Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Typescript. Vita. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Στην παρούσα πτυχιακή εργασία επιχειρείται ο προσδιορισμός της δυναμικότητας των βιτουμενιούχων σχιστών Ανω-Ιουρασικής ηλικίας της Ιόνιας ζώνης, ως μητρικών πετρωμάτων υδρογονανθράκων. Χρησιμοποιούνται ανθρακοπετρογραφικές μέθοδοι, όπως η μέτρηση της ανακλαστικότητας του χουμινίτη/βιτρινίτη και η εξέταση στιλπνών τομών στο ανθρακοπετρογραφικό μικροσκόπιο. Μελετώνται επίσης τα ορυκτολογικά και χημικά χαρακτηριστικά των σχιστών με χρήση σύγχρονων τεχνικών, όπως η περιθλασιμετρία ακτίνων Χ (XRD) και φασματομετρία μάζας επαγωγικού ζεύγους πλάσματος (ICP-MS). / The present study aims to determine the potential of the bituminous shales (Up. Jurassic) of the Ionian zone as hydrocarbon source rocks. Coal-petrography methods, namely the measurement of the huminite/vitrinite reflectance as well as the examination of the macerals and minerals under the microscope, are applied. The chemical and mineralogical compounds of the shales are also calculated by applying X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Teve como objetivo verificar e comparar a alteração das características do carvão antracitoso e do carvão betuminoso utilizados em meio filtrante, devido ao efeito abrasivo causado entre os grãos decorrentes de lavagens exclusivamente com água e lavagens independentes com ar e água. Foram estudados dois tipos de carvão antracitoso e um tipo de carvão betuminoso, para os quais foram determinadas suas características químicas e físicas. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma instalação ao piloto montada na escola de engenharia de São Carlos-EESC, USP, na qual foram feitas simulações de lavagens admitindo-se uma lavagem diária durante um ano para cada método, de modo intermitente, em que o meio granular era compactado ao final de cada lavagem, e continuo, sem compactação do meio granular. A velocidade ascensional utilizada para cada simulação de lavagem foi de 0,9 m/min, promovendo expansão no meio granular de 35 a 40%. A taxa de ar utilizada para as simulações de lavagens com aplicação de ar foi de 15 l/sm2. Após o término das 365 lavagens, foram determinados os valores médios do coeficiente de esfericidade e da porosidade do meio granular estratificado e construída a curva de distribuição granulométrica das amostras utilizadas nos ensaios. Conclui-se que o carvão betuminoso apresentou comportamento semelhante ao dos carvões antracitosos e que a metodologia de lavagem continua produz praticamente o mesmo efeito abrasivo comparada a de lavagem intermitente. / This work had the objetive to verify and to compare the alterations on the properties of Anthracite coal and Betuminous coal, due to the abrasive effect caused between the grains resulted from washing exclusively with water and independent washing with air and water. There were studied two types of Anthracite coal and one type of Betuminous coal, their chemical and physical properties were determined. The tests were performed at a pilot instalation setted at the School of Engineering of São Carlos - EESC,USP; where, were done simulations of washing, it was admitted one washing a day during one year (365 washing) for each method, in an intermitent way, in which the granular medium was compacted at the end of each washing, and continous without compactation of the granular medium. The ascending speed used for each simulation of washing was 0,9 m/min, promoting an expansion in the granular medium of 35 to 40%. The rate of air used for the simulations of washing with the aplication of air was 15 I/sm2. After the last of the 365 washing, were determined the average values of the coefficient of sphericity and porosity of the granular estratified medium and was constructed a curve of the granulometric distribution of the samples used during the tests. It was conclued that Betuminous coal shows similar behaviour as Anthracite coaI and the continous method produce the same effect abrasive compared intermitent method.

Depuis les années 2000, les grandes entreprises routières axent leurs recherches sur l’abaissement des températures de fabrication et de mise en œuvre des enrobés bitumineux à chaud (de 30 à 50°C). Le développement de ces nouveaux enrobés, dits tièdes, a fait apparaître sur les chantiers des problématiques de maniabilité qui n’existaient pas dans le cas des enrobés à chaud, notamment lors des mises en œuvre manuelles. Ce sujet de thèse, inscrit dans cette thématique des enrobés bitumineux tièdes, vise à étudier leur comportement aux températures de mise en œuvre et à développer une démarche de caractérisation et d’évaluation de leur maniabilité. Pour cela, le travail expérimental a été réalisé à différentes échelles du matériau (liant, mastic et enrobé), sur des matériaux réels (aux liants bitumineux) et modèles (aux huiles de silicone), en s’articulant autour de deux axes principaux : les propriétés de viscosité des liants et des mastics d’une part, puis les propriétés de maniabilité des enrobés évaluées par un outil depuis peu normalisé, à savoir le maniabilimètre. Après un état de l’art sur les enrobés bitumineux, notamment tièdes, leur mise en œuvre et méthodes de caractérisation, et les propriétés rhéologiques des liants et des mastics bitumineux, une présentation des différents matériaux utilisés est faite. Les études rhéologiques menées sur liant et sur mastic sont présentées dans une première partie, depuis la mise en place des protocoles de mesure en plan-plan jusqu’à l’analyse des différents comportements, en fonction de paramètres choisis tels que la température, le taux de cisaillement, le taux de fines ou la présence d’additif tiède. Outre la vérification du caractère newtonien des bitumes et la validation des matériaux modèles, cette partie met en évidence le comportement non newtonien des mastics aux taux de fines testés, ainsi que la présence d’un phénomène de sédimentation dans les mastics, particulièrement à haute température, qui amène à s’interroger sur la pertinence de l’étude à l’échelle mastic par rapport à celle sur liant. En deuxième partie, l’analyse de la maniabilité à l’échelle de l’enrobé est menée à l’aide du maniabilimètre (NF P 98 258-1) ; l’intérêt de maîtriser la compacité de l’échantillon pour une bonne pertinence de l’essai est démontré. Une analyse de différents paramètres, tant géométriques que produits, initialement sur enrobés modèles puis réels, a permis de mettre en évidence la capacité et les limites de cet outil à caractériser la maniabilité, en corrélation avec les études rhéologiques sur liant et mastics / Since the 2000s, road industries have focused their researches on lowering the mixing and implementation temperatures of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) (from 30 to 50°C). These new asphalt concretes, called Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), created a workability issue that did not exist in the case of HMA, especially during manual implementation. This thesis aims to study the behavior of these WMA at implementation temperatures and to develop a method to characterize and evaluate their workability. For that, the experimental work was done at several scales of the material (the binder, the mastic and the mixture), some made with bituminous binders and some with silicone oils. Two properties were studied: on the one hand the viscosity of binders and mastics, and on the other hand the workability of mixtures measured by the workability device, newly standardized. After a state of the art on asphalt concretes, in particular WMA, on their implementation and characterization techniques, on the rheological properties of bituminous binders and mastics, the different materials used are presented along with their characterizations. The rheological studies conducted on binder and mastic are exposed in a first part, from the setup of measure procedures to the analysis of different behaviors with respect to the chosen parameters such as temperature, shear rate, filler content. This part highlights not only the Newtonian nature of binders but also the non-Newtonian behavior of mastics and the sedimentation phenomenon they endured at high temperatures which leads to investigate the legitimacy of the study at the mastic scale. In a second part, the workability of the mixtures is measured with the workability device (NF P 98 258-1), showing the importance of controlling the void content of the sample to guaranty a relevant test. An analysis of several parameters highlighted the ability and the limits of this device to characterize workability, with regard to the rheological studies on binders and mastics

This masters’ thesis deals with a thermal design of a draft dry bottom boiler for bituminous coal that should replace a disassembled boiler in a current boiler room. Application of SCR is intended in order to reach emission standards of NOx.

La fatigue est un des principaux mécanismes de dégradation des chaussées. En laboratoire, la fatigue est simulée en utilisant des essais de chargement cyclique, généralement sans période de repos. L’évolution du module complexe (une propriété du matériau utilisée dans la caractérisation de la rigidité des matériaux viscoélastiques) est suivie de manière à caractériser l’endommagement. Son changement est généralement interprété comme étant dû au dommage, alors que d’autres phénomènes (se distinguant du dommage par leur réversibilité) apparaissent. Des effets transitoires, propres aux matériaux viscoélastiques, apparaissent lors des tout premiers cycles (2 ou 3) et produisent une erreur dans la détermination du module complexe. La non-linéarité (dépendance du module complexe avec le niveau de déformation) est caractérisée par une diminution réversible instantanée du module et une augmentation de l’angle de phase qui est observée avec l’augmentation de l’amplitude de déformation. De plus, pendant le chargement, de l’énergie mécanique est dissipée en raison du caractère visqueux du comportement du matériau. Cette énergie se transforme principalement en chaleur ce qui induit une augmentation de température. Cela produit une diminution de module liée à cet auto-échauffement. Quand le matériau revient à la température initiale, le module initial est alors retrouvé. La partie restante du changement de module peut être expliquée, d’une part par un autre phénomène réversible, appelé dans la littérature « thixotropie », et d’autre part par le dommage « réel », qui est irréversible. Cette thèse explore ces phénomènes dans les bitumes, mastics (bitume mélangé avec des particules fines, dont le diamètre est inférieur à 80μm) et enrobés bitumineux. Un chapitre (sur la nonlinearité) présente des essais de « balayage d’amplitude de déformation » avec augmentation ou/et diminution des amplitudes sont présentés. Un autre se concentre sur l’auto-échauffement. Il comprend une proposition de procédures de modélisation dont les résultats sont comparés avec des résultats des cycles initiaux d’essais de fatigue. Finalement, un chapitre est dédié à l’analyse du module complexe mesuré pendant le chargement et les phases de repos. Des essais de chargement et repos ont été réalisés sur bitume (où le phénomène de thixotropie est supposé avoir lieu) et mastic, de manière à déterminer l’effet de chacun des phénomènes identifiés sur l’évolution du module complexe des matériaux testés. Les résultats de l’étude sur la nonlinearité suggèrent que son effet vient principalement du comportement non linéaire du bitume, qui est déformé de manière très non-homogène dans les enrobés bitumineux. Il est démontré qu’un modèle de calcul thermomécanique simplifié de l’échauffement local, ne considérant aucune diffusion de chaleur, peut expliquer le changement initial de module complexe observé au cours des essais cycliques sur enrobés. Néanmoins, la modélisation de la diffusion de chaleur a démontré que cette diffusion est excessivement rapide. Cela indique que la distribution de l’augmentation de température nécessaire pour expliquer complètement le module complexe observé ne peut pas être atteinte. Un autre phénomène réversible, qui a des effets sur le module complexe similaires à ceux d’un changement de température, doit donc avoir lieu. Ce phénomène est considéré être de la thixotropie. Finalement, à partir des essais de chargement et repos, il est démontré qu’une partie majeure du changement de module complexe au cours des essais cycliques vient des processus réversibles. Le dommage se cumule de manière approximativement linéaire par rapport au nombre de cycles. Le phénomène de thixotropie semble partager la même direction sur l’espace complexe que la nonlinéarité. Cela indique que les deux phénomènes sont possiblement liés par la même origine microstructurelle. Des travaux supplémentaires sur le phénomène de thixotropie sont nécessaires. / Fatigue is a main pavement distress. In laboratory, fatigue is simulated using cyclic loading tests, usually without rest periods. Complex modulus (a material stiffness property used in viscoelastic materials characterisation) evolution is monitored, in order to characterise damage evolution. Its change is generally interpreted as damage, whereas other phenomena (distinguishable from damage by their reversibility) occur. Transient effects, proper to viscoelastic materials, occur during the very initial cycles (2 or 3) and induce an error in the measurement of complex modulus. Nonlinearity (strain-dependence of the material’s mechanical behaviour) is characterised by an instantaneous reversible modulus decrease and phase angle increase observed when strain amplitude increases. Moreover, during loading, mechanical energy is dissipated due to the viscous aspect of material behaviour. This energy turns mainly into heat and produces a temperature increase. This produces a modulus decrease due to self-heating. When the material is allowed to cool back to its initial temperature, initial modulus is recovered. The remaining stiffness change can be explained partly by another reversible phenomenon, called in the literature “thixotropy”, and, then, by the “real” damage, which is irreversible. This thesis investigates these phenomena in bitumen, mastic (bitumen mixed with fine particles, whose diameter is smaller than 80μm) and bituminous mixtures. One chapter (on nonlinearity) presents increasing and/or decreasing strain amplitude sweep tests. Another one focuses on selfheating. It includes a proposition of modelling procedures whose results are compared with the initial cycles from fatigue tests. Finally, a chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the measured complex modulus during both loading and rest periods. Loading and rest periods tests were performed on bitumen (where the phenomenon of thixotropy is supposed to happen) and mastic in order to determine the effect of each of the identified phenomena on the complex modulus evolution of the tested materials. Results from the nonlinearity investigation suggest that its effect comes primarily from the nonlinear behaviour of the bitumen, which is very non-homogeneously strained in the bituminous mixtures. It was demonstrated that a simplified thermomechanical model for the calculation of local selfheating (non-uniform temperature increase distribution), considering no heat diffusion, could explain the initial complex modulus change observed during cyclic tests on bituminous mixtures. However, heat diffusion modelling demonstrated that this diffusion is excessively fast. This indicates that the temperature increase distribution necessary to completely explain the observed complex modulus decrease cannot be reached. Another reversible phenomenon, which has effects on complex modulus similar to the ones of a temperature change, needs to occur. That phenomenon is hypothesised as thixotropy. Finally, from the loading and rest periods tests, it was demonstrated that a major part of the complex modulus change during cyclic loading comes from the reversible processes. Damage was xivfound to cumulate in an approximately linear rate with respect to the number of cycles. The thixotropy phenomenon seems to share the same direction in complex space as the one of nonlinearity. This indicates that both phenomena are possibly linked by the same microstructural origin. Further research on the thixotropy phenomenon is needed.

The main goal of this study consists of the development of new asphalt mixes, based on industrial waste materials as replacement of natural aggregates. To achieve this purpose, a new characterisation of these pavements was proposed so to verify that the new mix has good mechanical performance without any detrimental impact to the environment.<p>This characterisation was divided in three distinct steps:<p>• a physical and chemical characterisation of the different constituents of asphalt concrete, as well the natural materials as the industrial waste considered as potentially secondary aggregates,<p>• a study of the bitumen-aggregate interface by means of two techniques: a qualitative method (scanning electron microscope) and a quantitative one (nanoindentation)<p>• an evaluation of the mechanical performance of mixes containing industrial waste, before and after recycling, by means of four standard road-engineering tests.<p>The numerous results allowed to put in evidence the possibility to reuse some industrial waste materials in asphalt concrete. In addition, this characterisation containing both chemical and mechanical aspects, at the microscopic and macroscopic scales, would permit the transposition of this study to the whole of asphalt concrete./<p>Le principal objectif de ce travail consiste en le développement de nouveaux mélanges bitumineux utilisant des déchets industriels en tant que remplacement des matériaux naturels. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle caractérisation de ces revêtements a été proposée afin de vérifier que le nouveau revêtement obtenu présente de bonnes performances mécaniques tout en évitant un impact environnemental néfaste.<p>Cette caractérisation a été scindée en trois étapes distinctes :<p>•\ / Doctorat en sciences appliquées / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The Diploma thesis is focused on rheological properties of bituminous binders and mixtures. Above all, it describes the changes of these properties of samples of bituminous binders and mixtures. Those were brought by the process of laboratory aging, since it simulates the changes occurring in the in the real-life conditions. The theoretical part depicts the field of rheology and methods utilized for simulating the ageing of binders and mixtures. The practical part describes the process of preparation of samples and its testing. Firstly, the ageing of bituminous mixture by the means of BSA method (Braunschweiger Alterung) took place, which was followed by preparing the solids for testing the modulus of stiffness and main testing. The rest of the mixture was used for extracting the binder. Tests with the binder were focused on the usage of dynamic shear rheometer (complex shear modulus, dynamic viscosity). The last part of the work is dedicated to the comparison of the outcomes of testing.

Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research conducted in this study forms part of the Phase II process of the Bitumen Stabilized Materials (BSMs) Guideline improvement initiative. The initiative aims to address areas of concern in the cold mix design procedures for BSMs. Current road rehabilitation using the bitumen stabilization process requires testing of representative specimens as means to evaluate pavement performance over time. In order to adequately acquire specimens representative of field conditions, it is necessary to condition the materials in a process called curing. Although curing procedures have been standard in many countries on different continents, the protocols are varied and an acceptable procedure is currently not available. In order to develop an acceptable curing protocol for BSMs, both field and laboratory environments were investigated. Considering that curing takes time in the field, production of representative samples intended for laboratory testing must undergo accelerated curing in the laboratory. Given the complexities involved in achieving close correlations between field and laboratory environments, the research strived to reconcile field and laboratory material behaviour. In particular, the main objective of the research was to unify the curing protocol for BSMs, with the standardization of the curing protocol being top priority. In this study, laboratory results have confirmed that the different natures of curing mechanisms inherent in a BSM-foam and BSM-emulsion contribute to irreconcilable material behaviour(s). Results have confirmed that curing of BSM-foam is largely a function of water repulsion, with the addition of active filler dominating material performance almost immediately. Unlike BSM-foam, curing of BSM-emulsion is both a function of the breaking of emulsion during the initial phase and the gradual release of moisture with time. In this instance, BSM-emulsion material performance resembled active filler influences past the breaking of the emulsion cycle. Consequently, given the observed differences regarding material behaviour(s), the unification of the curing protocol for BSMs has not been successful. In terms of accommodation of active filler in the final curing protocol for BSMs, findings in this research have revealed that active filler’s tendency to absorb moisture in the initial stages requires longer curing time to help extract the absorbed moisture during the curing process. Although the use of active filler has an impact on curing, its inclusion in a BSM does not justify its extension in the curing time as cementation is not one of the desired properties of these materials. BSMs are primarily desirable for their flexibility in pavement structures. For this reason, active filler was omitted in the final curing protocol due to reasons of simplifying the mix design process. In conclusion, different curing protocols were tested and developed to help produce reconcilable material behaviour in both the field and laboratory environments. Through the reconciliation of key material properties such as the resilient modulus, long term equilibrium moisture conditions and shear parameters, an acceptable standardized curing protocol for BSM-foam and BSMemulsion intended for application in industrial laboratories across South Africa was successfully developed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing tydens hierdie studie gedoen, vorm deel van die Tweede fase van die Bitumen Gestabiliseerde Materiale Riglyne verbeteringsinisiatief. Die inisiatief het ten doel om areas van bekommernis in die kouemengsel-ontwerp-prosedures vir Bitumen Gestabiliseerde Materiale aan te spreek. Huidige padrehabilitasie wat gebruik maak van die Bitumen Gestabiliseerde Materiale proses, vereis toetsing van verteenwoordigende monsters om sodoende plaveiselgedrag oor ‘n tydperk te evalueer. Materiale moet deur die verouderingsproses gekondisioneer word, om sodoende monsters te verkry wat akkuraat verteenwoordigend van veldtoestande is. Alhoewel verouderingsprosesse in meeste lande - op verskillende kontinente - gestandariseerd is, is die protokol verskillend en ‘n aanvaarbare prosedure is nie tans beskikbaar nie. Beide veld- en laboratoriumomgewings is ondersoek, om sodoende ‘n aanvaarbare verouderings-protokol vir Bitumen Gestabiliseerde Materiale te ontwikkel. Wanneer in ag geneem word dat veroudering in die veld tydrowend is, moet vervaardiging van verteenwoordigende monsters vir laboratoriumgebruik versnelde veroudering in die laboratoruim ondergaan. Gegee die kompleksiteite betrokke om goeie korrelasie tussen velden laboratoriumomgewings te verkry, het die navorsing daarna gestreef om die veld- en laboratoriummateriaalgedrag te verenig. Die hoofdoel van die navorsing was om die verouderingsprotokol vir Bitumen Gestabiliseerde Materiale te verenig met die stardaardisering van die verouderingsprotokol as top prioriteit. In hierdie studie het laboratorium resultate bevestig dat die verskillende aard van voorbereidings- meganismes inherent in BSM-skuim en BSM-emulsie bydra tot onversoenbare materiaalgedrag. Resultate het bevestig dat voorbereiding van BSM-skuim ’n funksie van waterrepulsie het en met die byvoeging van aktiewe vullers dominieer dit die materiaalgedrag byna onmiddelik. Anders as BSM-skuim is die voorbereiding van BSM-emulsie beide ’n funksie vir die breek van emulsie tydens die begin fase en die geleidelike vrystelling van vog oor tyd. In hierdie geval het BSM-emulsie se materiaalgedrag die invloed van aktiewe vuller getoon nadat die emulsie gebreek het. Gevolglik, weens die waargenome verskille rakende materiaalgedrag is die vereniging van die voorbereidings- protokols vir BSMs nie suksesvol nie. In terme van inagneming van aktiewe vullers in die finale voorbereidingsprotokol vir BSM’s, is deur navorsing bevind dat aktiewe vullers neig se neiging om vog te absorbeer in die beginstadia dit benodig dus ‘n langer verouderingstyd vir die ontrekking van die geabsorbeerde vog. Hoewel die gebruik van aktiewe vullers ’n impak het op die voorbereiding, reverdig dit nie die verlenging van die verouderingstyd vir die insluiting daarvan in BSM nie, siende dat sementering nie een van die gewenste eienskappe van hierdie materiaal is nie. BSMs word hoofsaaklik verkies vir sy buigsaamheid in paveiselsturkture. Om die mengselontwerp prosesse te vereenvoudig, was aktiewe vullers dus weggelaat in die finale voorbereidingsprotokol. Ter afsluiting was verskeie voorbereidings protokolle getoets en ontwikkel om te help met die vervaardiging van versoenbare materaalgedrag in beide veld-en-laboratoriumomgewings. Deur die versoening van kern materiaal eienskappe soos die elastisiteitsmodulus, lang termynewewigvog kondisies en skuifparameters, is ’n aanvaarbare gestandariseerde voorbereidingsprotokol vir BSM-skuim en BSM-emulsie bedoel vir aanwending in industriele laboratoriums regoor Suid Afrika suksesvol ontwikkel.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The pavement construction industry aims to reduce its Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions by investigating various energy efficient practices. The industry has focused on reducing energy consumption by producing Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) surfacing materials that are workable at lower temperatures in relation to Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA), as a means to reduce carbon emissions. Half-Warm Foamed Bitumen Mixtures (HWF) is a relatively new material and is produced at temperatures below 100°C. This translates to large energy savings to overcome the latent heat of steam when exceeding 100°C. The characteristics of HWF mixes are a compromise between those of Foamed Bitumen Stabilised material (BSM-foam) and HMA characteristics. These include to a limited extent the improved tensile strength, particle coating and durability of HMA; and the shear strength of BSM-foam. The use of microwave technology as an efficient heating method to produce improved engineering properties of BSM-foam is proposed in this study. The benefits include energy saving due to its volumetric heating capability as well as rapid heating which improve productivity when using suitable materials. The aspect of recycling material brings forth further energy saving and emissions reduction when reusing materials. The portability of the in-plant recycling machines is an ideal candidate with logistical advantages to implement microwave generators to produce HWF mixes. This study is subdivided into four parts as it progressively investigates the potential to heat aggregates and produce HWF material. Firstly it investigates the heating potential of four aggregates, namely Hornfels, Quartzite, Eucrite, Granite and Reclaimed Asphalt (RA) at various moisture contents using a microwave apparatus. The second part discusses the thermodynamics of the preliminary investigation to provide insight into the third part, the Primary Investigation. The primary investigation evaluates the tensile strength and shear properties of two material blends by respectively implementing Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and monotonic triaxial tests on specimens. The two blends were a combination of RA and crushed hornfels. The fourth and final part evaluates the HWF properties in relation to those of the equivalent BSM-foam product by means of a pavement analysis. The highest laboratory production temperature achieved was depicted by the material properties, microwave power capability and production rates. This temperature was consistently recorded at 50°C which theoretically simulates an in-field production rate of approximately 25 tons per hour. ITS test results indicate 100% increase in tensile strengths and an increase in compaction density for the HWF mixes. Large reduction in moisture contents is also observed after curing in relation to BSM-foam. The benefits in improving a layer within a pavement structure have an effect on the pavement’s overall performance. This could assist in reducing the requirement for premium layers e.g. thickness of HMA within the structure, thereby further assisting energy conservation. The evaluation of the microwave heated HWF mixes can be considered economical if designed with a purpose to meet the thermal dynamic requirements of a material considering the microwaves volumetric potential. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die plaveisel konstruksie-industrie poog om hul kweekhuisgas (KHG) uitskeiding te verlaag deur verskeie energie doeltreffende metodes te ondersoek. Die industrie fokus op die vermindering van energie-verbruik deur middel van die produksie van Warm Mengsel Asfalt (WMA) oppervlak materiale wat werkbaar is in laer temperature in verhouding tot “Hete Mengsel Asfalt (HMA)” as `n metode om koolstof uitskeiding te verlaag. Half-Warm Skuim-Bitumen Mengsels (HWS) is `n relatief nuwe materiaal en word vervaardig onder 100 °C. Dit lei tot groot energie besparings en oorkom sodoende die latente hitte van stoom wanneer temperature van 100 °C oorskry word. Die karakter-eienskappe van HWS mengsels is `n kompromie tussen Skuim-Bitumen Gestabiliseerde materiaal (BSM-S) en HMA eienskappe. Dit sluit tot `n beperkte mate in die verbeterde spankrag, partikel bestryking; en die skeer krag van BSM-S. Die gebruik van mikrogolf-tegnologie as effektiewe verwarmingsmetode vir verbeterde ingenieurseienskappe van BSM-S word voorgestel in hierdie studie. Die voordele sluit in energie besparing as gevolg van die volumetriese verwarmingsvermoë sowel as snel verhitting wat produktiwiteit verbeter tydens die gebruik van gepaste materiale. Die gebruik van herwinde materiaal bring verdere energiebesparing en uitskeiding-vermindering mee. Die draagbaarheid van binne-aanleg herwinningsmasjinerie is ‘n ideale kandidate met logistieke voordele vir die installering van mikrogolf-opwekkers vir die produsering van HWS mengsels. Dié studie word onderverdeel in vier dele terwyl dit toenemend ondersoek instel na die potensiaal van hitte versameling asook die produksie van HWS stowwe. Eerstens ondersoek dit die verwarmingspotensiaal van vier versamelings naamlik horingsteen, kwartsiet, eukrite, graniet en Herwinde Asfalt (HA) teenoor verskeie vogskattings-mikrogolf aperate. Die tweede deel bespreek die termodinamika van die voorlopige ondersoek om insig te bied vir die derde deel, die primêre ondersoek. Die primêre ondersoek evalueer die rekbaarheid en skeereienskappe van twee materiaal-mengsels van ITS en monotoniese drieassige toetse onderskeidelik op verskillende monsters. Die twee mengsels was `n kombinasie van HA en gemaalde horingsteen. Die vierde en finale deel evalueer die HWS eienskappe in verhouding tot die van die ekwivalente BSM-S produk deurmiddel van `n sypad-analise. Die hoogste laboratoriumproduksie temperature wat bereik was, was uitgebeeld deur die materiaal-eienskappe, mikrogolf krag kapasiteit en produksiekoers. Hierdie temperature was deurlopend aangeteken teen 50 °C wat `n teoretiese voorstelling is van `n binneveld produksie tempo van ongeveer 25 ton per uur. ITS toets resultate wys `n 100 % verhoging in spankrag asook `n toename in kompakte vir die HWS mengsels. Groot afname in voginhoud is ook waargeneem na bewerking in verhouding tot BSM-S. Die voordeel verbonde aan die verbetering van `n lag binne `n plaveisel-struktuur, het `n impak op die plaveisel se algemene uithoubaarheid. Dit kan bydra tot `n verlaging in die vereiste binne die struktuur en verdere bydra tot energie besparing. Die evaluering van mikrogolf verhitte HWS stowwe kan as ekonomies beskou word wanneer dit doelgerig vervaardig word om te voldoen aan die termodinamika vereistes van `n materiaal, wanneer die mikrogolf volumetriese potensiaal in ag geneem word.