2 pp. / Revised version of 1999 title by Meer and Misner / Food irradiation is the treatment of food by a certain type of intense energy known as ionizing radiation. This involves exposing bulk or packaged food to carefully controlled amounts of energy. Food does not come in contact with radioactive material. The publication discusses the technology of food irradiation including; the energy source, effect on foods, identifying treated foods, environmental concerns and approved uses in the U.S.

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Dose calculation methodology was developed for irradiation treatment of complex-shaped foods. To obtain satisfactory electron beam irradiation of food products, a strict process control is required to ensure that the dose delivered to all parts of the treated product falls within some specified range. The Monte Carlo electron transport simulation and computer tomography (CT) scan technology were used to predict the dose distribution in complex shaped foods, an apple phantom composed of paraffin wax, chloroform, and methyl yellow, and a chicken carcass. The Monte Carlo code used was successfully tested against the experimental data, resulting in less than 5% discrepancy between the simulated and measured data. For 1.35 MeV electron beam simulation of apple phantom, tilting and axial rotation ensures dose distribution of the entire surface of the phantom, even reaching the critical regions of the apple stem and calyx ends. For 1 and 5 MeV X-ray simulations, both depth-dose curves show exponential attenuation after a build-up region. The depth to peak for the former is shorter than that of the latter. For 1.35 MeV electron beam simulation of a chicken carcass, dose adsorption occurred up to 5-7 mm deep, resulting in surface irradiation of the carcass. For 10 MeV electron beam simulation, the doses within the carcass reached a peak of 1.2 times the incident dose with increasing depth. Two-sided X-ray (5 MeV) irradiation significantly improved the dose uniformity ratio, from 2.5 to 1.8. A web-based integrated system was developed for data manipulation and management for irradiation treatment of foods. Based on CT scan, three dimensional geometry modeling was used to provide input data to the general Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) code. A web-based interface provided the on-line capability to formulate input data for MCNP and to visualize output data generated by MCNP. The integrated Matlab and Matlab Web Server programs automatically functions through the steps and procedures for data input and output during simulation. In addition, a database having D10 values (decimal reduction value), food nutrition composition, and qualities was integrated into the dose planning system to support food irradiation treatment.

In the design of the food irradiation process, the knowledge of the radiation resistance of the target organism in a specific food commodity is required. The D10-value, the radiation dose needed to inactivate 90% of the microbial load in the food medium, is used to relate the amount of absorbed energy to the surviving bacterial population. Numerous experimental studies have been performed to determine the D10 values of several food-borne microorganisms irradiated under various conditions. Nevertheless, accurate predictions of D10 values of the pathogens in food products that have not been empirically examined cannot be made due to insufficient understanding of the biological response to radiation exposure. A theoretical model for the derivation of the D10-value has been proposed in this study to mechanistically assess the production of radiation-induced DNA damage by energetic electrons. The step-by-step Monte-Carlo simulation technique, which employs the detailed histories of the ionizing particles and the radiolytic species, was utilized. The effects of selected parameters including the genomic sequence, the type of DNA double strand break, the DNA damaging agents, the radical scavengers, the degree of dispersion of DNA molecules, and the number of genome equivalents were hypothetically investigated. The developed computational methodology as well as the results presented can be used as an analytical tool to evaluate the impact of ionizing radiation on cell survival.

Durante e após o tratamento de câncer, de portadores de HIV ou transplantes, a alimentação pode oferecer um bem estar ao paciente, pois o ato de se alimentar corretamente auxilia as pessoas a se sentirem fortalecidas normalmente. Pessoas saudáveis possuem o seu sistema imunológico funcionando de maneira adequada, podendo combater pequenas quantidades de bactérias. Entretanto, pessoas imunocomprometidas podem não conseguir combater esta pequena quantidade de microrganismos e necessitam de uma dieta com baixa contagem microbiológica para evitar o contato com bactérias potencialmente danosas à saúde. Esta dieta é denominada dieta neutropênica. Esses pacientes são suscetíveis à contaminação alimentar, não sendo aconselhável a ingestão de produtos crus. A irradiação em vegetais, com baixas doses, tem a finalidade de reduzir a carga microbiana. Dessa forma a proposta deste trabalho foi obter dados de aspectos microbiológicos, sensoriais e físico-químicos em Mix Primavera minimamente processados submetidos a diferentes doses de radiação ionizante em dietas destinadas a pacientes imunocomprometidos ou imunossuprimidos. Foram utilizadas doses de 1,0kGy, 2,0kGy, 3,0kGy e 4,0kGy irradiadas no Irradiador Multipropósito 60Co localizado no Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações (CTR) IPEN-CNEN/SP. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas (n=25), utilizando Petrifilm, análises sensoriais utilizando o teste sensorial de aceitação (n=30) e triangular (n=15) e análise de textura (n=90) no Laboratório de Microbiologia de Alimentos no Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações. As análises de textura foram realizadas com o auxílio de um texturômetro T.A.XT. Plus (Stable Micro System) equipado com a célula de carga de 50kg utilizando a sonda (probe) de corte triangular com lâmina Warner-Bratzler Knife com velocidade de descida de 2mm/s. Todos os resultados foram expressos em Newtons (N). Os resultados obtidos demostraram que para as análises microbiológicas os padrões foram seguidos de acordo com a RDC nº 12/01 ANVISA. A análise sensorial não apresentou diferença significativa entre as amostras, entretanto no teste triangular com as doses de 4,0kGy e controle houve diferença significativa entre as amostras, demonstrando que a amostra de 3,0kGy seria a mais indicada para o público específico deste trabalho. Pode-se concluir que para uma dieta neutropênica sugere-se uma dose de 2,0kGy. / During and after the treatment of cancer, people with HIV or transplants, the food intake can offer a well-being to the patient, because the action of eating right helps people to feel strong. Healthy people have their immune system working properly and can tolerate small amounts of bacteria. However, immunocompromised persons may not be able to and however immunocompromised people cannot fight this small amount of microorganisms and require a diet with very low microbiological count to avoid contact with potentially harmful bacteria. This is called neutropenic diet. These patients are susceptible to food contamination, so that its not advisable the ingestion of raw products. The vegetable irradiation with low doses has the purpose of reducing the microbial load. The aim of this study was to obtain data on microbiological, sensorial e physicochemical aspects in minimally processed Primavera salad irradiated with different doses of gamma radiation designed to immunocompromised patients. It were used doses of 1.0kGy, 2.0kGy, 3.0kGy and 4.0kGy irradiated in the Multipurpose Irradiator 60Co located in Radiation Technology Center. Microbiological analyzes were performed (n=25) using Petrifilm, sensory analysis using the sensory acceptance test (n=30) and triangular (n=15) and texture analysis (n=90) in the Food Microbiology Laboratory located at the Radiation Technology Center. The texture analysis was performed with the aid of a texturometer equipped with 5 kg load cell using a triangular cutting Warner-Bratzler Knife blade probe with the descent speed of 2mm/sec. All results were expressed in Newtons (N). The results showed that for microbiological analyzes the standards were followed according to the RDC 12/01 ANVISA. For the sensory test of acceptation no difference was found among the samples, however in the triangular test could be found slight differences between samples irradiated with 4.0kGy and control and there was significant difference among the sample, showing that the sample of 3.0kGy would be indicate for this specific public. It can be concluded that for a neutropenic diet the suggested dose is 2.0kGy.

O sorvete é definido como gelado comestível obtido a partir da emulsão de gorduras e proteínas ou de uma mistura de água e açúcar, podendo ser adicionados outros ingredientes desde que não descaracterizem o produto. É considerado um alimento de alto valor nutricional, fornecendo lipídios, carboidratos, proteínas, cálcio, fósforo e outros minerais e vitaminas (A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E e K), sendo um dos produtos mais importante e de maior interesse para as indústrias de derivados lácteos, devido à grande demanda pela população. As doenças relacionadas ao consumo de alimentos são consideradas um dos problemas mais relevantes. Diversos surtos alimentares relacionados a contaminação microbiológica de sorvetes foram relatados nas últimas décadas em países da Ásia, Europa e América. Acredita-se que o sorvete, por ser um alimento congelado, não apresenta riscos à saúde da população. Porém, ele é considerado um excelente meio para o crescimento de microrganismos, em função da sua composição, pH próximo a neutralidade e longo período de armazenamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos microbiológicos, sensoriais e físico-químicos de sorvetes de creme. As amostras de sorvete de creme foram irradiadas com raios gama (60Co), nas doses de 1,0kGy, 2,0kGy, 3,0kGy e 4,0kGy. As amostras destinadas à inoculação de Staphylococcus aureus (cepa ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (cepa ATCC 11229) e Salmonella abaetetuba (cepa ATCC 35640) foram irradiadas com doses de 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0kGy. Conclui-se que as amostras irradiadas com 3,0kGy apresentaram uma redução em níveis não detectáveis para a maioria dos microrganismos estudados. O uso da radiação gama afetou a textura do sorvete, assim como os parâmetros de cor na análise colorimétrica. Os resultados da análise sensorial demonstram que a dose de melhor aceitação foi a de 3,0kGy. / The ice cream is defined as an emulsion of fats and proteins or a mixture of water and sugar, other ingredients may be added provided since they do not affect the product. It is considered a food of high nutritional value, providing lipids, carbohydrates, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals and vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E and K), and it is considered one of the most important products and higher interest to the dairy industry due to great demand by the consumers. The diseases related to food consumption are considered one of the most significant problems. Several outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of ice cream have been reported in recent decades in Asia, Europe and America. It is believed that the ice cream, as a frozen food, presents no risk to the population health. However, it is considered an excellent environment for the growth of microorganisms due to its composition, pH close to neutrality and long storage period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological, sensory and physicochemical aspects of ice cream. The ice cream samples were irradiated with gamma rays (60Co) with the doses of 1.0kGy, 2.0kGy, 3.0kGy and 4.0kGy. The samples intended for the inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Salmonella abaetetuba (ATCC 35640) have been irradiated with doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0kGy. It can be concluded that the dose of 3.0kGy was adequate to reduce most of the studied microorganisms to undetected levels. The use of gamma radiation affected the texture and the parameters of the colorimetric analyses of the ice cream. The results of the sensorial analyses showed that the better accepted dose was 3.0kGy.

As espécies da família Zingiberaceae são caracterizadas por suas raízes. Constituintes fenóis como curcuminóides e gingeróis destacam-se por suas atividades biológicas. A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação eficiente, porém, é importante garantir que suas propriedades funcionais sejam preservadas. Este trabalho vem avaliar o efeito do processamento por radiação gama de 60Co em doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20kGy sobre espécies de Zingiberaceae: açafrão (Curcuma longa L.), gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) e zedoária (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). A determinação qualitativa do perfil de compostos bioativos foi realizada por cromatografia de camada delgada. A quantificação de compostos fenólicos foi realizada pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e a avaliação do potencial da atividade antioxidante pelo teste de captação do radical livre [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] e método Rancimat®. A quantificação de curcumina e 6-gingerol foram realizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Não houve mudança no perfil fitoquímico das espécies após o tratamento por irradiação. Em relação às amostras controle, houve perdas significativas no teor de compostos fenólicos nas amostras de açafrão nas doses de 15kGy e 20kGy. Ocorreu decréscimo significativo da capacidade de captação do DPPH nos extratos de gengibre irradiados e no extrato de zedoária irradiado com 20kGy. O Índice de Atividade Antioxidante foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 5kGy e 15kGy e nos extratos irradiados de zedoária. A quantificação de curcumina foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 15 kGy e não houve diferença significativa na quantificação de 6-gingerol entre os extratos de gengibre. Conclui-se que a tecnologia de processamento de Zingiberaceae por radiação gama pode ser viável para as indústrias. Para segurança da manutenção da atividade antioxidante as doses devem ser de até 10kGy. / The species of Zingiberaceae family are characterized for rhizome. Phenolic constituents like curcuminoids and gingerols have had reports of biological activities. Food irradiation is an effective means of preservation, however it is important to ensure that their functional properties are not compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation from 60Co in doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy on species of Zingiberaceae: turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and zedoaria (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). The qualitative determination of bioactive compounds profile was performed by thin layer chromatography. The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and assessing the potential of antioxidant activity by the free radical [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] scavenging and by Rancimat® method. The curcumin and 6-gingerol quantification was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Compared to control, there were significant losses of total phenolic compounds in turmeric samples irradiated with 15kGy and 20kGy. There were significant decreases in the ability to scavenge DPPH in irradiated ginger extracts and zedoaria extract irradiated with 20kGy. The Antioxidant Activity Index was significantly lower in 5kGy and 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and in irradiated zedoaria extracts. The curcumin quantification was significantly lower in 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and there was no significant difference in the 6-gingerol quantification between ginger extracts. It is concluded that gamma radiation processing technology in Zingiberaceae can be viable for industry. To maintain safety of antioxidant activity it should be applied doses up 10kGy.

No presente trabalho realizou-se o levantamento da entomofauna e fungos associados a grãos de P. vulgares e V. unguiculata comercializados na cidade de São Paulo, avaliou-se a presença de fungos no corpo dos artrópodes identificados nas amostras de P. vulgares L. e V. unguiculata L., avaliou-se a atividade de água das amostras e estudou-se os efeitos do processo de irradiação na desinfestação de artrópodes e na redução da carga fúngica em grãos de P. vulgares e V. unguiculata. As amostras foram coletadas no comércio varejista em diferentes regiões da cidade São Paulo/SP. Foi adquirido 1 kg de 11 diferentes variedades entre P. vulgares (Branco, Bolinha, Carioca, Jalo, Preto, Rajado, Rosinha, Roxo e Vermelho) e V. unguiculata (Fradinho, Corda). As amostras foram desinfetadas em hipoclorito de sódio (0,5 %), enxaguadas em água destilada e distribuídos 10 grãos por placa de Petri em duplicata, contendo agar Batata Dextrose. As placas foram incubadas por 5 dias na temperatura de 25 ± 1°C, em incubadora (B.O.D.). O mesmo procedimento de plaqueamento foi realizado para os insetos isolados das amostras. No irradiador multipropósito 60Co IPEN/CNEN/SP as amostras foram irradiadas com doses de 5 e 10 kGy e os insetos foram submetidos a doses crescentes de 0 a 3,4 kGy. Diversos gêneros fúngicos foram isolados independentemente da variedade analisada. Foi constatada presença de fungos associados a insetos em todas as amostras analisadas. A dose recomendada para letalidade imediata e simultânea nas espécies Callosobruchus maculatus, Acanthoscelides obtectus e Zabrotes subfasciatus foi de 3,0 kGy. As doses de 5 e 10 kGy são capazes de reduzir, porém não eliminam a carga fúngica dos feijões analisados. Os valores obtidos na análise de atividade de água (Aa) situaram-se abaixo do limite ideal para crescimento fúngico diretamente nos grãos. / In this study we evaluated the entomofauna and fungi associated with Phaseolus vulgares L. and Vigna unguiculata L. found in the market in São Paulo city, measured the presence of fungi in arthropod bodies from samples of P. vulgares L. and V. unguiculata L., examined water activity from the samples and studied the effects of irradiation for arthropod deinfestation and fungal load reduction in P. vulgares L. and V. unguiculata L. grains. The samples were collected in different retailers within São Paulo city. One kilogram of 11 several varieties of beans were purchased. Sodium hypochlorite (0,5 %) were used for sample disinfection, washed in distilled water and distributed 10 beans per Petri dish in Potato Dextose Agar medium. Dishes were incubated at 25 ± 1°C for 5 days. The same procedure was adopted for the insects found in the samples. Samples were irradiated at 5.0 kGy and 10,0 kGy and the insects in dose range from 0 to 3,4 kGy, in the multipurpose gamma-irradiator 60Co IPEN/CNEN/SP. Several fungal genera were isolated independently of bean type. It was verified the presence of fungi related to insects in all samples. The recommended dose for immediate and simultaneous lethality was 3,0 kGy in C. maculatus, A. obtectus e Z. subfasciatus species. The 5,0 kGy and 10,0 kGy doses can reduce but cannot eliminate the fungal load at all. The values obtained in the water activity (Aw) analysis were below the ideal condition for fungal growth on grain.

As espécies da família Zingiberaceae são caracterizadas por suas raízes. Constituintes fenóis como curcuminóides e gingeróis destacam-se por suas atividades biológicas. A irradiação de alimentos é um meio de preservação eficiente, porém, é importante garantir que suas propriedades funcionais sejam preservadas. Este trabalho vem avaliar o efeito do processamento por radiação gama de 60Co em doses de 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20kGy sobre espécies de Zingiberaceae: açafrão (Curcuma longa L.), gengibre (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) e zedoária (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). A determinação qualitativa do perfil de compostos bioativos foi realizada por cromatografia de camada delgada. A quantificação de compostos fenólicos foi realizada pelo método Folin-Ciocalteu e a avaliação do potencial da atividade antioxidante pelo teste de captação do radical livre [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] e método Rancimat®. A quantificação de curcumina e 6-gingerol foram realizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Não houve mudança no perfil fitoquímico das espécies após o tratamento por irradiação. Em relação às amostras controle, houve perdas significativas no teor de compostos fenólicos nas amostras de açafrão nas doses de 15kGy e 20kGy. Ocorreu decréscimo significativo da capacidade de captação do DPPH nos extratos de gengibre irradiados e no extrato de zedoária irradiado com 20kGy. O Índice de Atividade Antioxidante foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 5kGy e 15kGy e nos extratos irradiados de zedoária. A quantificação de curcumina foi significativamente menor nos extratos de açafrão irradiados com 15 kGy e não houve diferença significativa na quantificação de 6-gingerol entre os extratos de gengibre. Conclui-se que a tecnologia de processamento de Zingiberaceae por radiação gama pode ser viável para as indústrias. Para segurança da manutenção da atividade antioxidante as doses devem ser de até 10kGy. / The species of Zingiberaceae family are characterized for rhizome. Phenolic constituents like curcuminoids and gingerols have had reports of biological activities. Food irradiation is an effective means of preservation, however it is important to ensure that their functional properties are not compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of gamma radiation from 60Co in doses of 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 kGy on species of Zingiberaceae: turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) and zedoaria (Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Roscoe). The qualitative determination of bioactive compounds profile was performed by thin layer chromatography. The quantification of phenolic compounds was performed by Folin-Ciocalteu method and assessing the potential of antioxidant activity by the free radical [2,2 difenil-1-pricril-hidrazil (DPPH)] scavenging and by Rancimat® method. The curcumin and 6-gingerol quantification was performed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Compared to control, there were significant losses of total phenolic compounds in turmeric samples irradiated with 15kGy and 20kGy. There were significant decreases in the ability to scavenge DPPH in irradiated ginger extracts and zedoaria extract irradiated with 20kGy. The Antioxidant Activity Index was significantly lower in 5kGy and 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and in irradiated zedoaria extracts. The curcumin quantification was significantly lower in 15kGy irradiated turmeric extracts and there was no significant difference in the 6-gingerol quantification between ginger extracts. It is concluded that gamma radiation processing technology in Zingiberaceae can be viable for industry. To maintain safety of antioxidant activity it should be applied doses up 10kGy.