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Diploma thesis deals with use of near-infrared spectroscopy to detect falsification of goat's cheese. The basic knowledge of goat's and cow's milk and requirements for milk during cheese production are summarized in the theoretical part. There is also described the cheese production and the following part is devoted to food falsification with describing falsification of milk products and the facilities of adulteration detection by optical methods. The remaining part deals with NIR spectroscopy as a suitable method for the verification of food authenticity. The practical part is focused on the use of NIR spectroscopy to detect the difference between cheese samples with different concentrations of cow's milk in goat's cheese and subsequent use of discriminant analysis for evaluation. The results showed that the method is suitable for detection of falsification of goat's cheese and that is why could be useful for rapid analysis in practice.

Title: Physiological responses on standardized climbing task in sport climbers Purpose: To determine the effect of height, wall angle, climbing speed and climbing ability on physiological responses in sport climbers. Methods: The study was divided into three parts. 75 sport climbers (36 female and 39 male) completed differing tests on climbing wall and motorized climbing ergometer. Perceived exertion was assessed on a scale suggested by Borg. Indirect calorimetry, venous blood samples and near-infrared spectroscopy were used to assess physiological response, hormonal response and muscle oxygen saturation, respectively. Results: Perceived exertions were higher when climbing to height as opposes to climbing low to the ground on the treadwall (+5,3%; P = 0,013; ηp 2 = 0,149) (Study 1A). The physiological response was higher on the climbing wall as opposed to the treadwall: V̇ O2 (+6%; P = 0,03; ηp 2 = 0,22), SF (+4%; P = 0,04; ηp 2 = 0,20), V̇ E (+9%; P = 0,01; ηp 2 = 0,30) a EC (+16%; P < 0,001; ηp 2 = 0,48). There was an interaction for climbing ability and post- climbing catecholamine concentration (P < 0,01, ηp 2 = 0,28) (Study 1B). With increasing climbing speed greater differences were found for V̇ O2 (P < 0,001, ηp 2 = 0,923) than for StO2 (P < 0,001, ηp 2 = 0,448). Between-subject effect...

Chernozem became the crucial soil for the beginnings of soil science through the work of Dokuchaev from 1883. Since then the genesis of chernozems in Central Europe has raised many questions among soil scientists, botanists and paleo-environmentalists. While in Eastern Europe chernozems have been described as zonal soils, that are typical for continental steppe and forest-steppe areas, there are areas in Central Europe which are predisposed by their climatic characteristics to the presence of woodlands. The goal of this dissertation is to enrich the discussion about the genesis of chernozems by restoring the environmental conditions that were prevalent during the formation of chernozem soils in Central Europe. Chernozems are usually developed on loess with a very thick and dark organic surface which passes directly to a calcareous horizon. The organic matter underwent a polymerization in dependence on climate contrasts. However, in Central Europe, the climatic characteristics of the areas of chernozems are a bit different. These chernozems are supposed to have been formed under the climatic conditions that dominated Central Europe during the Late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The climatic nuances may contribute to the explanation of the differences in distribution of chernozems ("drier") and...

Title: Effect of cold water immersion on intermittent isometric forearm flexor contractions to failure in rock climbers Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cold water immersion on intermittent isometric forearm flexor contraction to failure in rock climbers. Methods: Thirty-two climbers (15 male and 17 female) completed three intermittent trials to failure, on a climbing-specific handgrip dynamometer, on three separate visits to the laboratory. For each visit a different recovery strategy was employed: passive recovery (PAS), cold water immersion at 8 řC (CWI 8) or 15 řC (CWI 15). The force time integral (FTI - time of contraction multiplied by the force of contraction) was determined to assess intermittent performance. The tissue saturation index (TSI) and total haemoglobin (tHb) during isometric contractions from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were determined to assess hemodynamic changes. Differences between repeated trials and three recovery protocols, derived parameters NIRS, were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections. Results: There was no significant difference between conditions after trial one. In response to the PAS recovery condition there was a 10% and 22% decrease in FTI in the second and third trials, respectively. The PAS...

Title: Effect of cold water immersion on intermittent isometric forearm flexor contractions to failure in rock climbers Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of cold water immersion on intermittent isometric forearm flexor contraction to failure in rock climbers. Methods: Thirty-two climbers (15 male and 17 female) completed three intermittent trials to failure, on a climbing-specific handgrip dynamometer, on three separate visits to the laboratory. For each visit a different recovery strategy was employed: passive recovery (PAS), cold water immersion at 8 řC (CWI 8) or 15 řC (CWI 15). The force time integral (FTI - time of contraction multiplied by the force of contraction) was determined to assess intermittent performance. The tissue saturation index (TSI) and total haemoglobin (tHb) during isometric contractions from near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were determined to assess hemodynamic changes. Differences between repeated trials and three recovery protocols, derived parameters NIRS, were assessed using repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni corrections. Results: There was no significant difference between conditions after trial one. In response to the PAS recovery condition there was a 10% and 22% decrease in FTI in the second and third trials, respectively. The PAS...

Le chernozem est un sol emblématique, car il a participé à la naissance de la pédologie par l’intermédiaire des travaux de Dokuchaev (1883). Depuis, la formation des chernozems a suscité de nombreuses questions parmi les pédologues, botanistes et paléo-environnementalistes. Tandis qu’en Europe de l’Est et en Eurasie les chernozems sont décrits comme des sols zonaux, typiques des milieux steppiques continentaux, les zones où on les rencontre en Europe Centrale sont prédisposées par leur climat à la présence de forêts. L’objectif de notre travail vise à enrichir ce débat en reconstituant les conditions environnementales de la pédogénèse de ces sols en Europe Centrale. Le chernozem est un sol le plus souvent développé sur lœss à horizon de surface organique très épais et sombre qui passe directement à un horizon calcaire. La matière organique a subi une lente évolution sous la dépendance de contrastes climatiques. Néanmoins, en Europe Centrale, les facteurs climatiques liés à la présence de chernozems sont à nuancer. Les chernozems sont censés s’être formés sous les conditions climatiques différentes d’aujourd’hui qui ont dominé en Europe Centrale au Tardiglaciaire et au début de l’Holocène. Si des nuances climatiques permettent d’expliquer la différence de répartition des chernozems (« plus sec ») et des luvisols (« plus humide ») à l’échelle régionale, ce n’est plus vrai à l’échelle locale où les limites entre ces sols sont très brutales, alors que les conditions de milieu sont identiques. Une théorie pour expliquer leur persistance considère que ce serait l’ouverture artificielle du milieu, continue depuis le Néolithique, qui aurait bloqué leur évolution vers d’autres types de sols. Cette hypothèse expliquerait leur répartition sous forme d’îlots ou de mosaïque, alternant avec des luvisols et des phaeozems. Nous avons privilégié dans notre questionnement l’étude des archives pédologiques, plus précisément celle des matières organiques, dont certaines ont la capacité de résider dans le sol pendant des milliers d’années. Celles-ci sont d’origine locale et permettent donc de reconstituer l’environnement végétal immédiat lors de la formation du sol. Elles ont été analysées par spectroscopie proche infrarouge qualitative (SPIR-qual). Cet outil représente une approche novatrice dans l’étude des paléo-environnements. Cette approche s’est accompagnée d’une étude pédoanthracologique sur certains paléosols et de l’analyse micromorphologique d’une catena chernozem – luvisol à l’échelle stationnelle. Nous avons montré que certains chernozems ont évolué constamment sous prairie, tandis que d’autres ont une histoire récente forestière, mais ont connu auparavant une évolution sous végétation de prairie. Les études pédoanthracologiques sur des paléochernozems pléistocènes et holocènes ont chaque fois révélé la présence de charbons de bois d’essence forestière. L’analyse micromorphologique de la catena met en évidence un chernozem qui s’est développé à partir d’un luvisol ce qui contraste avec les modèles habituels de dégradation des chernozems en luvisols. Ce travail confirme que la couverture végétale des chernozems peut selon le cas être forestière ou prairiale. Il est certain que des chernozems ont évolué pendant un laps de temps long sous forêt. Ce résultat est en contradiction avec l’hypothèse dominante, qui veut que les chernozems se développent et subsistent exclusivement sous steppe. / Chernozem became the crucial soil for the beginnings of soil science through the work of Dokuchaev from 1883. Since then the genesis of chernozems in Central Europe has raised many questions among soil scientists, botanists and paleo-environmentalists. While in Eastern Europe chernozems have been described as zonal soils, that are typical for continental steppe and forest-steppe areas, there are areas in Central Europe which are predisposed by their climatic characteristics to the presence of woodlands. The goal of this dissertation is to enrich the discussion about the genesis of chernozems by restoring the environmental conditions that were prevalent during the formation of chernozem soils in Central Europe. Chernozems are usually developed on loess with a very thick and dark organic surface which passes directly to a calcareous horizon. The organic matter underwent a polymerization in dependence on climate contrasts. However, in Central Europe, the climatic characteristics of the areas of chernozems are a bit different. These chernozems are supposed to have been formed under the climatic conditions that dominated Central Europe during the Late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The climatic nuances may contribute to the explanation of the differences in distribution of chernozems ("drier") and luvisols ("more humide") at a regional level, but they are no help at a local level with the same environmental conditions where the boundaries between chernozems and luvisols are very sharp. There is a theory about their persistence that considers the agriculture since the Neolithic being the reason for the fact that their progression to other types of soil was blocked. This theory would explain their distribution in the form of mosaic, alternating with luvisols and phaeozems. This study is focused on questioning of the memory of soils and especially of their organic matter. Some soil organic matter has the ability to persist in soils for thousands of years. Such organic matter has a purely local origin. That is why it is possible to reconstruct the vegetation from the period of time of the formation of soils. There is qualitative near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) applied for the analysis of the soil organic matter. This method is an innovative approach to the studying of the paleoenvironments of chernozems. This approach is accompanied by a anthracological study of some paleosols and of a micromorphological analysis of a catena chernozem - luvisol on a very local scale (300 m). The NIRS analysis has proved that some chernozems developed under grassland. Other chernozems have a recent forest history, but they had also existed under grassland vegetation before. There were found some chernozems with a source of heterogeneous organic material. The charcoals studies of paleochernozems of the Pleistocene and of the Holocene have revealed the presence of woods. The micromorphological analysis of a catena between chernozem and luvisol has shown a chernozem which developed from a luvisol. That contrasts with the usual models of the degradation of chernozems into luvisols. This dissertation confirms that the vegetation cover of chernozems can be both: grassland or woodland. Certainly, chernozems also developed under forest during a period of time. This result is inconsistent with the prevailing hypothesis that claims chernozems develop and preserve exclusively under steppe. / Černozemě se staly díky Dokučajevově dizertaci z roku 1883 významné pro počátky vědy o půdě. Geneze černozemí ve Střední Evropě se dodnes těší velkému zájmu pedologů, botaniků a paleoenvironmentalistů. Zatímco ve Východní Evropě byly popsány jako zonální půdy, které jsou typické pro kontinentální stepi, existují ve Střední Evropě oblasti, jež jsou svými klimatickými vlastnostmi predestinovány pro přítomnost lesních porostů. Předkládaná dizertační práce si klade za cíl přispět k diskuzi o vzniku černozemí tím, že pojednává o environmentálních podmínkách, které byly určující při formování černozemních půd ve Střední Evropě. Černozemě se obvykle vyvíjely na spraši, jsou charakteristické svým mocným povrchovým organickým horizontem, který přímo přechází do horizontu vápenatého. Organický materiál prošel díky meziročním klimatickým rozdílům pomalou polymerizací. Ve Střední Evropě jsou ale klimatické vlastnosti černozemních oblastí odlišné. Zdejší černozemě se patrně formovaly v klimatických podmínkách, které převládaly v pozdní době ledové a raném holocénu. Klimatické nuance sice mohou na regionální úrovni přispět k osvětlení rozdílů v distribuci „suchých“ černozemí a „spíše vlhkých“ hnědozemí, ale rozhodně neřeší problematiku na lokální úrovni, kde při stejných klimatických podmínkách existují ostré přechody mezi černozemí a hnědozemí. Teorie o zachování černozemí praví, že zemědělská činnost v neolitu zabránila jejich přeměnám v další půdy. Tato teorie nabízí uspokojivé vysvětlení k rozmístění černozemních půd ve formě mozaiky, kde černozemě alternují s hnědozeměmi či šedozeměmi. Práce se zaměřuje na otázku paměti půd a jejich organického materiálu. Některý organický materiál může v půdě existovat po tisíce let, je výhradně lokálního původu, a proto je možné z něj určit vegetaci z doby formování půd. Pro analýzu půdního organického materiálu je užívána metoda infračervené spektroskopie (NIRS). Tato metoda představuje inovativní přínos ke studiu paleoenvironmentálních prvků u černozemí. Mimoto práce obsahuje i paleoantrakologickou studii vybraných pohřbených půd a mikromorfologickou analýzu katény černozem – hnědozem na malém území (300m). NIRS prokázala, že některé černozemě vznikaly pod travnatým povrchem. Jiné černozemě mají nedávnou lesní historii, ale původně se nacházely pod travnatou vegetací. Nalezeny byly i černozemě s heterogenním organickým materiálem. Výzkum uhlíku z paleočernozemí z období pleistocénu a holocénu prokázal přítomnost dřevin. Mikromorfologická analýza katény mezi černozemí a hnědozemí demonstruje, že jsou i černozemě vzniklé z hnědozemě, což kontrastuje s obvyklými modely degradace černozemí na hnědozemě. Tato dizertační práce dokazuje, že vegetace pokrývající černozemě může být dřevinné nebo travnaté povahy. Zcela jistě se černozemě vyvíjely také pod lesem. Výsledky dizertace jsou v rozporu s převládající hypotézou o tom, že černozemě vznikají a poté trvale existují výhradně pod stepí.