Dehulled black beans were micronized at 90⁰C, 100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C, 130⁰C and 140⁰C; milled to flour and tested for lipoxygenase activity. Non micronized black bean flour was higher in lipoxygenase activity than flours at ≥120ºC (p=≤0.05). Micronized (100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C) and non micronized black bean flour was added to low fat beef burgers (6%). C18:3 was significantly higher in the black bean flour samples (raw and cooked). Whole wheat flour had the highest amount of C18:2 in all samples (p= ≤0.05). The all beef control was significantly higher in Newton value, drip loss, cook loss and percent shrinkage compared to burgers with binders (p= ≤0.05). Ninety-three participants participated in an consumer sensory panel. Results showed higher acceptability of micronized burgers compared to all beef or whole wheat flour controls. This study demonstrated incorporation of black bean flour into low fat beef burgers can improve their physical, chemical and sensory properties.

Dehulled black beans were micronized at 90⁰C, 100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C, 130⁰C and 140⁰C; milled to flour and tested for lipoxygenase activity. Non micronized black bean flour was higher in lipoxygenase activity than flours at ≥120ºC (p=≤0.05). Micronized (100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C) and non micronized black bean flour was added to low fat beef burgers (6%). C18:3 was significantly higher in the black bean flour samples (raw and cooked). Whole wheat flour had the highest amount of C18:2 in all samples (p= ≤0.05). The all beef control was significantly higher in Newton value, drip loss, cook loss and percent shrinkage compared to burgers with binders (p= ≤0.05). Ninety-three participants participated in an consumer sensory panel. Results showed higher acceptability of micronized burgers compared to all beef or whole wheat flour controls. This study demonstrated incorporation of black bean flour into low fat beef burgers can improve their physical, chemical and sensory properties.

Dry bean utilization by the food industry can be increased by developing value-added processing applications. The goals of this research were to evaluate (1) the effect of milling method on the physical, chemical and functional properties of whole black bean flour and its fractions and (2) the effect of removing soluble phenolic compounds on the functional and rheological properties of black bean protein isolates. Black bean was milled with five laboratory mills [cyclone mill, hammer mill, stone mill (fine, medium, coarse), disc mill (fine, coarse), and centrifugal mill (10,000 or 12,000 rpm and 250, 500, 1000 μm aperture screen)] and the resulting flours were evaluated for their physical, chemical and flow properties of bulk samples and particle size fractions. Whole black bean flour and cotyledon flour were subjected to phenolic extraction and protein isolation, resulting in protein isolates with and without soluble phenolics. Solubility, wettability, dispersibility, water binding capacity, foam capacity and stability, emulsification capacity, and gelation properties of protein isolates were evaluated. Variation in milling method produced flours with significantly different flour characteristics. Geometric mean size of whole bean flour was negatively correlated with starch damage (r = -0.92), L* (r = -0.94), angle of repose (r = -0.94), and angle of slide (r = -0.80 to -0.90) and positively correlated with moisture (r = 0.72), and loose bulk density (r = 0.72). Milling method and particle size interaction was significant on characteristics of black bean flour fractions. Particle circularity of flour fractions had a negative correlation of r = -0.93, r = -0.81, r ≈ -0.95, and r = -0.94 with L*, angle of repose, angle of slide and compact density, respectively. Particle circularity had a positive correlation of r = 0.93 and r = 0.89 with average minimum particle size and loose bulk density, respectively. The removal of soluble phenolic compounds improved the brightness, solubility, wettability, dispersibility, foaming capacity, foaming stability, emulsion capacity, emulsion stability and gelling properties of protein isolates. These findings will help food manufacturers to process black bean ingredients using different mill settings to achieve different functionalities depending on the consumer requirements.

No description available.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Soil compaction is closed related to agriculture as well as animal production management. Soil quality improvement has not been always achieved with use of soil conservation practice as no-tillage or use of animal production integrated to agriculture management. Agricultural traffic and soil management effects on soil compaction are not well known, specially associated to wet soils, and in many cases, has induced to compaction states which restrict crop growth and productivity, which in turn, has lead farmers to break the compaction using mechanical tools as plow or chisel. To better understand compaction effects and critical values of soil physical properties on black beans growth and productivity four studies were set up out in the field. Another field study were performed in five typical dairy farms in Rio Grande do Sul plateau which use systems with agriculture integrated with animal production, including forage management and time of grazing. The objective of this study was to study animal trampling effects on soil physical properties, bulk density, porosity and soil resistance. The first experiment cultivated black beansi in a clayey Oxisol with the following treatments: a) immediate compaction caused by traffic of 16.6 Mg front buck loader; b) chiseling and; c)residual compaction from six years no-tillage. The additional compaction affected mass-volume relations, soil moisture and resistance, a well as black beans growth and productivity. The other three experiments were carried out in an Alfisol from central depression of Rio Grande do Sul with objectives to compare effects of immediate and residual compaction and soil chiseled on soil physical properties and black beans growth and productivity. The immediate compaction was obtained by traffic of a 9 Mg buck loader on present soil condition and on soil compacted with 10 Mg one year ago. For studied Alfisol the bulk density which restricted crop growth and productivity had value higher than 1.7 Mg m-3. The state of compaction with bulk density higher than 1.8 Mg m-3 and macroporority lower than 0.1 m3 m-3 reduced black beans height, leaf area index and crop productivity in abou 50%. The negative effects of additional compaction were maintained after twelve months and succession of three crops (soybeans, oats and black beans), reducing the black benas productivity in 61.8 %. Breaking compaction of a Oxisol under six no-tillage or Alfisol under twelve years no-tillage by soil chiseling did not improve soil quality which induce significant black benas productivity. The bulk density expressed the increase of soil compaction caused by animal trampling, reaching values of 1.77 Mg m-3, measured immediately after animal trampling and, was more significant at superficial layers where the effects on macroporosity were greater. / A compactação dos solos está intimamente relacionada com o manejo da agricultura e da pecuária na propriedade rural. A adoção de práticas conservacionistas como o plantio direto e a integração pecuária e agricultura não tem refletido em segurança aos agricultores quanto à melhoria permanente de aspectos físicos, químicos e biológicos do solo. O desconhecimento de ideais condições de trafegabilidade e manejo dos solos, associado à umidade inadequada às práticas agrícolas, tem aumentado a compactação do solo, podendo comprometer a produtividade e o desenvolvimento de plantas exigindo a adoção de medidas extremas como a escarificação do solo para melhorar a condição presente. Foram realizados quatro experimentos a campo, onde os efeitos da compactação causada pelo tráfego de máquinas foram avaliados pelos atributos do solo e no crescimento e produtividade da cultura do feijão. Outro estudo, realizado a campo, em cinco propriedades típicas de produção leiteira do planalto riograndense, que adotavam como sistema de produção a integração lavoura e pecuária, com distintos manejos de forrageiras e tempo de permanência dos animais nas glebas, teve por objetivo estudar o impacto do pisoteio animal nos atributos físicos do solo como: densidade, porosidade e resistência do solo a penetração. No primeiro experimento foi cultivado feijão em Latossolo argiloso do Planalto Gaúcho e se estabeleceu comparação entre: a) compactação imediata aplicada por tráfego de máquina com 16,6 Mg, b) compactação residual de 6 anos de plantio direto, e c) escarificação. A compactação adicional afetou as relações massa-volume, a umidade e a resistência do solo à penetração, assim como, a produtividade e o crescimento do feijoeiro. Os outros experimentos foram desenvolvidos em Argissolo da Depressão Central do RS, com o objetivo de comparar estados de compactação imediata, compactação residual aplicada em ano anterior e residual de compactação de 12 anos de plantio direto com a escarificação nas propriedades físicas do solo, na umidade e no crescimento e produtividade do feijoeiro. A compactação imediata foi obtida pelo tráfego de máquina com 9 Mg sobre o solo na condição presente e sobre resíduo de compactação de tráfego de 10 Mg aplicada em ano anterior. No Latossolo a densidade restritiva a produtividade do feijão e do trigo foi de 1,4 a 1,5 Mg m-3. Para o Argissolo, a densidade do solo restritiva a produtividade do feijoeiro foi superior a 1,7 Mg m-3. Os estados de compactação com densidade do solo maior que 1,8 Mg m-3 e macroporosidade menor que 0,1 m3 m-3, reduziram a altura de planta, a área foliar e a produtividade do feijoeiro em torno de 50 %. Os efeitos negativos da compactação adicional mantiveram-se após doze meses e sucessão de três cultivos (soja, aveia e feijão), reduzindo a produtividade de feijão em 61,8 %. O valor da densidade crítica baseada no intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO) foi de 1,75 Mg m-3. A escarificação não representou ganho em qualidade do solo para áreas com seis anos de plantio direto em Latossolo e doze anos de plantio direto em Argissolo que implicasse em aumento de produtividade. A densidade do solo expressou o aumento da compactação do solo provocada pelo pisoteio animal, atingindo o valor de 1,77 Mg m-3 medida imediatamente após o pisoteio animal e mostrando-se mais significativa nas camadas superficiais do solo e, nessas, os efeitos na macroporosidade foram mais evidentes.