Thesis (doktorgrades)--Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [225-239) and index.

This thesis examines the application of international law to the uses of agricultural crop plants termed plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. In particular, it asks the question, does international law regulate the use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture so as to enable equity among nations in accessing these resources and sharing the benefits which arise from them? In answering this question this thesis will also consider several related issues which have arisen in the course of the international debate on this topic. These resources are closely entwined with the lives and livelihoods of certain categories of peoples such as indigenous peoples and farmers and local communities. In addition, they are critical for the economies, agricultural systems and food security of nations. The thesis question will not be considered in the abstract, but will rather be placed against the background of these issues, which will be continuously used to put the legal discourse into perspective. The legal analysis will focus on five international agreements which directly or indirectly regulate the use of crop plants. These five agreements are placed in two broad categories, i.e. environmental/conservation agreements and trade and property related agreements. The first category includes the Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992 and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture of the Food and Agriculture Organisation of 2001. The second category includes the Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants of 1991, the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights of 1994, and several treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organisation. In addition, since the topic raises issues of rights, certain human rights treaties and documents will also be used in the analysis. The current international conflict over plant genetic resources can be condensed into one of rights, human rights and property rights. The international treaties cited above have all contextualized the issue within a framework of property rights, setting out mechanisms for different forms of legal control of these resources. This thesis will argue that whatever the form and nature of such property rights, they cannot achieve equity in the use of crop plants. Rather the use of such rights results in violations of human rights.

This thesis analyses the struggle over rights to benefits and ownership of plant genetic resources and the global regime complex on the management of plant genetic resources, and how different regimes concerning these resources cooperate or stand in opposition to each other. Because of changes in US patent law and the establishment of TRIPS, patent claims over plant genetic resources has increased dramatically globally. This, amongst other things, in turn has lead to the acrimonious negotiations of access and benefit sharing arrangements within the framework CBD. The objective of this thesis is to examine the interaction between the international regimes regulating genetic resources and intellectual property and to analyse how these regime interactions, affect the protection of traditional knowledge held by local communities, indigenous peoples and small farmers in developing countries. The thesis concludes that it exists several regime interactions that are disruptive and undermine the possibility of protecting traditional knowledge from misappropriation. It is further concluded that modifications of the existing IPR regimes, on the disclosure of inventions, with a certificate of legal provenance, securing FPIC, MAT and benefit sharing, may serve as one brick in the wall that protect traditional knowledge from misappropriation through wrongly granted patents. But a certificate of legal provenance will not do the work alone. To protect traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources in the long term bio-cultural solutions which sustains the entire community where traditional knowledge is embedded is needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:15:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSEHCF_DISSERT.pdf: 1226863 bytes, checksum: 920841d7c1a7729b97ead833420308a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Considering the economic importance of the watermelon for the State of Rio Grande do Norte and the high cost of chemical control of root-knot nematodes, to whose species only few crops, including watermelon, have been evaluated so far, it is necessary to carry out research in order to identify watermelon genotypes resistant to Meloidogyne enterolobii since this species was found in field crop production of Assu- Mossoro. An experiment was carried out at Embrapa Semiarid in the county of Petrolina-PE with the objective to evaluate the reaction of 20 watermelon accessions, collected in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, to Meloidogyne enterolobii. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with 20 accession treatments and ten replications. Each experimental unit was one pot containing three liters of sterilized substract with one watermelon plant. A suspension of 2,200 root-knot nematodes was applied to each pot at four days of transplantation. The variables recorded, for each plant, were root mass (g), number of galls (NG), number of egg masses (NEM), number of eggs (NE) and factor of reproduction (FR). The statistical data analysis was performed using the software SISVAR and the means were compared using Tukey at 5% of significance (p < 0.05) for the variables NG, NEM and NE, and Scott-Knott at the same level of significance for FR. There was great variation in response among the watermelon accessions for the recorded variables. However, there was no correlation between any pair of analyzed variable, except the correlation of number of eggs and factor of reproduction. Moreover, considering the average per accession for the variables NG and FR all of them were susceptible. However, when the variation within each accession was analyzed, some accessions presented some plants with FR < 1.0 (02, 07, 09, 10 and 13), indicating variation for this character. The accessions 9 and 10 presented, respectively, 40 and 30% of plants with FR < 1.0, which indicates that they are promising to be used in a breeding program to obtain homozygous source of resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii and, therefore, there is genetic variability for this character in the watermelon accessions collected in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. / A melancia é de grande importância econômica para o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Entretanto, nematoides figuram entre os agentes causadores de doenças que limitam a produção em várias áreas. Dentre as medidas de manejo, o controle químico de fitonematoides é normalmente caro e poucos vegetais cultivados, inclusive a melancia, foram avaliados para as diferentes espécies de nematoides das galhas. Sendo assim, torna-se necessária a realização de uma pesquisa visando identificar genótipos de melancia resistentes a Meloidogyne enterolobii (Sin. M. mayaguensis), espécie que tem sido constatada em vários locais do Nordeste brasileiro. Para tanto, foi realizado um ensaio na Embrapa Semiárido, município de Petrolina PE, com o objetivo de avaliar a reação de 20 acessos coletados no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, ao parasitismo de M. enterolobii. O experimento foi instalado seguindo o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com 20 tratamentos correspondentes aos acessos e 10 repetições. A unidade experimental correspondeu a um vaso de 3 litros, preenchido com substrato esterilizado contendo uma planta. Uma suspensão de 2.200 ovos do nematoide foi aplicada em cada unidade aos quatro dias do transplantio. As variáveis analisadas foram: massa do sistema radicular (g), número de galhas (NG), número de massas de ovos (NMO), número de ovos (NO) e fator de reprodução (FR). A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada com recurso do software SISVAR. Os procedimentos pós-ANOVA utilizados foram a aplicação do teste de comparações múltiplas de médias de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade, para as variáveis massa de sistema radicular, número de massas de ovos (NMO) e número de ovos (NO), e a aplicação do teste de comparações múltiplas de médias de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade, para a distribuição dos acessos em grupos com base no fator de reprodução (FR). Ao final do ensaio, foi encontrada uma grande variação na resposta os acessos quanto à expressão das variáveis analisadas. Porém, quando se estudou a correlação entre as mesmas, os valores ficaram em torno de zero, para qualquer par de variáveis, exceto para NO e FR. Segundo o critério da variável NG e do FR médio por acesso, todos os acessos apresentaram suscetibilidade. Entretanto, quando se analisou a reação dentro dos tratamentos, alguns acessos apresentaram plantas com FR < 1,0 (02, 07, 09, 10 e 13), indicando variação para esse caráter. Os acessos 02, 07, 09, 10 e 13 apresentaram, respectivamente, 10, 10, 40, 30 e 10% de plantas com FR <1. Isso 8 indica que eles são promissores para serem usados em um programa de melhoramento que vise à obtenção de fonte homozigota de resistência a M. enterolobii e, portanto, existe variabilidade para esse caráter nos acessos de melancia coletados no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-12T19:18:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JOSEHCF_DISSERT.pdf: 1226863 bytes, checksum: 920841d7c1a7729b97ead833420308a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Considering the economic importance of the watermelon for the State of Rio Grande do Norte and the high cost of chemical control of root-knot nematodes, to whose species only few crops, including watermelon, have been evaluated so far, it is necessary to carry out research in order to identify watermelon genotypes resistant to Meloidogyne enterolobii since this species was found in field crop production of Assu- Mossoro. An experiment was carried out at Embrapa Semiarid in the county of Petrolina-PE with the objective to evaluate the reaction of 20 watermelon accessions, collected in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, to Meloidogyne enterolobii. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with 20 accession treatments and ten replications. Each experimental unit was one pot containing three liters of sterilized substract with one watermelon plant. A suspension of 2,200 root-knot nematodes was applied to each pot at four days of transplantation. The variables recorded, for each plant, were root mass (g), number of galls (NG), number of egg masses (NEM), number of eggs (NE) and factor of reproduction (FR). The statistical data analysis was performed using the software SISVAR and the means were compared using Tukey at 5% of significance (p < 0.05) for the variables NG, NEM and NE, and Scott-Knott at the same level of significance for FR. There was great variation in response among the watermelon accessions for the recorded variables. However, there was no correlation between any pair of analyzed variable, except the correlation of number of eggs and factor of reproduction. Moreover, considering the average per accession for the variables NG and FR all of them were susceptible. However, when the variation within each accession was analyzed, some accessions presented some plants with FR < 1.0 (02, 07, 09, 10 and 13), indicating variation for this character. The accessions 9 and 10 presented, respectively, 40 and 30% of plants with FR < 1.0, which indicates that they are promising to be used in a breeding program to obtain homozygous source of resistance to Meloidogyne enterolobii and, therefore, there is genetic variability for this character in the watermelon accessions collected in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. / A melancia é de grande importância econômica para o Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Entretanto, nematoides figuram entre os agentes causadores de doenças que limitam a produção em várias áreas. Dentre as medidas de manejo, o controle químico de fitonematoides é normalmente caro e poucos vegetais cultivados, inclusive a melancia, foram avaliados para as diferentes espécies de nematoides das galhas. Sendo assim, torna-se necessária a realização de uma pesquisa visando identificar genótipos de melancia resistentes a Meloidogyne enterolobii (Sin. M. mayaguensis), espécie que tem sido constatada em vários locais do Nordeste brasileiro. Para tanto, foi realizado um ensaio na Embrapa Semiárido, município de Petrolina PE, com o objetivo de avaliar a reação de 20 acessos coletados no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, ao parasitismo de M. enterolobii. O experimento foi instalado seguindo o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, com 20 tratamentos correspondentes aos acessos e 10 repetições. A unidade experimental correspondeu a um vaso de 3 litros, preenchido com substrato esterilizado contendo uma planta. Uma suspensão de 2.200 ovos do nematoide foi aplicada em cada unidade aos quatro dias do transplantio. As variáveis analisadas foram: massa do sistema radicular (g), número de galhas (NG), número de massas de ovos (NMO), número de ovos (NO) e fator de reprodução (FR). A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada com recurso do software SISVAR. Os procedimentos pós-ANOVA utilizados foram a aplicação do teste de comparações múltiplas de médias de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade, para as variáveis massa de sistema radicular, número de massas de ovos (NMO) e número de ovos (NO), e a aplicação do teste de comparações múltiplas de médias de Scott-Knott, a 5% de probabilidade, para a distribuição dos acessos em grupos com base no fator de reprodução (FR). Ao final do ensaio, foi encontrada uma grande variação na resposta os acessos quanto à expressão das variáveis analisadas. Porém, quando se estudou a correlação entre as mesmas, os valores ficaram em torno de zero, para qualquer par de variáveis, exceto para NO e FR. Segundo o critério da variável NG e do FR médio por acesso, todos os acessos apresentaram suscetibilidade. Entretanto, quando se analisou a reação dentro dos tratamentos, alguns acessos apresentaram plantas com FR < 1,0 (02, 07, 09, 10 e 13), indicando variação para esse caráter. Os acessos 02, 07, 09, 10 e 13 apresentaram, respectivamente, 10, 10, 40, 30 e 10% de plantas com FR <1. Isso 8 indica que eles são promissores para serem usados em um programa de melhoramento que vise à obtenção de fonte homozigota de resistência a M. enterolobii e, portanto, existe variabilidade para esse caráter nos acessos de melancia coletados no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte

This study records all known legume (Leguminosae/Fabaceae) species indigenous to South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland to establish distribution patterns and optimum climatic and soil conditions for growth. The main purpose was to propose a list of legume species for further evaluation of their pasture potential. Collection data supplied by the National Herbarium (PRE) Computerised Information System were recorded to establish the distribution patterns of species based on the bioregions vegetation map. A total of 1 654 species are known to be indigenous, representing 24 tribes and 122 genera. The grouping of legume species into five main clusters and 16 Leguminochoria is ecologically described, with the highest legume species richness found in the Northern Mistbelt Forest. Key and diagnostic species are provided for each Leguminochorion. Soil pH and mean annual minimum temperature were found to be the main drivers for distinguishing between legume assemblages. The optimum climatic and soil conditions for growth are described as well as the available descriptive attributes for species recorded. Information on the range of tolerance of most species to abiotic factors is presented. Mean annual rainfall and soil pH are highly correlated with the distribution pattern of most species, followed by mean annual minimum temperature. Legume species adapted to a wide range of soil pH levels and low soil phosphorus levels are recorded. Existing data on the cultivation and grazing or browsing status of indigenous legumes were used to select 584 species found mainly in the Central Bushveld, Mopane and Lowveld Bioregions to be further evaluated for their pasture potential. Known characteristics were used to categorise species. Species contained in the tribe Phaseoleae are of special interest since it contains most of the genera with present-day agricultural value, i.e. Eriosema, Rhynchosia and Vigna species are listed as having high potential as pasture species. This study has shown that the descriptive and distribution data accumulated by botanists (notably taxonomists) could be of beneficial use in meeting agricultural objectives. Indigenous legumes are adapted to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions and represent a valuable but largely unexploited natural resource for pasture development and soil conservation practices. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Science / unrestricted

Un requisito previo en cualquier programa de conservación de Recursos Fitogenéticos es la la estimación de la diversidad existente. El inventario de las especies parientes de cultivos prioritarios en Venezuela (PSC) se basó en los principales Catálogos de Flora del país, seleccionando los taxones próximamente relacionados con los cultivos. Se incluyeron 47 géneros, 217 especies y 228 taxones, correspondientes a 28 familias botánicas. De éstas, las que tienen mayor riqueza son: Fabaceae, Solanaceae, Araceae, Lauraceae, Dioscoreaceae, Poaceae, Rosaceae y Myrtaceae. Existen 26 especies endémicas, pertenecientes a los géneros Xanthosoma, Persea, Dioscorea, Prunus y Manihot. Los géneros nativos con especies del pool genético primario del cultivo son Manihot, Solanum (Sección Petota), Lycopersicon, Ananas, Capsicum, Dioscorea, Xanthosoma, Phaseolus, Theobroma, Ipomoea, Gossypium, Arracacia y Psidium. El número de taxones evaluados según los criterios de la IUCN es prácticamente nulo y la representación de accesiones venezolanas de PSC en los bancos de germoplasma nacionales e internacionales es muy baja. En relación con el estudio taxonómico del género Phaseolus, se reconocen tres especies en Venezuela: P. lunatus L., P. vulgaris L. y P. dumosus Macfad., que se diferencian fácilmente por la morfología de las flores, brácteas, bractéolas y legumbres. Phaseolus lunatus y P. vulgaris crecen en estado silvestre y cultivado y Phaseolus dumosus corresponde a la forma cultivada que se ha naturalizado. En relación al género Macroptilium, los resultados del análisis morfológico, molecular y biogeográfico de las especies del complejo Macroptilium gracile indican que los taxones pertenecen a una sola especie con tres taxones infraespecíficos, de los cuales dos son nuevas combinaciones: una subespecie no típica (Macroptilium gracile subsp. scolecocarpus (Piper) Berlingeri & M.B. Crespo, comb. nov.) y dos variedades en la subespecie tipo (M. gracile subsp. gracile var. gracile y M. gracile subsp. gracile var. subcoriaceum (Benth.) Berlingeri & M.B. Crespo, comb. nov.). Phaseolus diversifolius Pittier y P. unilobatus Pittier corresponden a sinonimias de Macroptilium gracile var. subcoriaceum y M. gracile var. gracile, respectivamente. En el género Macroptilium se reconocen seis especies en Venezuela: M. atropurpureum (DC.) Urb., M. lathyroides (L.) Urb., M. gracile (Poepp. ex Benth.) Urb., M. bracteatum (Nees & Mart.) Maréchal & Baudet, M. erythroloma (Mart. ex Benth.) Urb. y M. monophyllum (Benth.) Maréchal & Baudet. Macroptilium longepedunculatum (Mart. ex Benth.) Urb. y M. gracile (Poepp. ex Benth.) Urb., que algunos autores separan en el rango específico, corresponden a variedades extremas de una misma especie. Al tener prioridad el nombre M. gracile, M. longepedunculatum queda relegado a la sinonimia del primero.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-10-25T22:35:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DESEMPENHO AGRON?MICO E REA??O DE GEN?TIPOS QUANTO A VIROSES DO MELOEIRO.pdf: 1692172 bytes, checksum: e8b64597d2500108ef071bf181d32a3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T22:35:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DESEMPENHO AGRON?MICO E REA??O DE GEN?TIPOS QUANTO A VIROSES DO MELOEIRO.pdf: 1692172 bytes, checksum: e8b64597d2500108ef071bf181d32a3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / In Brazil, the viruses are among the main phytosanitary problems affecting species of this family, causing reduction in fruit quality and significant loss in production. The aim of this study was to obtain and evaluate melon genotypes regarding their resistance to virus, but with emphasis on the Melon Yellowing (MYaV), their production capacity and their fruit quality. In the second half of 2014, two experiments were conducted in Bebedouro (Embrapa Semi?rido?s experimental field located in the city of Petrolina ? PE, Brazil), in the design of randomized blocks, constituted as follows: Experiment I, three replications and 24 treatments; Experiment II, six replications and seven treatments. In 2015, the Experiment III was conducted with three replications and 21 treatments. It was adopted the spacing 2.0 m x 0.5 m (Experiment I and II) and 2.0 m x 0.3 m (Experiment III). The sow was in polystyrene trays containing commercial substrate, which was kept in a greenhouse until the appearance of the first leaf stage, following what the transplanting was conducted. The incidence and severity of Melon Yellowing (MYaV) was evaluated with a rating scale of 0 to 4 (where 0 = no visual symptoms; 4 = severe yellowing in 75 up to 100% of the leaf area. In Experiment III (2015), was also made the estimation of total chlorophyll on the leaves and serological identification of the virus: Melon yellowing associated virus (MYaV) was by DAS-Elisa, Papaya ringspot virus - type watermelon (PRSV-W), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV ) by dot ? Elisa. After harvest, the fruits were evaluated regarding fruit mass (FM); fruit length (FL); fruit diameter (FD); aspect ratio (AR); pulp thickness (PT) and soluble solids. The lowest average for melon yellowing severity was shown by the Line 5 genotype (T4), the derivatives of Lineage 1 (Experiment I), BGMEL 160 (Experiment II) and BGMEL 109 (Experiment II and III). Among the genotypes, there are differences in the reaction to MYaV, ranging from highly resistant to highly susceptible. It's possible to select resistant genotypes to MYaV in BGMEL 109, GoldF2 Lineage, BGMEL 001, Lineage 8 and Lineage 1. Most of the genotypes analyzed came from the inodorus group, the yellow type, with yellow skin, but the skin color intensity ranged from medium to dark.The virus more often found was the MYaV, which justifies the concern of the productive sector with this virus. The severity of the Melon Yellowing is negatively correlated with the total chlorophyll on the leaves. For the breeding program, the note scale used in this study based on symptoms, associated with total chlorophyll measurements and serologic evaluation, are efficient tools for discriminating resistant and susceptible genotypes, making it possible to advance the breeding program for resistance to MYaV. / No Brasil, as viroses est?o entre os principais problemas fitossanit?rios que afetam esp?cies desta fam?lia, causando redu??o na qualidade dos frutos e perda significativa na produ??o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter e avaliar gen?tipos de mel?o quanto ?s caracter?sticas resist?ncia a viroses, mas com ?nfase no Amarel?o do meloeiro (MYaV), capacidade produtiva e qualidade de fruto. No segundo semestre de 2014, foram conduzidos dois experimentos no Campo Experimental de Bebedouro da Embrapa Semi?rido, localizado no munic?pio de Petrolina-PE, sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, assim constitu?dos: Experimento I, tr?s repeti??es e 24 tratamentos; Experimento II, seis repeti??es e sete tratamentos. Em 2015, foi conduzido o Experimento III, com tr?s repeti??es e 21 tratamentos. Adotou-se o espa?amento 2,0 m x 0,5 m (Experimento I e II) e 2,0 m x 0,3 m (Experimento III). O semeio foi em bandeja de poliestireno, contendo substrato comercial, mantidos em casa de vegeta??o at? o surgimento da primeira folha definitiva, quando foi realizado o transplantio. Avaliou-se a incid?ncia e a severidade do amarel?o (AMA), com uma escala de nota de 0 a 4 (onde, 0= aus?ncia de sintomas visuais; 4= amarelecimento acentuado em 75 a 100% da ?rea foliar). No Experimento III (2015), tamb?m foram determinados a clorofila total e foi realizada a identifica??o sorol?gica de Melon yellowing associated virus (MYaV), por DAS-Elisa, Papaya ringspot virus ? type Watermelon (PRSV-W), Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) e Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), por dot ? Elisa. Ap?s a colheita, os frutos foram avaliados quanto ? massa do fruto (MF); comprimento do fruto (CF); di?metro do fruto (DF); rela??o de forma (RF); espessura da polpa (EP) e s?lidos sol?veis. Apresentaram as menores m?dias para severidade de amarel?o o gen?tipo da Linhagem 5, os derivados da Linhagem 1 (Experimento I), BGMEL 160 (Experimento II) e BGMEL 109 (Experimento II e III). Entre os gen?tipos avaliados, h? diferen?as quanto ? rea??o ao MYaV, variando de altamente resistente a altamente suscet?vel. ? poss?vel selecionar gen?tipos que com resist?ncia a esse v?rus em BGMEL 109, na Linhagem Gold F2, em BGMEL 001, na Linhagem 8 e na Linhagem 1. A maioria dos gen?tipos avaliados ? do grupo inodorus, do tipo Amarelo, com casca amarela, intensidade m?dia e escura. O v?rus encontrado como maior frequ?ncia foi o MYaV, o que justifica a preocupa??o do setor produtivo com este v?rus. A severidade do amarel?o est? correlacionada negativamente com a clorofila total das folhas. Para o programa de melhoramento, a escala de notas adotada no presente trabalho baseada nos sintomas, associada ?s medidas de clorofila total e ? avalia??o sorol?gica, s?o ferramentas eficientes para descriminar gen?tipos resistentes e suscet?veis, tornando poss?vel avan?ar no programa de melhoramento visando ? resist?ncia ao MYaV.

No description available.

We estimate the willingness-to-pay for conserving crop diversity in the Czech Republic. Discrete choice experiments are used to elicit preferences for the conservation of wine, hop, and fruit tree varieties, while a double-bounded dichotomous choice approach is used to elicit preferences for the conservation of unspecified, "general" crop diversity. The WTP values are derived for both of these contingent products from a sample representative of the general Czech population (n=731) and a sample of respondents living in the South Moravian region that is characterized by agriculture and wine production (n=418). We demonstrate a strong preference for conserving fruit trees over hops and wine varieties, and derive positive mean WTP of the general Czech population (ages 18-69) of 56 Kč ($2.26). Mean WTP for the conservation of general crop diversity is 167 Kč ($6.80). On average, residents of South Moravia have a greater WTP for "general" crop as well as fruit tree conservation. In total, the Czech adult population (ages 18-69) has an aggregate WTP of ~1.25 billion Kč ($50.5 million) for the conservation of general crop diversity, and ~410 million Kč ($16.8 million) for the conservation of fruit trees, revealing the previously unmeasured social welfare benefits of these activities. The estimated benefits...