In a self-assessment, the undergraduate student that was the subject of the present investigation highlighted her participation in PIBID as a valuable experience for her teacher training. We noted that knowledge about the Students and the Context was mobilized throughout the participation in PIBID. In conclusion, the present research demonstrated the presence of PCK manifestations of the undergraduate student during her participation in PIBID, showing that the immersion in the practical activities proposed by this program enabled the student to mobilize teachers\' knowledge, although there is still a long way of development related with this profession, which involves continuous learning

This study records all known legume (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) species indigenous to South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland to establish distribution patterns and optimum climatic and soil conditions for growth. The main purpose was to propose a list of legume species for further evaluation of their pasture potential. Collection data supplied by the National Herbarium (PRE) Computerised Information System were recorded to establish the distribution patterns of species based on the bioregions vegetation map. A total of 1 654 species are known to be indigenous, representing 24 tribes and 122 genera. The grouping of legume species into five main clusters and 16 Leguminochoria is ecologically described, with the highest legume species richness found in the Northern Mistbelt Forest. Key and diagnostic species are provided for each Leguminochorion. Soil pH and mean annual minimum temperature were found to be the main drivers for distinguishing between legume assemblages. The optimum climatic and soil conditions for growth are described as well as the available descriptive attributes for species recorded. Information on the range of tolerance of most species to abiotic factors is presented. Mean annual rainfall and soil pH are highly correlated with the distribution pattern of most species, followed by mean annual minimum temperature. Legume species adapted to a wide range of soil pH levels and low soil phosphorus levels are recorded. Existing data on the cultivation and grazing or browsing status of indigenous legumes were used to select 584 species found mainly in the Central Bushveld, Mopane and Lowveld Bioregions to be further evaluated for their pasture potential. Known characteristics were used to categorise species. Species contained in the tribe Phaseoleae are of special interest since it contains most of the genera with present-day agricultural value, i.e. Eriosema, Rhynchosia and Vigna species are listed as having high potential as pasture species. This study has shown that the descriptive and distribution data accumulated by botanists (notably taxonomists) could be of beneficial use in meeting agricultural objectives. Indigenous legumes are adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions and represent a valuable but largely unexploited natural resource for pasture development and soil conservation practices. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Science / unrestricted

In this diploma thesis I tried to show in a way understandable to high school students, how the landscape of Atlantic Europe changes from north to south. I have created a handbook, that can be used in lessons, called: From North to South: A Picture Guide to the forest habitats of Atlantic Europe. In that handbook, we can follow the landscape change on the profile pictures made in 50 kilometres distances. The pictures are complemented by a textbook on Europe's biomes with a climatic specification, characteristic plants and animals and their relationships to the given environment, and the role of a man in these biomes. The main text is supplemented by an interesting information given separately in boxes. In the second part of the thesis I focused on using my handbook in teaching. I have proposed several ideas that can serve as an inspiration for teachers. This guide tries to make an interdisciplinary link between biology and geography lessons, that will enable students to realize the continual changes among particular biomes in Europe. KEYWORDS biomes, landscape, Atlantic Europe, natural habitats, biology, geography

Climate types, biome types, and soil orders are commonly used among physical geographers in research and to describe natural environmental characteristics. However, little attempt has been made to quantify the percentage of global land surface that is covered by combinations of climate types, biomes, and soil orders. This research overlays a world map of 31 climate types produced based on the Köppen-Geiger criteria using gridded NCAR/NCEP reanalysis monthly mean surface air temperature and precipitation data from 1981 to 2010 with global maps of eight biomes adapted from World Wildlife Federation and 12 soil orders from United States Natural Resources Conservation Service. Areas covered by each of the 2976 combinations are then calculated. Results suggest that, as expected, a few climate/biome/soil combinations are most common, such as desert climate/desert biome/entisols, tundra climate/tundra biome/gelisols, and desert climate/desert biome/aridisols. The local nature of soil properties causes small enclaves of unexpected combinations of climate, biome, and soils, and the 10 most extensive climate/biome/soil combinations occupy only one-quarter of the global land surface. The strong correspondence between climate and biome types validates the Köppen-Geiger criteria for categorizing climates based on vegetation realms, even today, despite the general paucity of data available when the criteria were established.