Birefringent fibers have attracted considerable attention in recent years for their potential applications in communication and sensing. In this thesis we selectively infiltrate high-index liquids or liquid crystals (LCs) into specified air holes of the photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) by using a selective blocking technique and the vacuum filling method to form half-filled birefringent PCFs and central-filled liquid crystal PCF (LCPCF). We first measure the bending loss of the half-filled PCF. Smaller bending loss was obtained as the PCF was bent in 0¢X due to the dominat index-guiding. Compared with the full-filled PCF, the half-filled PCF possesses a smaller bending loss for the reduction of liquid-filled air holes. The birefringent properties of the half-filled PCF and the LCPCF were then measured in cooperation with the Sagnac fiber loop. We can obtain the birefringence of the half-filled PCF of 2.39¡Ñ10^-4 at £f = 1411 nm, and the sensitivity to temperature, strain, and torsion can be obtained as -0.614 nm/¢XC, 0.466 pm/£g£`, and -0.316 nm/deg. These large sensitivities make the half-filled PCF useful in sensing applications. We also measured the birefringence of the central-filled LCPCF with variant laser irradiation and temperature. The optical and thermal birefringence variations from 2.8¡Ñ10^-3 to 4.12¡Ñ10^-3 and from 2.3¡Ñ10^-3 to 3.3¡Ñ10^-3 can be oberserved, respectively. The optically and thermally tunable birefringence of the central-filled LCPCF was experimentally demonstrated.

Les récentes avancées dans le domaine des plates-formes d’instrumentation légères telles que les drones ou les nano-satellites ont fortement augmenté la demande de capteurs compacts, y compris les capteurs d’imagerie hyperspectrale infrarouge qui sont utilisés, de nos jours, dans des nombreuses applications militaires et civiles. Nous proposons une nouvelle caméra hyperspectrale compacte infrarouge dont les performances nous permettront de viser les domaines applicatifs tels que la détection de gaz (panaches volcaniques ou industriels), la détection de véhicules militaires, la surveillance d’ouvrages (barrages, pipelines) ou encore l’agriculture. Pour y arriver, nous avons choisi la spectro-imagerie par transformée de Fourier utilisant un interféromètre biréfringent à décalage latéral. Nous avons ensuite procédé à une modélisation approfondie de tels interféromètres afin de déterminer une configuration optimale associant compacité et résolution spectrale requise. Cette modélisation a été utilisée pour dimensionner trois prototypes avec des spécifications précises : deux prototypes dans le moyen infrarouge, l’un entièrement refroidi et l’autre partiellement refroidi et un prototype dans le lointain infrarouge. Nous avons ensuite réalisé le prototype partiellement refroidi que nous avons caractérisé en laboratoire et que nous avons mis en œuvre sur le terrain. Cette campagne de mesures nous a permis d’obtenir des images hyperspectrales dans des conditions réelles d’utilisation. Par l’analyse de ces images, nous avons évalué les performances opérationnelles de notre système et identifié les points à améliorer. / Recent advances in the field of lightweight technical platforms like UAV or nano-satellite have increased the demand for compact sensors including infrared hyperspectral cameras which are used nowadays in number of military and civilian applications. We propose a new compact infrared hyperspectral camera, the performance of which will allow it to be used in applications like gas detection, military vehicle detection, industrial installation surveillance or agriculture. To do so, we have chosen Fourier transform imaging spectrometry using a birefringent lateral shearing interferometer. Thereafter, we have deeply studied wave propagation in such an interferometer to find out optimal geometries, and we have designed three prototypes: two in the mid-infrared, partially and entirely cooled, and the other in the far infrared spectral domain. The partially cooled prototype has been realized, characterized in the laboratory and tested on the field. This field campaign provided hyperspectral images on real operating conditions. Analysis of these images allowed us to estimate the performance of our system and to identify the points to be improved.

The extraction of high power with high beam quality from semiconductor lasers has long been a goal of semiconductor laser research. Optically pumped vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) have already shown the potential for their high power high brightness operation. In addition, the macroscopic nature of the external cavity in these lasers makes intracavity nonlinear frequency conversion quite convenient. High-power high-brightness VECSELs with wavelength flexibility enlarge their applica-tions. The drawbacks of the VECSELs are their poor spectral characteristics, thermal-induced wavelength shift and a few-nm-wide linewidth.The objective of this dissertation is to investigate tunable high-power high-brightness VECSELs with spectral and polarization control. The low gain and microcavity reson-ance of the VECSEL are the major challenges for developing tunable high-power VECSELs with large tunability. To overcome these challenges, the V-shaped cavity, where the anti-reflection coated VECSEL chip serves as a folding mirror, and an extremely low-loss (at tuned wavelength) intracavity birefringent filter at Brewster's angle are employed to achieved the high gain, low-loss wavelength selectivity and the elimination of microcavity. This cavity results in multi-watt TEM00 VECSELs with a wavelength tuning range of 20~30 nm about 975 nm. Also the longitudinal mode discrimination introduced by birefringent filter makes the linewidth narrow down to 0.5 nm. After the tunable linearly polarized fundamental beam is achieved, the tunable blue-green VECSELs are demonstrated by using type I intracavity second-harmonic generation. The spectral control of VECSELs makes it possible to apply them as an efficient pump source for Er/Yb codoped single-mode fiber laser and to realize the spectral beam combining for multi-wavelength high- brightness power scaling.In this dissertation, theory, design, fabrication and characterization are presented. Rigorous microscopic many-body theory of the quantum well gain, based on semiconductor Bloch equations and k.p theory, is introduced. The closed loop design tool based on this theory is not only used to design the VECSEL structure, but also used as a precise on-wafer diagnostics tool by the experiment/theory comparison of the photo-luminescence. The characterization of the wafer shows that the modeling is in good agreement with the measured results.The VECSEL high power high brightness performance relies on the fabrication of the chip. The fabrication method of the VECSEL chip, which provides the optically smooth surface and good heat dissipation, is presented. The anti-reflection coating on the chip surface can significantly improve the slope efficiency of VECSEL when high reflectivity output coupler is used. Over 12-W VECSEL cw output power with 43 % slope efficiency is demonstrated at 0 oC. A beam quality factor (M^2 factor) of 1.75 is obtained at 11 W output power.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第24416号 / 理博第4915号 / 新制||理||1702(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 栗田 光樹夫, 准教授 岩室 史英, 教授 太田 耕司 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Due to its inherent stability and compactness, integrated optics can allow for experimental complexity not currently achievable with bulk optics. This opens up the possibility for large-scale quantum technological applications, such as quantum communication networks and quantum information processing. Quantum information processing relies on efficient sources of entangled photon pairs. Most demonstrations in integrated photonics so far have featured the on-chip manipulation of photon states using a free-space bulk-optic source of photons. This has the drawback of introducing loss due to the spatial mode mismatch between waveguide modes of the chip and modes of the produced photons. In this way, loss limits the number of photons that are simultaneously carried in the integrated optical device, and thus limits the number of qubits. One way to avoid this loss is to generate the photons in another waveguide device. This can be done through, for example, spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM). In this third-order nonlinear process, two pump photons spontaneously scatter off each other to create two photons of two new frequencies, satisfying momentum and energy conservation. This has been studied in birefringent optical fibers and photonic crystal fibers. In this work, we investigate the SFWM generation of photons in a waveguide coupler comprised of two touching tapered optical fibers, which we call a microcoupler. The two silica fibers are kept in contact and tapered to be 1 micron in diameter in the 10 cm long uniform interaction region. This device has three main advantages over a standard telecom 2x2 fiber coupler. 1) The small mode area enhances the photon generation rate; 2) The microcoupler supports four modes which is the minimum number required for two-photon entanglement. So in principle the device should be able to produce polarization-entangled photon pairs; 3) The strong waveguide-waveguide coupling and waveguide dispersion (due to the tapering) forces the photons to be far in wavelength from the background light around the pump. We present the 28 allowed phasematching processes for the microcoupler, as well as predict the frequencies of the generated photons. We report the first experimental observation of photon pairs produced via SFWM in a microcoupler. We also analyze the polarization state of the observed photons to figure out which phasematching processes are responsible for generating the photons. We expect to observe more photon pairs in future devices, with the ultimate goal being the generation of polarization-entangled photon pairs for integrated optics.

Cette thèse a pour thème le processus physique de ralentissement de la lumière induit par amplification paramétrique vectorielle dans les fibres optiques biréfringentes. Notre première étude porte sur la lumière lente induite par amplification paramétrique vectorielle dans les fibres fortement biréfringentes. Contrairement au processus scalaire, nous montrons théoriquement que le processus vectoriel offre la possibilité de créer des bandes de gain paramétrique étroites et éloignées de la pompe, permettant de générer des retards optiques très importants, un ordre de grandeur supérieurs à ceux obtenus en amplification paramétrique scalaire. Des résultats analytiques et issus de simulations numériques dans le cas de dispersion normale ainsi que dans le cas de dispersion anormale sont présentés. Ensuite, nous discutons des principales limitations au retard optique (élargissement de l’impulsion pompe notamment) et nous étudions l’influence positive de l’effet Raman sur le retard optique. Notre seconde étude est consacrée à la lumière lente induite par amplification paramétrique dans les fibres faiblement biréfringentes. Nous traitons l’ensemble des configurations possibles d’instabilité de polarisation selon l’état initial de polarisation de l’impulsion pompe et du régime de dispersion. Nous démontrons clairement que la configuration correspondant à une impulsion pompe polarisée suivant l’axe lent de la fibre et une impulsion signal polarisée suivant l’axe rapide en régime de dispersion normale donne des retards optiques les plus important / This thesis aims to the physical process of slow light induced by vector parametric amplification in highly and weakly birefringent optical fibers. Our first study concerns slow light induced by parametric amplification in highly birefringent fibers. Unlike the scalar process, we theoretically demonstrate that large optical delays can be in principle generated in birefringent fibers, one order of magnitude higher than for the scalar case. Both analytical and numerical results in the case of anomalous dispersion are presented. We further discuss the main limitations for slow light optical delays (signal pulse broadening, pump pulse depletion). The influence of the Raman gain is also studied both analytically and numerically. The second study focuses on slow light induced by parametric amplification in weakly birefringent fibers. We consider all possible configurations of polarization modulation instability, depending on the polarization axis of the pump pulse and on the dispersion regime, and we derive the slow-light optical delays. We clearly demonstrate that the configuration corresponding to a pump pulse polarized in the slow axis of the fiber and a signal pulse polarized on the fast axis, in the normal dispersion regime, gives the largest optical delays.

In many fields, scientific or industrial, optical devices that can be tailored in terms of spectral qualities and output power depending on the application in question are attractive. Nonlinear optics in combination with powerful laser sources provide a tool to achieve essentially any wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, and the advancement of material technology during the last decade has opened up new possibilities in terms of realising such devices. The main part of the thesis deals with the development of compact functional lasers based on nonlinear interaction utilising diode-pumped solid-state lasers and also laser diodes. Efficient frequency conversion into the visible and ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum has been achieved, using both Nd:YAG and Nd:YVO4 lasers as well as a semiconductor laser as the fundamental light sources. For the nonlinear conversion, periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP), bismuth triborate (BiBO) and beta barium borate (BBO) have been employed. In the search for compact and reliable light sources emitting in the visible part of the spectrum, two different approaches have been explored. First, a scheme based on sum-frequency mixing of a diode-pumped solid-state laser and a laser diode of good beam quality. The idea of this approach is to take advantage of the individual strength of each device, which would be the flexibility in terms of wavelength for the laser diode and the possibility to reach high output power from the diode-pumped solid-state laser. Second, by mixing two different solid-state lasers substantially more output power could be generated albeit at a cost of less freedom in the choice of spectral output. As these two light sources had their central wavelength at 492 nm and 593 nm, respectively, they are highly interesting in biomedical applications since they correspond to the peak absorption of several popular fluorophores. In applications such as lithography, material synthesis and fibre grating fabrication, laser sources emitting in the deep-UV spectrum are desired. An all solid-state 236 nm laser source with 20 mW of average power have been designed and constructed, by frequency-quadrupling a passively Q-switched Nd:YAG laser lasing on a quasi-three level transition. Also, a novel concept for miniaturising solid-state lasers has been examined. Using a heat-conductive polymer carrier, a generic approach especially suited for mass-production of functional laser devices is presented. Finally, it has been proven that GRIN lenses can provide a very compact beam shaping solution to standard laser diodes based on the beam twisting approach. This method offers several advantages such as compactness of the beam shaping system, automated assembly in solid-state laser manufacturing due to the shape of these lenses and polarisation preservation of the laser diode output. / QC 20100903

Orientador: Cristiano Monteiro de Barros Cordeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T00:40:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Osorio_JonasHenrique_M.pdf: 14712524 bytes, checksum: c56cb1bceeba83a10c67851ebb536f59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Nesta dissertação apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de sensores baseados em fibras ópticas para os quais se projeta a aplicação como sensores biológicos. A primeira montagem abordada é baseada na utilização de microfibras birrefringentes as quais são obtidas a partir do processo de afinamento de fibras ópticas convencionais lateralmente polidas. Tal configuração provém um sensor de índice de refração de altíssima sensibilidade ¿ (3.0 ± 0.2) x 104 nanometros por unidade de índice de refração ¿ mas de baixa robustez. A fim de se obter um sensor mais robusto, estuda se um sensor baseado em redes de período longo mecanicamente induzidas. Tal sensor é menos sensível que o primeiro ¿ (700 ± 30) nanometros por unidade de índice de refração ¿ mas permite a realização de medidas de monitoramento de pequenas variações de índice de refração ¿ como se mostra numa medida da evaporação de etanol quando dissolvido em água. Como variações de temperatura podem interferir nas medidas baseadas em variações de índices de refração, apresenta-se, também, uma configuração para sensoriamento baseada na associação de fibras birrefringentes, a qual permite o monitoramento de dois parâmetros físicos quaisquer (que são definidos de acordo com a escolha das fibras que compõem a configuração) e de forma independente. Uma medida de sensoriamento de temperatura para ambientes desconectados é apresentada para demonstrar a versatilidade do sensor. Finalmente, apresenta-se o início do desenvolvimento de configurações ópticas construídas a partir de um material biocompatível ¿ a seda ¿, o que amplia as possibilidades de aplicação dos sensores ópticos no sentido do desenvolvimento de biosensores / Abstract: In this dissertation, the development of fiber optic-based sensing platforms which can be projected to act as biological sensors is presented. Firstly, a setup which employs birefringent microfibers obtained from tapering down side-polished standard telecom optical fibers is exposed. This configuration provides a highly sensitive refractive index sensor ¿ (3.0 ± 0.2) x 104 nanometers per refractive index unit ¿ but with poor robustness. In order to obtain a more robust setup, a configuration which employs two in-series mechanically induced long-period gratings was studied. Although this setup presented lower sensitivity than the sensor obtained from birefringent microfibers ¿ (700 ± 30) nanometers per refractive index unit ¿, it allowed the performance of measurements for monitoring small refractive index variations. As temperature fluctuations can influence refractive index measurements, a setup in which two birefringent optical fibers are spliced in an in-series configuration for temperature sensing is also presented. By using this setup, it is also possible to independently sense two different physical parameters (which are defined according to the choice of the birefringent fibers to be used). Finally, it is presented the development of optical configurations by employing a biocompatible material: silk. The use of silk-based configurations is very promising since it broadens the optical biosensors applications possibilities / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

L'objectif de ce travail est le développement d'un interféromètre à chemin commun entièrement passif pour détecter des ondes acoustiques hautes fréquences (GHz-THz). Ce travail s'inscrit dans le domaine de l'acoustique picoseconde. La génération et la détection des ultrasons sont réalisées par l'utilisation combinée de lasers impulsionnels et de dispositifs pompe-sonde résolus en temps. L'originalité de la détection interférométrique proposée réside dans l'utilisation d'un unique cristal biréfringent pour créer une paire d'impulsions séparée de quelques picosecondes puis les recombiner et générer les interférences. Nous dressons dans le premier chapitre un état de l'art des différentes méthodes interférométriques actuellement utilisées en acoustique picoseconde. Dans le second chapitre nous détaillons le principe de l'interféromètre développé et nous modélisons son fonctionnement à l'aide du formalisme de Jones. Nous montrons que, suite à l'excitation induite par l'impulsion pompe, il est possible de mesurer indépendamment la dérivée temporelle de l'amplitude ou de la phase du changement relatif de réflectivité de l'échantillon. Enfin, le troisième chapitre est consacré à la caractérisation expérimentale de l'interféromètre puis à l'illustration des potentialités de cet interféromètre en acoustique picoseconde. Les expériences ont été réalisées sur deux échantillons différents : un film mince optiquement absorbant puis un film transparent déposé sur un transducteur métallique. / The purpose of this work is to develop a fully passive in-line common-path femtosecond interferometer for the detection of high frequencies acoustic waves (GHz-THz). This work falls within the picosecond acoustic domain. The generation and the detection of ultrasounds are performed through the combined use of pulsed lasers and optical pump-probe time-resolved setups. The originality of the interferometric detection we propose lies in the use of a single birefringent crystal frst to generate a pair of phase-locked pulses and second to recombine them to interfere. We present in the first chapter a state-of-the-art of the interferometric setups currently used in picosecond acoustics. In the second chapter, we describe the principle of operation of the interferometer we have developed. Then we model the sensitivity of the interferometer inthe framework of the Jones formalism. We show that it is possible to measure independently the pump-induced modification of either the real or imaginary parts of the complex reflection coefficient of the sample. Finally, in the third chapter, the experimental characterization of the setup is detailed and we illustrate the performance of the interferometer through picosecond opto-acoustic measurements. Experiments are performed on two different samples : an opticallyabsorbing thin film and a transparent substrate coated with a metallic transducer.