<p dir="ltr">The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a filamentous RNA virus which causes severe hemorrhagic fever. It is one of the most dangerous known pathogens with a high fatality rate. Multiple outbreaks of EBOV have occurred since the 1970s with the most widespread outbreak starting in December 2013. This outbreak continued through May of 2016 and had a fatality rate of approximately 50%. EBOV outbreaks are recurrent because the virus is still present in animal reservoirs. Despite multiple EBOV outbreaks we still lack a clear understanding of how new viral particles are formed and spread through virus assembly and release. Given the widespread global travel, EBOV now poses a threat to the entire world. EBOV encodes for the matrix protein, VP40, which is one of the most conserved viral proteins. VP40 can form different structures leading to different functions of the protein in different stages of the EBOV life cycle. The VP40 dimer traffics to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane to facilitate assembly and budding. The VP40 octameric ring has been implicated in transcriptional regulation. This thesis focuses on understanding in further detail the determinates of VP40 plasma membrane assembly and exit from an infected cell.</p><p dir="ltr">The assembly and trafficking of VP40 to the plasma membrane requires a network of protein-protein and lipid-protein interactions (PPIs and LPIs). Studying these interfaces is important for understanding how VP40 structure and function regulates trafficking and assembly and can shed light on therapeutic strategies to target EBOV. The alteration of host cell Ca²⁺ levels is one of the strategies that viruses use to perturb the host cell signaling transduction mechanism in their favor. Evidence has emerged demonstrating that Ca²⁺ is important for the assembly and budding of EBOV in a VP40-dependent manner. The relationship between intracellular Ca²⁺ levels and EBOV matrix protein VP40 function is still unknown. In this work we utilize biophysical techniques to study the role of LPIs and intracellular Ca²⁺ on VP40 dynamics at the plasma membrane and key residues for assembly and budding. This work highlights the sensitivity of slight electrostatic changes on the VP40 surface for assembly and budding and a critical interaction between Ca²⁺ and the VP40 dimer that are important for lipid binding at the plasma membrane.</p>

As septinas fazem parte de uma família de proteínas de ligação ao nucleotídeo guanina. As septinas têm mostrado ter um papel importante na citocinese e outros processos celulares, incluindo a determinação da polaridade celular e reorganização do citoesqueleto. Todos os membros da família de septinas são compostos por três domínios: um N-terminal variável, um domínio central GTPase e uma região C-terminal que inclui sequências de coiled-coil. Septinas possuem uma característica de polimerizarem para formar complexos hetero-oligoméricos altamente organizados, in vivo e in vitro. Estruturas homo-oligoméricas também foram observadas, embora sua função ainda não esteja bem estabelecida. A Septina 2 humana (SEPT2) se acumula no sulco de clivagem de células em divisão, desde a anáfase até a telófase, além de interagir com a actina, e também está envolvida em doenças neurodegenerativas, como mal de Azheimer. Nesse estudo, a ORF que codifica SEPT2, bem como os fragmentos que codificam seus domínios, foram clonados, expressos em E.coli e purificados por cromatografia de afinidade e cromatografia de exclusão molecular. Os produtos foram analisados por espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular, espalhamento de luz a ângulo fixo e espectroscopia de fluorescência extrínseca, usando Tioflavina-T, que é um marcador clássico para fibras amilóides. Em todos os casos, os produtos formaram homodímeros in vitro, e também agregaram em temperaturas fisiológicas. O desenovelamento térmico das proteínas recombinantes revelou a presença de uma população intermediária de desenovelamento, rica em folhas-&beta;, e que ligam Tioflavina-T, sugerindo uma estrutura amiloidogênica para essa proteína, confirmada pelos programas de predição TANGO e WALTZ. Imagens dessas fibras foram obtidas usando Microscopia eletrônica de Transmissão, evidenciando uma agregação organizada das proteínas. Além disso, usando monocamadas de Langmuir, foi possível confirmar a ligação específica de SEPT2 ao fosfolipídeo fosfatidilinositol 4,5-bifosfato (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Essa ligação específica mantém a estrutura secundária de SEPT2, observada pela técnica PM-IRRAS, algo que não ocorre caso o lipídio seja inespecífico, sugerindo uma associação de SEPT2 com a membrana plasmática e podendo ter um papel na regulação das septinas. Por meio da técnica de duplo híbrido em levedura, identificamos proteínas que interagem com a SEPT2, como a MPBI e a DCTN2, auxiliando na elucidação de processos em que a SEPT2 possa participar. O conjunto dos resultados sobre a estabilidade, os processos de agregação de SEPT2 e a identificação de novos parceiros protéicos de interação, obtidos nesse trabalho, contribuíram para o melhor entendimento da função da SEPT2 e de seu envolvimento em desordens neurodegerenativas. / Septins are members of a conserved group of GTP-binding and filament-forming proteins. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as microtubule regulation, vesicle trafficking, the formation of scaffolding platforms and actin dynamics. Human Septin 2 (SEPT2) has an N-terminal polybasic region responsible for lipid binding, a GTPase domain, and a C-terminal domain. SEPT2 is essential for cytokinesis and it is found in many tissues, mainly in the brain. Together with SEPT1 and SEPT4, it is accumulated in deposits known as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimers disease, which is evidence that SEPT2 may be involved in this process. In this study, the human SEPT2, and its domains, were cloned, expressed in E.coli and purified by affinity and size-exclusion chromatographies. The proteins form homodimers in vitro, suggesting that the GTPase domain is enough to promote the oligomerization. Thermal unfolding revealed the formation of aggregates under physiological conditions, which have the ability to bind a specific amyloid dye, Thioflavin-T, suggesting them to be an amyloidal fiber. Besides, in silico prediction programs, TANGO and WALTZ, corroborate that SEPT2 contain regions with high probability of aggregation and amyloidogenic formation, respectively. Moreover, we observed 20-50 nm thick filamentous structures by electron microscopy of negatively stained. Using Langmuir monolayers at the cell membrane lipid packing, SEPT2 and SEPT2NG bound to the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Results from in situ PM-IRRAS experiments indicated that the secondary structure of SEPT2 is preserved upon interacting with PtdIns(4,5)P2, but not when interacting with DPPC - which is not specific for SEPT2 - at the air/water interface suggesting an association with the plasma membrane and a role in septin regulation. Furthermore, we also identified protein partners of SEPT2, from both human leukocyte and brain fetal cDNA libraries, using the yeast two-hybrid system. SEPT2 was shown to interact with: septins 6 and 4; a serine-protease and a MAP inhibitory protein; an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; and proteins related to cellular division. Thus, taken together this study contributed for the knowledgment of the stability and the aggregation kinetic of the SEPT2, leading to a better understanding of this protein and their role in neurodegenerative disorders.

Inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channels establish and regulate the resting membrane potential of excitable cells in the heart, brain and other peripheral tissues. Phosphatidylinositol- 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is a key direct activator of ion channels, including Kir channels. Gasotransmitters, such as carbon monoxide (CO), have been reported to regulate the activity of Kir channels by altering channel-PIP2 interactions. We tested, in a model system, the effects and mechanism of action of another important gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) thought to play a key role in cellular responses under ischemic conditions. Direct administration of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), as an exogenous H2S source, and expression of cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE), a key enzyme that produces endogenous H2S in specific brain tissues, resulted in comparable current inhibition of several Kir2 and Kir3 channels. A “tag switch” assay provided biochemical evidence for sulfhydration of Kir3.2 channels. The extent of H2S regulation depended on the strength of channel-PIP2 interactions: H2S regulation was attenuated when strengthening channel-PIP2 interactions and was increased when channel-PIP2 interactions were weakened by depleting PIP2 levels via different manipulations. These H2S effects took place through specific cytoplasmic cysteine residues in Kir3.2 channels, where atomic resolution structures with PIP2 gives us insight as to how they may alter channel-PIP2 interactions. Mutation of these residues abolished H2S inhibition, and reintroduction of specific cysteine residues into the background of the mutant lacking cytoplasmic cysteine residues, rescued H2S inhibition. Molecular dynamics simulation experiments provided mechanistic insights as to how sulfhydration of specific cysteine residues could lead to changes in channel-PIP2 interactions and channel gating.

As septinas fazem parte de uma família de proteínas de ligação ao nucleotídeo guanina. As septinas têm mostrado ter um papel importante na citocinese e outros processos celulares, incluindo a determinação da polaridade celular e reorganização do citoesqueleto. Todos os membros da família de septinas são compostos por três domínios: um N-terminal variável, um domínio central GTPase e uma região C-terminal que inclui sequências de coiled-coil. Septinas possuem uma característica de polimerizarem para formar complexos hetero-oligoméricos altamente organizados, in vivo e in vitro. Estruturas homo-oligoméricas também foram observadas, embora sua função ainda não esteja bem estabelecida. A Septina 2 humana (SEPT2) se acumula no sulco de clivagem de células em divisão, desde a anáfase até a telófase, além de interagir com a actina, e também está envolvida em doenças neurodegenerativas, como mal de Azheimer. Nesse estudo, a ORF que codifica SEPT2, bem como os fragmentos que codificam seus domínios, foram clonados, expressos em E.coli e purificados por cromatografia de afinidade e cromatografia de exclusão molecular. Os produtos foram analisados por espectroscopia de dicroísmo circular, espalhamento de luz a ângulo fixo e espectroscopia de fluorescência extrínseca, usando Tioflavina-T, que é um marcador clássico para fibras amilóides. Em todos os casos, os produtos formaram homodímeros in vitro, e também agregaram em temperaturas fisiológicas. O desenovelamento térmico das proteínas recombinantes revelou a presença de uma população intermediária de desenovelamento, rica em folhas-&beta;, e que ligam Tioflavina-T, sugerindo uma estrutura amiloidogênica para essa proteína, confirmada pelos programas de predição TANGO e WALTZ. Imagens dessas fibras foram obtidas usando Microscopia eletrônica de Transmissão, evidenciando uma agregação organizada das proteínas. Além disso, usando monocamadas de Langmuir, foi possível confirmar a ligação específica de SEPT2 ao fosfolipídeo fosfatidilinositol 4,5-bifosfato (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Essa ligação específica mantém a estrutura secundária de SEPT2, observada pela técnica PM-IRRAS, algo que não ocorre caso o lipídio seja inespecífico, sugerindo uma associação de SEPT2 com a membrana plasmática e podendo ter um papel na regulação das septinas. Por meio da técnica de duplo híbrido em levedura, identificamos proteínas que interagem com a SEPT2, como a MPBI e a DCTN2, auxiliando na elucidação de processos em que a SEPT2 possa participar. O conjunto dos resultados sobre a estabilidade, os processos de agregação de SEPT2 e a identificação de novos parceiros protéicos de interação, obtidos nesse trabalho, contribuíram para o melhor entendimento da função da SEPT2 e de seu envolvimento em desordens neurodegerenativas. / Septins are members of a conserved group of GTP-binding and filament-forming proteins. They are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as microtubule regulation, vesicle trafficking, the formation of scaffolding platforms and actin dynamics. Human Septin 2 (SEPT2) has an N-terminal polybasic region responsible for lipid binding, a GTPase domain, and a C-terminal domain. SEPT2 is essential for cytokinesis and it is found in many tissues, mainly in the brain. Together with SEPT1 and SEPT4, it is accumulated in deposits known as neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimers disease, which is evidence that SEPT2 may be involved in this process. In this study, the human SEPT2, and its domains, were cloned, expressed in E.coli and purified by affinity and size-exclusion chromatographies. The proteins form homodimers in vitro, suggesting that the GTPase domain is enough to promote the oligomerization. Thermal unfolding revealed the formation of aggregates under physiological conditions, which have the ability to bind a specific amyloid dye, Thioflavin-T, suggesting them to be an amyloidal fiber. Besides, in silico prediction programs, TANGO and WALTZ, corroborate that SEPT2 contain regions with high probability of aggregation and amyloidogenic formation, respectively. Moreover, we observed 20-50 nm thick filamentous structures by electron microscopy of negatively stained. Using Langmuir monolayers at the cell membrane lipid packing, SEPT2 and SEPT2NG bound to the phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Results from in situ PM-IRRAS experiments indicated that the secondary structure of SEPT2 is preserved upon interacting with PtdIns(4,5)P2, but not when interacting with DPPC - which is not specific for SEPT2 - at the air/water interface suggesting an association with the plasma membrane and a role in septin regulation. Furthermore, we also identified protein partners of SEPT2, from both human leukocyte and brain fetal cDNA libraries, using the yeast two-hybrid system. SEPT2 was shown to interact with: septins 6 and 4; a serine-protease and a MAP inhibitory protein; an ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme; and proteins related to cellular division. Thus, taken together this study contributed for the knowledgment of the stability and the aggregation kinetic of the SEPT2, leading to a better understanding of this protein and their role in neurodegenerative disorders.

In this diploma work changes of initial and total activities and content of Rubisco in beech and Norway spruce were studied. The plants were cultivated in conditions with ambient CO2 concentration (350 mol·mol–1) and elevated CO2 concentration (700 mol·mol–1). Three series of samples (at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of growing season) were taken. Initial and total Rubisco activities were measured spectrophotometrically and activation state was calculated. Rubisco content was determined by SDS–PAGE method. Rubisco activity in beech cultivated in elevated CO2 concentration decreased during the whole growing season while in beech growing in ambient CO2 concentration Rubisco activity decreased up to middle of growing season and then increased. Rubisco content in beech in ambient CO2 concentration slightly increased and in beech in elevated CO2 concentration decreased up to middle of growing season and then increased. Rubisco activities in Norway spruce both in ambient and elevated CO2 concentration decreased. Rubisco content in Norway spruce in ambient CO2 concentration decreased but in Norway spruce in elevated CO2 concentration first decreased and then increased.

No description available.