The thesis deals with physical principles of ultrasound with following specialization on ophtalmic ultrasound system Nidek Echoscan 4000 and its properties. And also it deals with description of investigative techniques in ophthalmology (A-mode, B-mode, biometry and pachymetry). Next, they was suggested procedures of measurement and that is spatial resolution (axial and lateral spatial resolution) and propagation speed of ultrasound depending on the temperature. Then these properties was tested on laboratory phantoms of eye – ETETECH LTD. and Multipurpose Ultrasound Phantom but on created phantoms of eye too, which will be made from agarose gel with build-in materail (fishing line, plastic film, plastic bag and rubber). At the end, measured values was processed in the generated program.

This master’s thesis deals with the issue of scanning human fingerprints, which is currently very topical and represents the most widespread biometric technology. The theoretical part of the work acquaints the reader with basics of dactyloscopy and biometrics and concerns technologies used for fingerprinting, image preprocessing methods and commercially available contactless optical scanners. The practical part is a realisation of a contactless optical scanner based on a Raspberry Pi minicomputer, implementation of preprocessing algorithms in Python and testing of the device from the perspective of image quality.

Biometrics is a method of recognizing the identity of a person based on unique biological characteristics that are unique to each person. The methods of biometric identification is currently becoming increasingly widespread in various sectors. This work is focused on the identification of a person by iris images. The introductory section describes the principles of the well-known methods for biometric applications and the next part describes the design method and its implementation in Matlab. In the practical part, fast radial symmetry method is used for detection of pupil, from which it derives further image processing. Two dimensional discrete welvet transform is used here. The proposed algorithm is tested on databases CASIA-Iris- Interval and database IITD.

This work outlines a method of detection of the papillary line width in fingerprints. This method is one of the possible methods of liveness detection. The first part of the work with deals defining of the fingerprint, attacks on today's systems and possibilities to improve security. The next section detection describes of the papillary line width. During the process of resolving, the first thing to do was to start operation of the scanning device and to read the database for tests and experiments. An independent application was created on this purpose. Further, there were projected methods for detection and measuring of the papillary line width. Use of the Canny edge detector with the Sobel operator and the Gaussian filter proved the best. Then, there is described implementation of individual methods. The next part of the work describes and assesses the results of the tests. The last chapter summarizes the work and proposes further possibilities of development.

The master's thesis deals with biometric systems, especially these based on human recognition by finger veins. It describes some development principles of the new biometric system. It proposes some new approaches to the comparison of finger vein patterns and their fast identification in sizable databases. Verification is based on templates comparison by similarity and distance measures with proposed alignment approaches. The proposed method of identification is based on the combination of clustering and genetic algorithm. The second option is using the indexing tree structure and searching by range query.

This document deals with presentation of nowadays software and hardware methods used for fingerprint recognition with focus on liveness testing and thereafter it deals with description of my solution. In order to describe results obtained from study of technical literature, we discuss important terminology of biometric systems at first and further main principles of fingerprint sensors used in practice are shown. From overviewed methods of liveness detection we underline one method based on  perspiration (researched by BioSAL laboratory) and one spectroscopic method researched by Lumidigm Corporation. The study of liveness testing methods inspired me to creation of new type fingerprint sensor which has built-in livennes testing method based on two characteristic properties of living human tisue. In order to test this sensor, we discuss nowadays sensor deception method. It follows from their analysis, that newly designed sensor should be theoretically resistant to each of them.

In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Fragen im Zusammenhang mit Fehlern von Fingerabdruckerkennungssystemen untersucht. Erstens: Welche strukturellen Merkmale und begrifflichen Implikationen hat der spezifische Fehlerdiskurs in diesem Teilgebiet der Biometrie? Zur Beantwortung dieser Frage werden im Rahmen einer diskursanalytischen Betrachtung der Fachtexte des Forschungsfeldes die gängigen Fehlertypologien der Biometrie untersucht. Die Arbeitshypothese der Analyse ist, dass der massenhafte Einsatz von Fingerabdruckerkennungssystemen im Alltag trotz aller ihrer Fehler diskursiv durchsetzungsfähig ist. Undzwar nicht unbedingt, weil die Fehler zu vernachlässigen sind, sondern weil die Angst vor „Identitätsbetrug“, die Idee einer Messbarkeit von Identität und die wirtschaftliche und politische Bedeutung von Sicherheitstechniken in einer für unsicher gehaltenen Welt große Wirkmächtigkeit haben. Es wird diskutiert, inwiefern die Auseinandersetzung mit System- und Überwindungsfehlern in der Informatik zu kurz greift. Daher wird ein erweitertes Fehlermodell vorgeschlagen, das an jüngere transdisziplinäre Fehlerforschung anknüpft und als kritisches Analyseinstrument für die Beurteilung der Wechselwirkung zwischen Informatik(-system) und Gesellschaft genutzt werden kann. Zweitens: Wie lassen sich die diskursanalytische Methode und ein experimentelles Hands-On-Lernen zu einem Lern- und Lehrkonzept verbinden, dass eine kritische Vermittlung der Probleme von Fingerabdruckerkennungssystemen ermöglicht? Ausgehend von schulischen Unterrichtskonzepten einer an der Lebenswelt orientierten Informatiklehre sowie der Idee des „be-greifbaren Lernens“ an konkreten Gegenständen wurde ein Lern- und Lehrkonzept für Universität und Schule entwickelt und in drei verschiedenen Institutionen ausprobiert. / In this paper two questions will be addressed relating to deficits in fingerprint recognition systems. Firstly, what structural features and conceptual implications does the analysis of errors have in the field of biometrics? To answer this question, the common error types in biometrics will be examined, as part of an analytical discourse taking into consideration technical texts from the research field. The working hypothesis of this analysis is that the structure of the discourse surrounding fingerprint recognition systems would present no barriers to their widespread implementation in everyday life despite all their faults – not because their shortcomings are negligible but due to the great potency of the fear of “identity fraud”, the notion that identity can be measured, and the economic and political importance of security technologies in a world deemed unsafe. It will be discussed how the examination of system errors and spoofing attacks in computer science falls short in addressing the whole picture of failing fingerprint recognition systems. Therefore an extended error model will be proposed, one which builds on recent transdisciplinary error research and which can be used as a critical tool for analysing and assessing the interaction between computer systems and society. Secondly, how could the analytical discourse method and experimental hands-on learning be combined into a teaching concept that would enable critical teaching of the problems of fingerprint recognition systems? Starting from the school-based teaching concepts of a theory of computer science based on real life and the idea of “hands-on learning” using concrete objects, a teaching concept for universities and schools has been developed and tested in three different institutions.

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