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Ecological studies on Culicoides impunctatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with reference to its control in the Highlands of ScotlandMarsh, Peter Michael January 1986 (has links)
No description available.
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Caractérisation des communautés virales de vecteurs & réservoirs de zoonoses : exemples des culicoïdes et de la viande de brousse / Characterization of viral communities of vectors and reservoirs of zoonoses : examples of biting midges and bushmeat.Temmam, Sarah 18 January 2016 (has links)
Les zoonoses constituent plus des deux tiers des pathologies virales qui concernent l’homme. Le développement et la démocratisation des outils de métagénomique en font de bons outils d’inventaire et de surveillance de virus potentiellement émergents.Dans un premier temps j’ai développé et validé un protocole expérimental de purification des viromes à ARN qui permettait le maintien de l’infectivité des particules virales. Ce protocole a ensuite été appliqué pour caractériser les communautés virales d’arthropodes hématophages et de prélèvements de faune sauvage. J’ai par la suite réalisé l’inventaire des communautés virales de viande de singe fumée illégalement importée en France et confisquée par les douanes, qui a révélé la présence de nombreux bactériophages, dont certains pourraient infecter des bactéries potentiellement pathogènes pour l’homme.Enfin j’ai caractérisé les communautés virales de culicoïdes collectés au Sénégal, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence la présence de nombreux virus géants à ADN infectant les amibes. Le séquençage des viromes à ARN a quant à lui révélé la présence d'un certain nombre d'arbovirus qui pourraient constituer un risque d’émergence pour la santé humaine. Du fait de nombreux facteurs intrinsèques et extérieurs à l’agent infectieux, la prédiction des futures émergences de virus zoonotiques est très compliquée voire utopique, mais elle reste un challenge crucial et d’actualité. La stratégie de réalisation d’inventaires des communautés virales présentes dans les différents acteurs des cycles de transmission zoonotique est un premier pas indispensable dans la connaissance des risques potentiels d’émergence en population humaine. / Zoonoses are responsible of more than two thirds of human viral infections. The development of high-throughput sequencing tools and their application in metagenomics allow inventorying the viral communities of various reservoirs in order to detect the emergence of viruses before their infection to humans. In this context, I characterized the viral communities of simian bushmeat illegally imported into France and of Culicoides biting midges, recognized vectors of several viruses of human and veterinary medicine importance. I have first developed a protocol for the purification of RNA viromes which allowed maintaining the infectivity of viral particles. This protocol was subsequently applied to characterize viral communities of bloodsucking arthropods and wildlife samples. In a second part I realized the inventory of viral communities of smoked simian bushmeat illegally imported into France and confiscated by the French customs. This study revealed the presence of a wide diversity of bacteriophages, in which some of them could infect bacteria potentially pathogenic for humans.Finally I characterized the viral communities of Culicoides biting midges collected in Senegal, which revealed the presence of sequences related to several giant DNA viruses infecting amoeba. Sequencing of the RNA virome revealed the presence of several arboviruses that could constitute a risk of emergence of zoonoses for humans.The prediction of future emerging zoonotic viruses is very difficult, if not impossible. However the characterization of viral communities present in the different actors of zoonotic transmission cycle is a first step to evaluate potential risks of transmission to humans.
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Testing Effects of Aerial Spray Technologies on Biting Flies and Nontarget Insects at the Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot, South Carolina, USABreidenbaugh, Mark 02 December 2008 (has links)
No description available.
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Bionomics of Culicoides molestus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae): a pest biting midge in Gold Coast canal estatesChitra, Eric, n/a January 2004 (has links)
Culicoides molestus (Skuse) is the major species of biting midge that plagues human comfort in the estuarine Gold Coast region of southeast Queensland. Local authorities have initiated a search for an effective, non-chemical means of control, that would minimize human-midge interaction. The effectiveness of a program to control an organism, such as a biting midge, is dependent upon knowledge of the biology of the particular organism of interest. This project revolved examines the lifecycle of C. molestus in detail. It addresses questions regarding the location, seasonal distribution, and dispersal of its juvenile stages in the sand of infested beaches, and their response to chemical treatment, the monthly and annual cycles of the adult midge, and the possibilities of achieving laboratory oviposition, as a first step to laboratory colonisation. The distribution of eggs, larvae and pupae of C. molestus was found to be mostly concentrated around, but below, mean tide level. They also occurred well below the mean tide level. Eggs and larvae have been recovered from as deep as 10 cm in the sand. A seasonal study of the juveniles of this species indicated that they were more strongly influenced by tides than seasons. After a routine pest-control larviciding treatment, a beach recolonisation study revealed that beaches become suitable for oviposition approximately two months after treatment. Large larvae invaded the sprayed areas within days of treatment, which suggests the existence of a refuge outside of the reach of the insecticide. Larvae found in clean (egg- and larva-free), isolated sand containers, placed on the study beach, indicated that larvae could swim in or on the water as a way of moving around the beach. Extended bite-rate studies highlighted the existence of four peaks in adult midge biting activity during the course of a year, around the mid seasons. The strongest peaks of activity were found to be in autumn and spring, but the data suggest that the species undergoes four generations in a year. Through a series of trial-and-error experiments, oviposition under laboratory conditions was achieved. Although the time from blood-feeding to egg maturation is not yet well determined, it occurs within an eight day mean survival period. Blood quality appears critical for adult blood-fed midge survival. Midges fed on the blood of a volunteer who was frequently exposed to midge bites do not live long enough to mature its eggs. The partial ovarial development of one unfed adult female, reared in the laboratory, indicates that C. molestus is facultatively anautogenous.
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The space-time distribution of Palearctic Culicoides spp. vectors of Bluetongue disease in Europe / Distribution spatio-temporelle du genre Culicoides, vecteur de la fièvre catarrhale ovineRigot, Thibaud 24 October 2011 (has links)
Abstract :Bluetongue (BT) is a vector-borne infectious disease primarily transmitted to even- toed ungulates by the bite of several Culicoides species. The global distribution of BT can be attributed to the ubiquity of its vectors and its rapid spread, likely to the enhancement of human activities (intensification of animal production, trans- port, changing habitat). During the last decades, BT established in Southern Europe and more recently emerged in Northern Europe, causing the death of millions of domestic ruminants. On the same time, a Belgian research project has been set up to develop remote-sensing tools to study the EPidemiology and Space-TIme dynamicS of infectious diseases (EPISTIS). In that general framework, this thesis aimed to study the space-time distribution of the main Culicoides vectors occurring in Italy and Belgium, at two different scales. Firstly, we aimed to clarify the role of several eco-climatic factors on the regional-scale distribution of C. imicola in time, based on weekly samplings achieved throughout Italy from 2001 to 2006 and to develop an easy-to-use and reproducible tool, which could be widely validated on the basis of former vector sampling and freely accessible remote-sensing data. Secondly, we aimed to investigate how Culicoides species were distributed in the fine-scale habitat encountered throughout the agro-ecological landscapes of Belgium, while recent studies have suggested that the landscapes configuration could explain the spatial distribution of BT. In the first part, we showed that an autoregressive model where the observed monthly growth rate is predicted by monthly temperature, allowed predicting >70% of the seasonal variability in C. imicola trap catches. The model predicted the seasonality, the altitudinal gradient, and the low populations’ activity taking place during the winter. Incorporating eco-climatic indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index into the model did not enhance its predictive power. In the second part, we quantified how Culicoides populations are spatially structured in the neighbourhood of farms, and demonstrated the unexpectedly high level of population found in forest. We also showed how four classes of land use could influence the relative abundances of Culicoides species in the agro-ecological landscapes of Belgium. Although in summer, BT vectors were abundant in each of the four classes investigated, their relative abundances varied strongly as a function of sex, species and environmental conditions, and we quantified these variations. Finally, we also presented a new method to quantify the interference between Onderstepoort light traps, and used it to measure their range of attraction for several of the most common BT vectors species in Northern Europe. The model developed on C. imicola in Italy provided enthusiastic perspectives regarding the regional-scale analyses of its distribution in time, although further improvements are nevertheless required in order to assess the broad scale ecology of BT vectors throughout Europe. Mapping the abundances of C. imicola in Sardinia high- lighted an important lack of reliability attributable to the many land use classes that are currently not sampled in the vector surveillance achieved across Europe. Together with the novelties presented in the second part and the recent findings establishing that BT could circulate among wild hosts in both epidemiological systems (i.e. in Southern and Northern Europe), we call for increasing epidemiological and entomo- logical studies at the interface between farms and the surrounding natural habitats. Last, depicting in time the landscape-scale findings for Northern Europe highlighted how dramatic could be the role played by intensive farming practices to maintain BT within the agro-ecological landscapes studied and to facilitate its circulation between them. Quantifying the amplitude of the risk of disease transmission linked to these practices would require a further complex modeling approach accounting simultaneously for the diel activity of hosts, mainly resulting from the farming activities, the diel activities of different vector species and the landscapes configuration found in contrasted agro-ecological systems.<p>Résumé :La fièvre catarrhale ovine (FCO), encore appelée maladie de la langue bleue, est une maladie infectieuse des ruminants transmise par la piqûre d’un vecteur de type moucheron appartenant au genre Culicoides (Diptera :Ceratopogonidae). L’ubiquité de ses vecteurs peut expliquer son succès d’installation à l’échelle globale. Par ailleurs, sa rapide expansion a été grandement facilitée par l’importante activité anthropique (élevage, transport, modification de l’habitat) et peut-être même par les changements climatiques globaux. La FCO a été récemment qualifiée de maladie infectieuse émergente en Europe du fait de (i) son récent établissement dans la région, bien au delà de son aire de répartition traditionnelle, (ii) de sa forte capacité de dispersion affectant chaque jour un nombre plus important d’hôtes et enfin (iii) de sa forte virulence. Après avoir détaillé les caractéristiques majeures des deux principaux foyers de FCO rencontrés en Europe depuis 1998, la présente thèse s’est plus particulièrement intéressée à l’étude de la distribution spatio-temporelle de ses principaux vecteurs dans le sud (partie 1) puis dans le nord (partie 2) de l’Europe, à différentes échelles. Dans la première partie, un modèle discret, spatialement et temporellement explicite, a été développé afin de mesurer l’influence de différents facteurs éco-climatiques sur la distribution de Culicoides imicola, principal vecteur de la FCO dans le Bassin Méditerranéen. Les profils mensuels de distribution rencontrés en Sardaigne durant 6 années consécutives ont ainsi pu être reconstitués, principalement sur base de la température. Une cartographie de l’abondance de C. imicola sur le territoire a permis de mettre à jour le manque d’information sur sa distribution en dehors des exploitations agricoles. Dans la deuxième partie du travail, nous nous sommes penchés sur la distribution spatiale des Culicoides tels qu’on peut les rencontrer au sein de différents paysages agro-écologiques de Belgique. Nous avons ainsi pu décrire la structure adoptée par les populations de Culicoides au voisinage des fermes ainsi que quantifier l’importante population présente dans les forêts avoisinantes. Nous avons par ailleurs montré l’influence de différentes catégories d’utilisation du sol sur l’abondance et la composition en espèces. Enfin, nous avons présenté une méthode permettant de quantifier l’interférence entre des pièges lumineux utilisés dans un même paysage pour échantillonner les populations, et l’avons utilisé afin de mesurer leur rayon d’attractivité sur les espèces vectrices les plus communément rencontrées dans le nord de l’Europe. En guise de conclusion générale et conjointement aux récentes découvertes de cas de FCO au sein de la faune sauvage européenne, nous appelons à réaliser un plus grand nombre d’études éco-épidémiologiques à l’interface entre exploitations agricoles et zones (semi-) naturelles avoisinantes. En outres, les résultats présentés dans la seconde partie ont été mis en relation avec le mode de fonctionnement journalier de nos exploitations agricoles. Nous avons ainsi pu déduire le rôle dramatique joué par les pratiques agricoles intensives dans le maintien du virus de la FCO au sein de nos paysages agro-écologiques, ainsi que dans sa circulation d’un paysage à l’autre. Un cadre de modélisation complexe permettant une analyse simultanée de l’activité nycthémérale des hôtes de la FCO et de ses vecteurs Culicoides en fonction de la configuration des paysages agro-écologiques est néanmoins requis afin de quantifier l’amplitude du risque de transmission de la FCO lié aux pratiques agricoles intensives. / Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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