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L'objectif de ce travail porte sur la valorisation de dérivés du calix[4]arène en tant qu'agents d'extraction sélectifs de métaux de transition, immobilisés sur polymères naturels (cellulose) ou artificiels (résines polystyrèniques). Dans une première partie, nous avons élaboré une stratégie de synthèse multi-étapes, permettant l'introduction d'unités bipyridines (n= 2 ou 3) sur la partie basse du calix[4]arène, ainsi que l'incorporation d'un bras espaceur aminé destiné au greffage. L'étude des stoechiométries Métal/Ligand avec différents cations (Zn(II), Ni(II)…) a été entreprise en solution par spectroscopie UV-visible. Dans un deuxième temps, les ligands obtenus ont alors été greffés, sur des résines PS-DVB porteuses de fonctions aldéhyde (Wang) ou chlorméthyle (Merrifield), ainsi que sur un polymère naturel (coton). Les taux de greffages obtenus ont alors été déterminés par UV-visible et par chromatographie ionique. Les capacités extractives de ces polymères en milieu aqueux/organique, ont été ensuite étudiées, tout d'abord sur des solutions monométalliques, puis sur des mélanges plus complexes. La dernière partie de notre travail a porté sur la séparation d'un mélange ternaire Ag/Zn/Pb, d'intérêt potentiellement économique, en mettant au point un processus d'extraction solide-liquide complété par le relargage sélectif en solution. Ce processus nous à amené à intégrer une étude de recyclabilité et de stabilité. La séparation effective de Ag, Zn et Pb a ainsi été démontrée. / The aim of the present work is dedicated to the valorization of calix[4]arene derivatives as transition-metal selective extraction agents, immobilized onto natural polymers (cellulose) or artificial (polystyrenic resins). We have elaborated a multi-step synthesis strategy, allowing the introduction of bipyridine units (2 or 3) on the lower rim and the incorporation of an amine spacer arm dedicated to grafting. Metal/Ligand stoechiometries studies in solution were undertaken by UV-Visible spectroscopy.Then, the ligands obtained were grafted onto PS-DVB resins functionnalized with aldehyde groups (Wang) or cholomethylene groups (Merrifield), and onto natural polymer (cotton). The grafting rates were determined by UV-Visible spectroscopy and ionic chromatography. Their extractive capacities were studied in aqueous/organic media, firstly for monometallic solutions then for more complex mixtures.The last part of our work was dedicated to the separation of a ternary mixture Ag/Zn/Pb, which could have an economic interest. A solid-liquid extraction process was developped, integrating recyclability and stability studies. The effective separation of these 3 metal ions was proved

Nous avons développé une procédure simple et originale pour la synthèse de dérivés 4,4'-bipyridines polyhalogénées basée sur la lithiation de dihalogénopyridines. Le mécanisme de cette réaction a été étudié par l'isolement et la caractérisation de plusieurs produits secondaires. La méthodologie adoptée a été ensuite appliquée à la synthèse d'une série de bipyridines 4,4' comportant des atomes de chlore, de brome et aussi d'iode. Dans certains cas, nous avons pu isoler des bipyridines ayant une connectivité 3,4' et 2,4'. Quelques 4,4'-bipyridines ont été fonctionnalisées par couplages croisés de Suzuki et par double amination de Buchwald-Hartwig. La plupart des produits ont été caractérisés par diffraction des rayons X ce qui a montré des interactions halogènes spécifiques / We have developed a simple and original procedure for the synthesis of halogenated 4,4'-bipyridines based on the lithiation of halopyridines. The mechanism of the reaction has been studied by isolation and characterization of several byproducts. The methodology was then applied to the formation of several 4,4'-bipyridines bearing chlorine, bromine, and even iodine. In some cases we could isolate bipyridines having 3,4' and 2,4' connectivity. Some 4,4'-bipyridine have been functionalized by Suzuki cross-coupling and Buchwald-Hartwig double amination. Most representative products were characterized by X-ray diffraction and showed specific halogen interactions

Dans un premier temps, ce travail décrit la méthodologie de synthèse vers de nouveaux coilants bipyridines-bis-α-cyclodextrines comportant deux ou trois unités bipyridines pour la réalisation de systèmes coordinants tétra- ou octaédriques singuliers. La réactivité des différentes étapes a été étudiée et des molécules clés de la synthèse totale des ces systèmes ont été synthétisées grâce à des réactifs ou réactions issus du laboratoire. Dans un deuxième temps, la synthèse d'un nouveau podant tris-bipyridines-α-cyclodextrine a également été réalisée et ses propriétés de complexation avec les cations de transition ont été étudiées par spectroscopie UV-visible et dichroïsme circulaire. La géométrie hélicoïdale fortement chirale a également été résolue dans le cas de certains complexes de ce podant avec des métaux de transition de dureté intermédiaire / Firstly, this work describes the synthesis methodology toward new bipyridines-bis-α-cyclodextrins coilants with two or three bipyridine units for the achievement of tetra- or octahedral coordinant systems. The reactivity has been studied and key molecules have been synthesisedthanks to our laboratory's methodologies. Sedondly, the synthesis of a new tris-bipyridines-α-cyclodextrin podand has also been performed and its complexation properties with transition cations have been studied by UV-visible spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The highly chiral helix geometry has also been resolved in the case of some metal podendates with borderline transition metals

<p>In this thesis, the preparation of new photoactive substances containing mono- and bipyridines coordinated to ruthenium is presented together with initial evaluations of their photoelectrochemical and photophysical properties. </p><p>Complexes of the type Ru(bpy)₂(4-X-py)₂ (X = SH, COOH) were prepared and used in Grätzel-type solar cells based on ZnO. The results show that the thiol complex binds to the surface but give rather low solar cell efficiencies. Different routes to obtain Ru(bpy)₂(4,4´-dithio-2,2´-bipyridine) were evaluated, among them substitution reactions on 4,4´-dichloro-2,2´-bipyridine coordinated to ruthenium. Due to reactivity issues, the target sulphur-containing complex has not yet been obtained.</p><p>The synthesis of methanofullerenes, fulleropyrrolidines and –pyrazolines are presented, among them dyads containing Ru(bpy)_n-units. A common feature for the dyads is the unusually short linkers between the fullerene and the ruthenium complex. Dyad preparations were in some cases simplified by carrying out the reactions in the presence of silver salts.</p><p>A preliminary evaluation of the emission of the dyads showed almost complete quenching of the excited state of a pyrrolidine-based dyad, whereas emission remained from the pyrazoline-based ones. Whether this was due to incomplete quenching of the excited states of the ruthenium complex, or induced by the presence of hydrazones has yet to be revealed.</p><p>The use of fullerene-substituted malonic acid and its ethyl ester as dyes in Grätzel-type solar cells resulted in even lower efficiencies (IPCE) than for bare TiO₂. This could be due to electron transfer in the reverse direction compared to what is observed for ruthenium complexes. Thus, these fullerene derivatives are not suitable as sensitisers for Grätzel-type solar cells.</p>

In this thesis, the preparation of new photoactive substances containing mono- and bipyridines coordinated to ruthenium is presented together with initial evaluations of their photoelectrochemical and photophysical properties. Complexes of the type Ru(bpy)2(4-X-py)2 (X = SH, COOH) were prepared and used in Grätzel-type solar cells based on ZnO. The results show that the thiol complex binds to the surface but give rather low solar cell efficiencies. Different routes to obtain Ru(bpy)2(4,4´-dithio-2,2´-bipyridine) were evaluated, among them substitution reactions on 4,4´-dichloro-2,2´-bipyridine coordinated to ruthenium. Due to reactivity issues, the target sulphur-containing complex has not yet been obtained. The synthesis of methanofullerenes, fulleropyrrolidines and –pyrazolines are presented, among them dyads containing Ru(bpy)n-units. A common feature for the dyads is the unusually short linkers between the fullerene and the ruthenium complex. Dyad preparations were in some cases simplified by carrying out the reactions in the presence of silver salts. A preliminary evaluation of the emission of the dyads showed almost complete quenching of the excited state of a pyrrolidine-based dyad, whereas emission remained from the pyrazoline-based ones. Whether this was due to incomplete quenching of the excited states of the ruthenium complex, or induced by the presence of hydrazones has yet to be revealed. The use of fullerene-substituted malonic acid and its ethyl ester as dyes in Grätzel-type solar cells resulted in even lower efficiencies (IPCE) than for bare TiO2. This could be due to electron transfer in the reverse direction compared to what is observed for ruthenium complexes. Thus, these fullerene derivatives are not suitable as sensitisers for Grätzel-type solar cells.

No description available.