Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2017-12-18T21:43:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_KamilaSobral.pdf: 1457947 bytes, checksum: 7c9ac5d23b1be9a47d34674e0490c6bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T21:43:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_KamilaSobral.pdf: 1457947 bytes, checksum: 7c9ac5d23b1be9a47d34674e0490c6bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / The genetic variability of the species Cocos nucifera L. that existing in Brazil is conserved in the International Coconut Germplasm Bank for Latin America and Caribe (ICG-LAC), which is located in the counties of Neopolis and Itaporanga d?Ajuda in the state of Sergipe, Brazil. Since from the establishment of the ICG-LAC some studies were carried out. However, this germplasm needs to be studied in depth comprising the morphoagronomical characterization, chemical and molecular evaluation in order to allow to estimate the genetic variability of the accessions. Thus, the aim of this work was to characterize morphologically coconut accessions (dwarfs and talls). The trials were carried out with eight tall coconut accessions in one cycle of production using 34 quantitative descriptors and with six dwarf coconut accessions in three cycles of production using 19 descriptors of fruits and 11 leave descriptors. The data obtained were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses using the software GENES and Selegem. Among the accessions of tall coconuts the most dissimilar ones considering the morphoagronomical characters were Gigante-de-Rotuma and Gigante-do-Oeste Africano and they can be indicated as parents for coconut breeding programs. It was also found a great genetic variability among the coconut dwarf accessions of the ICG-LAC Bank, and this divergence was found to be consistent in the individual and joint analyses, including an analysis of maximum likelihood restricted (REML) taking into account a sample of morphological descriptors. The 14 coconut accessions (eight tall and six dwarfs) were used to perform a chemical evaluation of oil and their components in a cycle of crop production in two different field trials. It was found that some dwarf coconut accessions presented values of oil content similar to coconut tall accessions. Therefore, the best accessions can be exploited for coconut water as well as for production of oil and they can be selected as potential superior parents to be used in coconut breeding program. / A variabilidade gen?tica da esp?cie Cocos nucifera, L. existente no Brasil est? conservada no Banco Internacional de Germoplasma de Coco para Am?rica Latina e Caribe (ICG-LAC), localizado em Ne?polis e Itaporanga d?Ajuda em Sergipe, Brasil. Desde a implementa??o do ICG-LAC alguns estudos t?m sido realizados. No entanto, esse germoplasma precisa ser estudado em profundidade desde a caracteriza??o morfoagron?mica, qu?mica e molecular para se estimar a diversidade gen?tica dos acessos. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar e avaliar morfoagronomicamente e quimicamente acessos de coqueiro-an?o e gigantes. Os experimentos foram conduzidos com oito acessos de coqueiros-gigantes em um ciclo de cultura e usando 34 descritores quantitativos e com seis acessos de coqueiros-an?es em tr?s ciclos da cultura utilizando-se 19 descritores de frutos e 11 descritores de folha. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a an?lises univariadas e multivariadas usando o programa GENES e Selegem. Entre os acessos de coqueiros-gigantes avaliados os mais dissimilares pelas caracter?sticas agron?micas foram o Gigante-de-Rotuma e Gigante-do-Oeste-Africano, e estes podem ser indicados como genitores para programas de melhoramento. Foi encontrada tamb?m encontrada variabilidade gen?tica entre os acessos de coqueiro-an?o do banco ICG-LAC, diverg?ncia essa que se mostrou consistente nas an?lises individuais e conjuntas, incluindo uma an?lise de m?xima verossimilhan?a restrita (REML) usando uma amostra descritores morfol?gicos. Os 14 acessos de coqueiros (oito de gigantes e seis de an?es) foram analisados quanto ao teor de ?leo e seus componentes em um ciclo de cultura em dois experimentos separados. Constatou-se que alguns acessos de coqueiros-an?es apresentaram teor de ?leo pr?ximos dos valores obtidos pelos coqueiros-gigantes. Assim, os melhores acessos podem ser explorados tanto para ?gua de coco como para a produ??o de ?leo e s?o parentais potenciais para uso em programas de melhoramento do coqueiro.

O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) é a quarta oleaginosa mais consumida no mundo. O Brasil produziu, em 2002, aproximadamente 190 mil toneladas, sendo que 80% da área plantada situa-se no Estado de São Paulo. O principal problema da cultura neste Estado e no mundo são as doenças fúngicas de parte aérea. Diversas espécies do gênero Arachis são consideradas resistentes a várias pragas e doenças. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram: 1) identificar espécies silvestres pertencentes à Secção Arachis resistentes à mancha castanha (Cercospora arachidicola), mancha preta (Cercosporidium personatum) e ferrugem (Puccinia arachidis); 2) realizar cruzamentos entre espécies de genoma “A” e “B” resistentes a, pelo menos, uma doença fúngica; 3) duplicar os cromossomos dos híbridos estéreis; 4) realizar cruzamentos entre A. hypogaea e os anfidiplóides sintéticos; 5) obter a geração F1 que tivesse 50% do genoma do amendoim cultivado, 50% do genoma das espécies silvestres. Os experimentos foram conduzidos, em condições de telado, no Departamento de Genética da Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. Para a identificação de genótipos resistentes às doenças fúngicas, utilizou-se a técnica de folhas destacadas, em laboratório, com inoculação artificial, condições controladas de temperatura a 25°C e luz alternada (10h luz). Os cruzamentos entre espécies silvestres, de genoma “B” com as de genoma “A”, resistentes a pelo menos uma doença foram realizados em condições de telado, com emasculação realizada ao final da tarde e polinização na manhã do dia seguinte. A duplicação de cromossomos de células somáticas de híbridos com genoma “AB”, foi obtida mediante o tratamento de estacas com colchicina a 0,2%, por aproximadamente 12h, em condições de luz e com temperatura entre 25-30°C. Os cruzamentos entre A. hypogaea e os anfidiplóides sintéticos foram realizados em condições de telado, na Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Observou-se que várias espécies silvestres foram altamente resistentes a, pelo menos, uma das três doenças estudadas. Foi possível selecionar, como genitores masculinos, 12 acessos de genoma “A” e, como femininos, seis acessos de genoma “B”. A partir de 26 cruzamentos distintos (3633 hibridações), foi possível obter 17 híbridos interespecíficos distintos com genoma “AB”. Após o tratamento com colchicina de todos os 17 tipos de híbridos, foram obtidas cinco combinações híbridas que produziram flores tetraplóides (A. hoehnei x A. helodes, A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis, A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii, A. aff. magna x A. villosa, A. aff. magna x A. aff. diogoi). Foram realizados 21 cruzamentos entre A. hypogaea e os anfidiplóides sintéticos. Foram obtidos 13 tipos de híbridos: A. hypogaea (cvs. IAC-Tatu-ST, Br-1, IAC-Caiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii]; A. hypogaea cv. Br-1 x [A. aff. magna x A. villosa] ; A. hypogaea (acessos V 12548, V 12549, Mdi 1560, Mdi 1538, cvs. BR-1, IAC-Tatu-ST, IAC-Caiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis]. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que é possível a introgressão de genes de resistência a partir de espécies silvestres no amendoim cultivado, via cruzamentos, expandindo-se a lista de espécies silvestres utilizadas e ampliando a variabilidade genética liberada para seleção nos programas de melhoramento de amendoim. / Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most important oil species in the world. In 2002, Brazil produced about 190 thousand tonelades, with 80 per cent of cultivated area concentrated in the State of São Paulo. The main problem in crop management in this State and in many other growing areas in the world is represented by fungal diseases. Several species of the genus Arachis are considered resistant to main pests and diseases. This research was developed to take advantage of the genetic variability present in the Arachis genus, and has the following objectives: 1) to identify accessions of wild species belonging to Section Arachis that are resistant to early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum) and rust (Puccinia arachidis); 2) to cross resistant species having B and A genomes; 3) to duplicate chromosomes of sterile hybrids; 4) to cross A. hypogaea with synthetic amphiploids; 5) to obtain an F1 generation with 50% of the cultivated groundnut genome and 50% of wild species genomes. Experiments were developed under greenhouse conditions, in the Department of Genetics, faculty of Agriculture "Luiz of Queiroz". Detached leaves technique was used, in laboratory conditions, with artificial inoculation, controlled temperature of 25°C and alternate light (10h light) for the identification of genotypes resistant to fungal diseases. Crosses among wild resistant species with B and A genome genotypes were carried out in greenhouse conditions. Emasculation were hand-made at the end of the afternoon and pollination was made in the following morning. Chromosome duplication of somatic cells in AB genome interspecific hybrids was obtained by treating cuttings with 0.2% colchicine for approximately 12h, in daylight conditions, maintaining the temperature in range of 25-30°C. Crosses between A. hypogaea and synthetic amphyploids were done in greenhouse conditions, at Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology. It was observed that several wild species were highly resistant to one or more of the studied diseases. Selection of 12 A genome accessions for use as male parents was possible as well as six B genome species as female parents. From 26 different combinations, it was possible to obtain 17 interspecific AB genome hybrids. After colchicine treatment of all 17 hybrid types, five hybrid combinations that produced tetraploid flowers were obtained (A. hoehnei x A. helodes, A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis, A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii, A. aff. magna x A. villosa, A. aff. magna x A. aff. diogoi). Twenty-one different crosses were done between A. hypogaea and synthetic amphyploids. Thirteen different hybrid types were obtained: A. hypogaea (cvs. IAC-Tatu-ST, Br-1, IAC-Caiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii]; A. hypogaea cv. BR-1 x [A. aff. magna x A. villosa]; A. hypogaea (accessions V 12548, V 12549, Mdi 1560, Mdi 1538, cvs. Br-1, IAC-Tatu-ST, IACCaiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis]. Results confirmed the possibility of introgression of resistance genes from wild species into cultivated groundnut, by manual crosses, increasing the number of wild species used, and thus to enhance the genetic variability released for applying selection in breeding groundnut programs.

O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea) é a quarta oleaginosa mais consumida no mundo. O Brasil produziu, em 2002, aproximadamente 190 mil toneladas, sendo que 80% da área plantada situa-se no Estado de São Paulo. O principal problema da cultura neste Estado e no mundo são as doenças fúngicas de parte aérea. Diversas espécies do gênero Arachis são consideradas resistentes a várias pragas e doenças. Os objetivos dessa pesquisa foram: 1) identificar espécies silvestres pertencentes à Secção Arachis resistentes à mancha castanha (Cercospora arachidicola), mancha preta (Cercosporidium personatum) e ferrugem (Puccinia arachidis); 2) realizar cruzamentos entre espécies de genoma "A" e "B" resistentes a, pelo menos, uma doença fúngica; 3) duplicar os cromossomos dos híbridos estéreis; 4) realizar cruzamentos entre A. hypogaea e os anfidiplóides sintéticos; 5) obter a geração F1 que tivesse 50% do genoma do amendoim cultivado, 50% do genoma das espécies silvestres. Os experimentos foram conduzidos, em condições de telado, no Departamento de Genética da Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz". Para a identificação de genótipos resistentes às doenças fúngicas, utilizou-se a técnica de folhas destacadas, em laboratório, com inoculação artificial, condições controladas de temperatura a 25°C e luz alternada (10h luz). Os cruzamentos entre espécies silvestres, de genoma "B" com as de genoma "A", resistentes a pelo menos uma doença foram realizados em condições de telado, com emasculação realizada ao final da tarde e polinização na manhã do dia seguinte. A duplicação de cromossomos de células somáticas de híbridos com genoma "AB", foi obtida mediante o tratamento de estacas com colchicina a 0,2%, por aproximadamente 12h, em condições de luz e com temperatura entre 25-30°C. Os cruzamentos entre A. hypogaea e os anfidiplóides sintéticos foram realizados em condições de telado, na Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. Observou-se que várias espécies silvestres foram altamente resistentes a, pelo menos, uma das três doenças estudadas. Foi possível selecionar, como genitores masculinos, 12 acessos de genoma "A" e, como femininos, seis acessos de genoma "B". A partir de 26 cruzamentos distintos (3633 hibridações), foi possível obter 17 híbridos interespecíficos distintos com genoma "AB". Após o tratamento com colchicina de todos os 17 tipos de híbridos, foram obtidas cinco combinações híbridas que produziram flores tetraplóides (A. hoehnei x A. helodes, A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis, A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii, A. aff. magna x A. villosa, A. aff. magna x A. aff. diogoi). Foram realizados 21 cruzamentos entre A. hypogaea e os anfidiplóides sintéticos. Foram obtidos 13 tipos de híbridos: A. hypogaea (cvs. IAC-Tatu-ST, Br-1, IAC-Caiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii]; A. hypogaea cv. Br-1 x [A. aff. magna x A. villosa] ; A. hypogaea (acessos V 12548, V 12549, Mdi 1560, Mdi 1538, cvs. BR-1, IAC-Tatu-ST, IAC-Caiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis]. Os resultados obtidos confirmam que é possível a introgressão de genes de resistência a partir de espécies silvestres no amendoim cultivado, via cruzamentos, expandindo-se a lista de espécies silvestres utilizadas e ampliando a variabilidade genética liberada para seleção nos programas de melhoramento de amendoim. / Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is one of the most important oil species in the world. In 2002, Brazil produced about 190 thousand tonelades, with 80 per cent of cultivated area concentrated in the State of São Paulo. The main problem in crop management in this State and in many other growing areas in the world is represented by fungal diseases. Several species of the genus Arachis are considered resistant to main pests and diseases. This research was developed to take advantage of the genetic variability present in the Arachis genus, and has the following objectives: 1) to identify accessions of wild species belonging to Section Arachis that are resistant to early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum) and rust (Puccinia arachidis); 2) to cross resistant species having B and A genomes; 3) to duplicate chromosomes of sterile hybrids; 4) to cross A. hypogaea with synthetic amphiploids; 5) to obtain an F1 generation with 50% of the cultivated groundnut genome and 50% of wild species genomes. Experiments were developed under greenhouse conditions, in the Department of Genetics, faculty of Agriculture "Luiz of Queiroz". Detached leaves technique was used, in laboratory conditions, with artificial inoculation, controlled temperature of 25°C and alternate light (10h light) for the identification of genotypes resistant to fungal diseases. Crosses among wild resistant species with B and A genome genotypes were carried out in greenhouse conditions. Emasculation were hand-made at the end of the afternoon and pollination was made in the following morning. Chromosome duplication of somatic cells in AB genome interspecific hybrids was obtained by treating cuttings with 0.2% colchicine for approximately 12h, in daylight conditions, maintaining the temperature in range of 25-30°C. Crosses between A. hypogaea and synthetic amphyploids were done in greenhouse conditions, at Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology. It was observed that several wild species were highly resistant to one or more of the studied diseases. Selection of 12 A genome accessions for use as male parents was possible as well as six B genome species as female parents. From 26 different combinations, it was possible to obtain 17 interspecific AB genome hybrids. After colchicine treatment of all 17 hybrid types, five hybrid combinations that produced tetraploid flowers were obtained (A. hoehnei x A. helodes, A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis, A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii, A. aff. magna x A. villosa, A. aff. magna x A. aff. diogoi). Twenty-one different crosses were done between A. hypogaea and synthetic amphyploids. Thirteen different hybrid types were obtained: A. hypogaea (cvs. IAC-Tatu-ST, Br-1, IAC-Caiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. hoehnei x A. cardenasii]; A. hypogaea cv. BR-1 x [A. aff. magna x A. villosa]; A. hypogaea (accessions V 12548, V 12549, Mdi 1560, Mdi 1538, cvs. Br-1, IAC-Tatu-ST, IACCaiapó, IAC-Runner) x [A. ipaënsis x A. duranensis]. Results confirmed the possibility of introgression of resistance genes from wild species into cultivated groundnut, by manual crosses, increasing the number of wild species used, and thus to enhance the genetic variability released for applying selection in breeding groundnut programs.

This thesis explores the location and nature of the power that is deepening and broadening the revolution in modern biotechnologies, and which is inherent in the global governance of one type of genetic resource — plant genetic resources. Plant genetic resources are of increasing importance within the global political economy and ecology because of the power/knowledge networks contributing to, and responding to developments in the biotechnology sector, and concerned with the rampant erosion of biological diversity. The thesis argues that transnational norms, values and knowledge are important aspects of power. Discursive power, and particularly the power inherent in discourses of sustainable development, security and human rights, are a central focus of the thesis. The thesis challenges realist, neo-realist and other structural analyses of power which focus on relative distributions of power at the level of individual states or at the global level.

This thesis explores the location and nature of the power that is deepening and broadening the revolution in modern biotechnologies, and which is inherent in the global governance of one type of genetic resource — plant genetic resources. Plant genetic resources are of increasing importance within the global political economy and ecology because of the power/knowledge networks contributing to, and responding to developments in the biotechnology sector, and concerned with the rampant erosion of biological diversity. The thesis argues that transnational norms, values and knowledge are important aspects of power. Discursive power, and particularly the power inherent in discourses of sustainable development, security and human rights, are a central focus of the thesis. The thesis challenges realist, neo-realist and other structural analyses of power which focus on relative distributions of power at the level of individual states or at the global level.

Abstract Cryopreservation enables storage of genetic resources at ultra-low temperatures (<-150°C) while maintaining viability and regeneration capability. The method is especially suitable for long-term preservation of plant materials that cannot be stored as seeds. The genetic resources of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), one of the most important food crops in the world, are preserved almost entirely by vegetative preservation. Cryopreservation is therefore increasingly applied for securing potato genetic resources in plant genebanks. A major challenge is, however, that recovery percentages can extensively vary among different genotypes. Light spectral quality is among the most important factors affecting plant growth and morphogenesis, but its effect with regard to cryopreservation has not been studied. In the present thesis, I studied the effect of six different light qualities on cryopreservation success of five potato cultivars before and after cryopreservation. I also explored how the different light conditions affect gene transcript abundance of recovering potato shoot tips. The results indicate that light spectral quality significantly affects the cryopreservation success of potato shoot tips in vitro. Prior to cryopreservation, cultivation under blue LEDs resulted in high initial survival, while post-cryopreservation exposure to a combination of red and blue LEDs (90% red, 10% blue) doubled the regeneration percentages. Concurrently, for most cultivars, red LEDs had adverse effects both before and after cryopreservation. The transcriptome analysis of potato shoot tips revealed the complex and extensive effect of cryopreservation on transcript abundance. Moreover, the expression level of stress- and defence-responsive genes was affected by light spectral quality. The positive effect of red-blue LEDs on shoot formation could tentatively be associated with a higher level of morphogenesis-related transcripts and lower level of stress and defence-responsive transcripts. The present thesis reveals that light spectral quality is an additional non-cryogenic factor, which can significantly increase the cryopreservation efficiency of plant germplasm. / Tiivistelmä Syväjäädytys mahdollistaa geenivarojen säilytyksen erittäin alhaisissa lämpötiloissa (<-150°C), siten että niiden elin- ja uusiutumiskyky säilyvät. Menetelmä soveltuu erityisesti sellaisten kasvimateriaalien pitkäaikaissäilytykseen, joita ei voida säilöä siementen avulla. Peruna (Solanum tuberosum L.) on yksi maailman tärkeimmistä ruokakasveista ja sen geenivaroja säilytetään lähes pelkästään vegetatiivisesti. Syväjäädytysmenetelmää käytetäänkin kasvavissa määrin perunan geenivarojen taltioimiseen geenipankeissa. Haasteena on kuitenkin syväjäädytyksen jälkeinen suuri vaihtelu elpymisprosenteissa eri genotyyppien välillä. Valon laatu on yksi tärkeimmistä kasvien kasvuun ja kehitykseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä, mutta sen vaikutusta syväjäädytyksen yhteydessä ei ole tutkittu. Väitöskirjassani tutkin kuuden erilaisen valonlaadun vaikutusta sekä syväjäädytystä edeltävän että sen jälkeisen kasvatuksen aikana viiden perunalajikkeen selviytymiseen. Lisäksi tutkin, miten erilaiset valo-olosuhteet vaikuttivat geenien ilmenemiseen elpyvissä perunan versonkärjissä. Tutkimukseni osoitti, että valon laatu vaikuttaa merkittävästi perunan versonkärkien kykyyn elpyä syväjäädytyksestä in vitro -olosuhteissa. Kun perunan versonkärkiä kasvatettiin sinisten LED-valojen alla ennen syväjäädytystä, niiden elävyysprosentit olivat korkeita, kun taas syväjäädytystä seuraava kasvatus sinipunaisten LED-valojen (90 % punaista, 10 % sinistä) alla kaksinkertaisti uusiutumisprosentit. Samanaikaisesti suurimmalle osalle lajikkeista punaisilla LED-valoilla oli epäsuotuisat vaikutukset selviytymiseen sekä syväjäädytystä edeltävän, että sitä seuraavan kasvatuksen aikana. Perunan kärkisilmujen geeniekspressioanalyysi osoitti, että syväjäädyttäminen aiheuttaa laajoja ja monitahoisia vaikutuksia kasvin geenien toiminnassa. Valon laatu vaikutti erityisesti stressi- ja puolustusgeenien ilmenemiseen. Tulokset viittaavat siihen että sinipunaisten LED-valojen uusiutumista edistävä vaikutus voi liittyä morfogeneesissä toimivien geenituotteiden runsauteen ja toisaalta stressi- ja puolustusgeenituotteiden määrän laskuun. Kaiken kaikkiaan tutkimukseni osoitti, että valon laatu on tärkeä ei-kryogeeninen tekijä, joka voi lisätä kasvien syväjäädytyksen tehokkuutta.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-07-11T23:39:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Ronaldo SOliveira_2015.pdf: 1819214 bytes, checksum: da69b4c584e3e9304788bb2b45091d51 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T23:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese-Ronaldo SOliveira_2015.pdf: 1819214 bytes, checksum: da69b4c584e3e9304788bb2b45091d51 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-31 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The aim of this work was to organize a Forage Germplasm Bank in the State University of Feira de Santana-BA (BGF-UEFS), to carry out a survey of the occurrence of species of Stylosanthes and do pre-breeding studies in a sample of accessions collected in the Semiarid of Bahia from 2008 and 2014. Five collection expeditions in different Semiarid regions of the State was done as an attempt to rescue the maximum genetic variability available. For the pre-breeding work, 25 accessions of Stylosanthes plus a control were utilized. The methods of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Restricted Maximum Likelihood/Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (REML/BLUP) were used. The genetic parameters were estimated in order to choose the most precise method to select the best individuals for a breeding program. Finally, it was studied the genetic diversity in order to choose the best combinations to develop segregating populations in a breeding program of Stylosanthes. In total, 225 accessions of Stylosanthes spp. were rescued in the state of Bahia, being 61 from de Northeast of the state, 58 from the Mid North, 59 from S?o Francisco Valley, 24 from the Mid South and 23 from the Far West. The estimates of the genetic parameters showed that the methods (ANOVA and REML/BLUP) presented divergent values. The REML/BLUP estimated the genetic values with better accuracy, increased the efficiency of selection and therefore decreased the cost of a given breeding program that has the objective to increase the mass production in Stylosanthes. In a sample of the analyzed accessions, four species were found (S. scabra, S. humilis, S. viscosa and S. capitata). Genetic variability among the accessions and the clusters of Tocher and UPGMA were basically defined by the botanical species and some of them were superior for mass production (BGF08-16 and BGF06-15) and for forage quality (BGF08- 006 and BGF08-007). / O objetivo deste trabalho foi organizar um Banco de Germoplasma de Forrageiras da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, BA (BGF-UEFS), realizar o levantamento da ocorr?ncia de esp?cies do g?nero Stylosanthes e conduzir um estudo de Pr?-melhoramento em uma amostra de acessos coletados no Semi?rido baiano entre os anos de 2008 a 2014. Foram realizadas cinco expedi??es de coleta em diferentes regi?es do Estado procurando resgatar o m?ximo da variabilidade gen?tica dispon?vel. Para os estudos de pr?-melhoramento foram utilizados 25 acessos de Stylosanthes mais uma testemunha. Por meio dos m?todos de an?lise de vari?ncia (ANOVA) e M?xima Verossimilhan?a Restrita/Melhor Predi??o Linear n?o Viesada (REML/BLUP) foram estimados os par?metros gen?ticos, procurando indicar qual o m?todo mais preciso na sele??o dos melhores indiv?duos para um programa de melhoramento. Por fim, realizou-se o estudo da diversidade gen?tica no intuito de indicar as melhores combina??es para formar as popula??es segregantes do programa de melhoramento gen?tico dessa forrageira. Foram resgatados 225 acessos de Stylosanthes spp. de cinco mesorregi?es da Bahia, dos quais 61 foram do Nordeste baiano, 58 do Centro Norte baiano, 59 oriundos do Vale S?o Franciscano da Bahia, 24 resgatados no Centro Sul Baiano e 23 acessos no extremo Oeste Baiano. A estimativa dos par?metros gen?ticos mostrou que os m?todos (ANOVA e REML/BLUP) apresentaram valores divergentes sendo que o REML/BLUP estima os valores gen?ticos com maior acur?cia, aumenta a efici?ncia da sele??o e consequentemente diminui os custos dos programas de melhoramento gen?tico que objetivam aumentar a produ??o de massa em Stylosanthes. Em uma amostra de acessos analisada foram identificadas quatro esp?cies (S. scabra, S. humilis, S. viscosa e S. capitata). Foi observada variabilidade gen?tica entre os acessos avaliados e os agrupamentos de Tocher e UPGMA foram definidos quase que pela identifica??o bot?nica das esp?cies, sendo que os acessos BGF08-16 e BGF06-15 se mostraram superiores para produ??o de massa e os acessos BGF08- 006 e BGF08-007 para a qualidade de forragem.

This thesis provides an analysis of recent attempts to regulate the governance of genetic resources through the initiation of new global commons regimes. These attempts have arisen out of a combination of the growing recognition of genetic resources' value and global nature; a new resurgence in support for the common property paradigm; and, during a period in which the world is becoming increasingly globalised, with many governance competencies moving to the supranational level. They can be viewed as part of a broader effort to proffer the common property approach as a legitimate alternative in the property regime debate: a debate that has increasingly become trapped in the public-private dichotomy at the dawn of the twenty-first century. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the success of these attempts, and offer suggestions about how future attempts might be more successful. While there are a multitude of books, articles, opinion pieces and media reports produced that concern themselves with property theory, intellectual property theory, the efficacy or morality of applying property regimes to living materials, and the threats and promises of globalisation, all of which influence the notion of a potential global genetic commons, relatively little has been written directly on the idea of applying global common property regimes to genetic resource governance issues. The first part of this thesis constructs a theory of a global genetic commons, drawing inspiration from a variety of sources, while the second part tests this theory in order to analyse the outcomes of the recent attempts, and suggest directions for future research. The thesis finds that the conception of a global genetic commons is indeed a valid one, and that while not all attempts so far have been successful, the common property paradigm does offer valuable insights for the future governance of genetic resources at the global level.

This thesis discusses the global regime complex concerning the management of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, and how different regimes concerning these resources cooperate or stand in opposition to each other. Because of changes in US patent law and the establishment of TRIPS, patent claims over plant genetic resources has increased dramatically globally. This, amongst other things, in turn has lead to the development of CBD which in turn lead to the creation of access and benefit laws in many countries. To create a free flow of genetic resources for food and agriculture the ITPGRFA, with its multilateral system, were negotiated. The aim of this thesis is to investigate which consequences the regime complex concerning plant genetic resources for food and agriculture can have on the rights of small farmers, agricultural research and food security in the global South. The thesis shows how patents and strict access laws creates a situation where more and more actors has exclusive rights which excludes others from using these, for the global food security, essential resources. Further it is shown that there also are processes going on within the UPOV that risk to take away farmers right to save seeds, and thereby make them dependent on the more and more monopolistic global seed markets dominated by a few multinational corporations. It is established that ITPGRFAs multilateral system is an opening in this hyperownership of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture; but that the international community at the same time has to see to that the patent claims on plant genetic resources not violate farmers’ rights to their resources. / Denna uppsats behandlar det globala regimkomplexet för förvaltningen av växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk, samt hur avtalen rörande dessa resurser samverkar eller står i motsättning till varandra. I och med förändringar i amerikansk patentlagstiftning och upprättandet av TRIPS har patentanspråk på växtgenetiska resurser ökat dramatiskt, vilket i sin tur påverkade tillkomsten av CBD vilken innefattar upprättandet av lagstiftning rörande tillträde till och den rättvisa fördelningen av nyttor härstammande från, genetiska resurser. För att möjliggöra ett relativt fritt flöde av växtgenetiska resurser har ITPGRFA med dess multilaterala system fram förhandlats. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser den nuvarande globala förvaltningen av växtgenetiska resurser för livsmedel och jordbruk kan få för jordbruksforskning, småbönders rättigheter och matsäkerhet i Syd. Uppsatsen visar på hur patent och tillträdeslagstiftningar skapar en situation där fler och fler parter innehar rättigheter att utestänga andra från att nyttja dessa, för den globala matsäkerheten, essentiella resurser. Vidare visas på hur det samtidigt pågår processer inom UPOV som riskerar att undanta bönder rätten att spara utsäde och därmed göra dem beroende av de i allt högre grad monopolartade frömarknaderna, vilka domineras av att fåtal multinationella företag. Här konstateras även att ITPGRFAs multilaterala system är en öppning i detta hyperägande, men att det internationella samfundet samtidigt måste försäkra att patentanspråk inte kränker bönders rättigheter till sina resurser.

No description available.