Dehulled black beans were micronized at 90⁰C, 100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C, 130⁰C and 140⁰C; milled to flour and tested for lipoxygenase activity. Non micronized black bean flour was higher in lipoxygenase activity than flours at ≥120ºC (p=≤0.05). Micronized (100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C) and non micronized black bean flour was added to low fat beef burgers (6%). C18:3 was significantly higher in the black bean flour samples (raw and cooked). Whole wheat flour had the highest amount of C18:2 in all samples (p= ≤0.05). The all beef control was significantly higher in Newton value, drip loss, cook loss and percent shrinkage compared to burgers with binders (p= ≤0.05). Ninety-three participants participated in an consumer sensory panel. Results showed higher acceptability of micronized burgers compared to all beef or whole wheat flour controls. This study demonstrated incorporation of black bean flour into low fat beef burgers can improve their physical, chemical and sensory properties.

This study investigated the effect of seed moisture level of lentil and surface temperature of micronization (infrared heat treatment) on the physico-chemical and functional properties of resulting flours and how these flours affected colour and unsaturated lipid oxidation when incorporated into ground beef products. Flour from raw seed (non-tempered and non-micronized) was used as the control. Whole seeds of small green lentil (Lens culinaris L., var. Eston) without tempering (8% moisture) and tempered to 16% or 23% moisture was infrared heat treated (micronized) to 115, 130, 150 or 165 °C surface temperature. The decreased protein solubility (2-60%) and lipoxygenase (70-100%), peroxidase (32-100%) and trypsin inhibitory (up to 54%) activities of resulting flours indicated changes in the protein fraction due to heat-moisture treatment. Starch gelatinization was observed at the 23% moisture level and changes in pasting properties, and water and oil absorption capacities varied with treatment. The heat-moisture combinations modified properties of starch and protein to different degrees and, consequently, lentil flour functionalities. Incorporation of lentil flour as a binder in low fat (<10%) beef burgers at 6% (w/w) showed that flours from micronized lentil seeds enhanced retention of redness and suppression of lipid oxidation as indicated by Hunter a* values and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values, respectively, in a retail display setting. Investigation of total phenolics in aqueous salt extracts of lentil flours showed a decrease in content with increased micronization temperature. The antioxidant assays showed no changes in the ferric ion reducing power or reduction of hydroxyl radical scavenging and superoxide radical scavenging activities with heat-moisture treatment. Reduction of lipoxygenase and peroxidase activities was evident in lentil flour aqueous salt extracts, and the enzyme activities were localized to seed cotyledons. The myoglobin-liposome model study showed that a flour extract from the 16% moisture and 150 °C treatment resulted in a slower rate of oxymyoglobin oxidation initiation than other treatments which had different levels of lipoxygenase and peroxidase activities. Unsaturated lipids accelerated oxymyoglobin degradation irrespective of the presence of lentil extract. The extended fresh red colour retention of ground beef due to addition of flours from micronized seed compared to that from non-micronized seed may be related to suppression of pro-oxidant activities and the activity of potential antioxidants. The putative antioxidative compounds in lentil that are available for meat components may include compounds other than lentil seed phenolics.

Dehulled black beans were micronized at 90⁰C, 100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C, 130⁰C and 140⁰C; milled to flour and tested for lipoxygenase activity. Non micronized black bean flour was higher in lipoxygenase activity than flours at ≥120ºC (p=≤0.05). Micronized (100⁰C, 110⁰C, 120⁰C) and non micronized black bean flour was added to low fat beef burgers (6%). C18:3 was significantly higher in the black bean flour samples (raw and cooked). Whole wheat flour had the highest amount of C18:2 in all samples (p= ≤0.05). The all beef control was significantly higher in Newton value, drip loss, cook loss and percent shrinkage compared to burgers with binders (p= ≤0.05). Ninety-three participants participated in an consumer sensory panel. Results showed higher acceptability of micronized burgers compared to all beef or whole wheat flour controls. This study demonstrated incorporation of black bean flour into low fat beef burgers can improve their physical, chemical and sensory properties.

A irradiação de carnes e seus derivados têm sido empregada em alguns países como medida de tratamento para garantir a segurança microbiológica destes produtos evitando infecções alimentares. A irradiação pode provocar algumas mudanças indesejáveis na composição química dos alimentos tal como a oxidação lipídica. Na produção de derivados de carnes, o perfil lipídico está diretamente relacionado com a qualidade sensorial e nutricional do produto. Para retardar o processo da oxidação lipídica são utilizados antioxidantes, que podem ser sintéticos ou naturais. Atualmente, maior atenção tem sido dada aos antioxidantes naturais derivados de ervas e especiarias, tais como o alecrim e o orégano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante dos extratos destas duas especiarias em hambúrgueres bovinos submetidos à irradiação por fonte de 60CO com a dose de 6, 7 e 8 kGy e aceleradores de elétrons com dose de 3,5 e 7 kGy e estocados sob congelamento por períodos pré-estabelecidos de 0, 45 e 90 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que o alecrim apresentou maior proteção antioxidante em uma matriz alimentícia heterogênea como o hambúrguer, porém o orégano quando utilizado em sinergismo com o alecrim ou com o BHT/BHA conseguiu retardar a oxidação lipídica durante todo o período de análise. Apesar de terem ocorrido alterações no perfil de ácidos graxos não foi possível demonstrar uma linearidade dependente da dose de irradiação e/ou do tempo de estocagem. A análise sensorial mostrou que dentre as amostras formuladas com antioxidantes naturais, o orégano recebeu maiores notas entre os provadores. A amostra irradiada formulada com alecrim recebeu maior nota em relação a não-irradiada. O uso de especiarias com atividade antioxidante com o objetivo de inibir a degragação oxidativa em alimentos gordurosos mostra-se promissor para a aplicação industrial. / Radiation processing has been employed in some countries as a mean of treatment to assure microbiological safety of meat and meat products, avoiding the occurrence of food-borne disease. The ionizing radiation may cause some undesirable changes on chemistry composition of food and the lipid oxidation is one of the main reactions. In meat products processing industry, the lipid composition is directly related to nutritional and sensory quality of the product. For preventing oxidation, use of antioxidants which can be synthetic or natural, has been practically applied in some products. Currently, most attention has been given to natural antioxidants from herbs and spices like rosemary and oregano. The aim this study was to assess the antioxidant effects of either rosemary and oregano extract in beef burgers submitted to irradiation in 60Co source with dose 6, 7 e 8 kGy, electron beams with dose 3,5 e 7 kGy and storage under freeze along 0, 45 e 90 days. The results showed that rosemary extract has the major antioxidant effects when it is used on heterogeneous food matrix like beef burger, but oregano extract was better efficient to delay lipid oxidation along storage time when it is used in synergism with rosemary and/or BHT/BHA. Although to have occurred changes in the fatty acids composition it was not possible to demonstrate a straight dependence of irradiation dose and/or storage time. Sensory analysis showed that between the samples prepared with natural antioxidants, the beef burger prepared with oregano has received better scores by panelists. Irradiated beef burger prepared with rosemary has received better scores when compared to non-irradiated one. The use of spices with antioxidant activity to avoid the oxidative damage in foods that contain fats in their formulation is thought to be promising to application in food facilities.

A irradiação de carnes e seus derivados têm sido empregada em alguns países como medida de tratamento para garantir a segurança microbiológica destes produtos evitando infecções alimentares. A irradiação pode provocar algumas mudanças indesejáveis na composição química dos alimentos tal como a oxidação lipídica. Na produção de derivados de carnes, o perfil lipídico está diretamente relacionado com a qualidade sensorial e nutricional do produto. Para retardar o processo da oxidação lipídica são utilizados antioxidantes, que podem ser sintéticos ou naturais. Atualmente, maior atenção tem sido dada aos antioxidantes naturais derivados de ervas e especiarias, tais como o alecrim e o orégano. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial antioxidante dos extratos destas duas especiarias em hambúrgueres bovinos submetidos à irradiação por fonte de 60CO com a dose de 6, 7 e 8 kGy e aceleradores de elétrons com dose de 3,5 e 7 kGy e estocados sob congelamento por períodos pré-estabelecidos de 0, 45 e 90 dias. Os resultados demonstraram que o alecrim apresentou maior proteção antioxidante em uma matriz alimentícia heterogênea como o hambúrguer, porém o orégano quando utilizado em sinergismo com o alecrim ou com o BHT/BHA conseguiu retardar a oxidação lipídica durante todo o período de análise. Apesar de terem ocorrido alterações no perfil de ácidos graxos não foi possível demonstrar uma linearidade dependente da dose de irradiação e/ou do tempo de estocagem. A análise sensorial mostrou que dentre as amostras formuladas com antioxidantes naturais, o orégano recebeu maiores notas entre os provadores. A amostra irradiada formulada com alecrim recebeu maior nota em relação a não-irradiada. O uso de especiarias com atividade antioxidante com o objetivo de inibir a degragação oxidativa em alimentos gordurosos mostra-se promissor para a aplicação industrial. / Radiation processing has been employed in some countries as a mean of treatment to assure microbiological safety of meat and meat products, avoiding the occurrence of food-borne disease. The ionizing radiation may cause some undesirable changes on chemistry composition of food and the lipid oxidation is one of the main reactions. In meat products processing industry, the lipid composition is directly related to nutritional and sensory quality of the product. For preventing oxidation, use of antioxidants which can be synthetic or natural, has been practically applied in some products. Currently, most attention has been given to natural antioxidants from herbs and spices like rosemary and oregano. The aim this study was to assess the antioxidant effects of either rosemary and oregano extract in beef burgers submitted to irradiation in 60Co source with dose 6, 7 e 8 kGy, electron beams with dose 3,5 e 7 kGy and storage under freeze along 0, 45 e 90 days. The results showed that rosemary extract has the major antioxidant effects when it is used on heterogeneous food matrix like beef burger, but oregano extract was better efficient to delay lipid oxidation along storage time when it is used in synergism with rosemary and/or BHT/BHA. Although to have occurred changes in the fatty acids composition it was not possible to demonstrate a straight dependence of irradiation dose and/or storage time. Sensory analysis showed that between the samples prepared with natural antioxidants, the beef burger prepared with oregano has received better scores by panelists. Irradiated beef burger prepared with rosemary has received better scores when compared to non-irradiated one. The use of spices with antioxidant activity to avoid the oxidative damage in foods that contain fats in their formulation is thought to be promising to application in food facilities.