Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-27Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:05:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimentoepontes_mg_dr_botfm.pdf: 553102 bytes, checksum: 6f4ebc00fc0583f012e1a99ab95ffefe (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Toxicam / Urinary bladder carcinomas (UBC) frequently recur. During the intervals “free‐ofneoplasia”, between the initially diagnosed tumor and its recurrences, there are not undisputable histological alterations in the mucosa, although some studies have reported DNA damage in urothelial cells. In order to understand developmental characteristics of UBC, primary tumors and their recurrences were cytogenetically evaluated for their genomic expression by High Resolution Comparative Genomic Hybridization (HR‐CGH). Tumors and their respective recurrences, six low‐grade (LG) and five high‐grade (HG) cases, provided 20 tissue samples that were submitted to laser microdissection capture followed by HR‐CGH. HR‐CGH profiles had two different analyses – all tumors altogether or classified according to their respective histological grades. Both comparisons showed high frequency (80%) of gains in 11p12 and losses in 16p12, in agreement with the literature that indicate alterations of 11p and 16p in UBC recurrences. These findings suggest that those chromosome regions contain putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes critical for urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Within a same patient genomic profile showed high agreement between tumors and their respective recurrences, i.e., tumors from the same patient showed a large number of common losses and gains. The high similarities of genomic alterations in successive tumors from the same patient suggest that a stable genomic profile was established in UBCs and their recurrences. Besides, during the “free‐of‐neoplasia” intervals, negative urinary bladder washes were submitted to Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) to detect quantitative alterations in centromeres 7 (n=21 samples), 17 (n= 21) and 9p21 (n=36). No numerical alterations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Wagner José Fávaro / Banca: Sérgio Pereira / Banca: Luiz Gustavo Chuffa / Resumo: O câncer de bexiga é a malignidade mais comum do trato urinário. O tratamento mais estipulado atualmente para os casos de câncer de bexiga não-músculo invasivo (CBNMI) é uma ressecção transuretral associada à administração de dose intravesical de manutenção de Bacillus de Calmette-Guerín (BCG). Entretanto, a imunoterapia com BCG também causa efeitos indesejáveis, além de aumentar a taxa de recidiva da doença secundária à interrupção do tratamento. Nesse contexto, o óxido de grafeno (GO) e/ou o óxido de grafeno reduzido (rGO) têm atraído significativo interesse no campo da detecção biológica, drug delivery e nas terapias anti-tumorais. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar e comparar os efeitos antitumorais da Doxorrubicina (DOXO) e da Cisplatina (CIS) funcionalizadas na dispersão rGO com polímero Pluronic® F-68 frente ao tratamento do CBNMI. Inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização do composto de rGO para conhecer suas propriedades químicas. Foram utilizadas 30 ratas da variedade Fischer 344, sendo constituído um grupo controle de cinco animais (Grupo 1), os quais receberam 0,3 mL de solução fisiológica à 0,9% por via intraperitoneal (i.p.). Nos demais animais foram administradas doses de 1,5 mg/kg de N-metil-N-nitrosouréia (MNU) intravesical (i.v.) e, após quatro doses, foram divididos em cinco grupos: Grupo Câncer (Grupo 2), Grupo Câncer+rGO (Grupo 3), Grupo Câncer+rGO+CIS (Grupo 4), Grupo Câncer+rGO+DOXO (Grupo 5) e Grupo Câncer+rGO+CIS+DOXO (Grupo 6), os quais receberam respectivamente: mesmo tratamento do Grupo 1; dose 0,2mL na concentração de 0,2mg/mL de rGO; 0,2mL da dispersão rGO com CIS a 0,05mg; 0,2mg de DOXO em 0,2mL da dispersão e 0,2mL da dispersão com as mesmas concentrações de quimioterápicos que os Grupos 4 e 5. Todos os tratamentos foram por via i.p., com administração semanal durante seis semanas consecutivas. Após 16 semanas de... / Abstract: Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract. The recommended first-line treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) following transurethral resection, is an induction course plus maintenance with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). However, BCG immunotherapy causes undesirable effects, which contributes to treatment interruption, increasing cancer index recurrence. In this context, graphene oxide (GO) and/or reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has attracted increasing interest in the field of biological detection, drug delivery and cancer therapies. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize and to compare the antitumor effects of Doxorubicin (DOXO) and Cisplatin (CIS) functionalized in rGO on dispersion with Pluronic F-68 polymer to the treatment of NMIBC. Initially, the characterization of the compound guarantee its chemical properties. It was used 30 female Fischer 344 rats, consisting a control group of five animals (Group 1), which received 0.3 ml of saline 0.9% intraperitoneally (i.p.). The remaining animals received 1.5 mg/kg of N-methyl-N-Nitrosourea (MNU) intravesical (i.v.) and after four doses, they were divided into five groups: Cancer Group (Group 2), Cancer + rGO Group (Group 3), Cancer + rGO + CIS Group (Group 4), Cancer + rGO + DOXO Group (Group 5), Cancer rGO + CIS + DOXO Group (Group 6), which received, respectively: the same treatment as group 1; received 0.2 mL dose at a concentration of 0.2mg/ml; received 0.2 mL of rGO dispersion with 0.05mg CIS; received 0.2 mg of DOXO in 0.2 mL of the dispersion; received 0.2 mL of rGO dispersion with the same chemotherapy combinations that groups 4 and 5. All treatments were i.p., with weekly administration during six consecutive weeks. After 16 weeks of treatment, urinary bladders were collected for histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis, and still, blood collected for performing biochemical analyzes to obtain ... / Mestre

Orientador: Marileda Bonafim Carvalho / Banca: Angela Akamatsu / Banca: Andrigo Barboza de Nardi / Resumo: Os cães podem ser acometidos por diversos tipos de doenças vesicais incluindo cistites, neoplasias e urolitíases, dentre outras. A variedade da etiopatogenia e das formas de apresentação clínica das cistites constitui um fator complicante para o diagnóstico. O presente estudo teve por objetivo evidenciar a importância da inclusão de alguns exames complementares com vistas ao diagnóstico correto das afecções vesicais. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo para o diagnóstico da condição vesical de 46 animais, machos e fêmeas, selecionados ao acaso dentre os encaminhados para check-up de rotina e os pacientes com algum tipo de sinal ou achado sugestivo de doença vesical. A avaliação consistiu de exame clínico completo e exame específico do trato urinário incluindo urinálise, exame microbiológico da urina por meio de cultura em lâmina e cultura tradicional, e avaliação vesical por meio do exame ultrassonográfico. Os dados foram submetidos à analise estatística descritiva e ao Teste Exato de Fisher para associações. Os resultados evidenciaram que os sinais clínicos e os achados de sedimentoscopia da urina não são específicos, dada a semelhança das manifestações das diversas doenças vesicais. A urocultura e a ultrassonografia vesical foram exames complementares decisivos que possibilitaram o diagnóstico dos casos de cistite bacteriana (n=32) bem como das doenças vesicais coexistentes (n=3) e das doenças vesicais não infecciosas (n=2). Concluiu-se que o exame clínico de rotina, mesmo que a urinálise seja incluída, não é apropriado para diagnosticar doenças vesicais e que a urocultura e o exame ultrassonográfico contribuem de modo decisivo para o diagnóstico correto dos cães com ou sem sinais clínicos de cistite / Abstract: Dogs can be affected by several types of bladder diseases including cystitis, neoplasia, and urolithiasis, among others. The variety of etiopathology and clinical presentation forms of cystitis is a complicating factor for the diagnosis. The aim of this study was to show the importance of some additional exams inclusion in order to achieve the correct diagnosis for bladder diseases. A prospective study was conducted for bladder condition diagnosis in 46 animals, males and females, taken for random among dogs referred for routine checkup and the patients with some type of signs or finding suggestive of bladder disease. The evaluation included complete clinical exam and specific examination of the urinary tract including urinalysis, urine microbiologic examination by commercially manufactured screening urine culture kit and traditional culture, and ultrasound bladder evaluation. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistic and Fisher's Exact Text. The results showed that clinical signs and urine sediment findings are nonspecific, given the similarity of the bladder diseases manifestations. The urine culture and bladder ultrasound were decisive additional exams that enable the diagnosis of bacterial cystitis (n=32), as well as of the coexisting bladders diseases (n=3) and non infectious bladder diseases (n=2). It was concluded that the routine clinical examination, even when the urinalysis is included, isn't appropriated for bladder diseases diagnosis, moreover the urine culture and the ultrasonographyc exam contribute in a decisive way for the correct diagnosis of dogs showing or not clinical signs of cystitis / Mestre

Orientador: João Lauro Viana de Camargo / Coorientador: Silvia Regina Rogatto / Banca: Claudia Aparecida Rainho / Banca: Mônica Vannucci Nunes Lipay / Banca: Carlos Márcio Nóbrega de Jesus / Banca: Leopoldo Alves Ribeiro Filho / Resumo: Não disponível / Abstract: Urinary bladder carcinomas (UBC) frequently recur. During the intervals "free‐ofneoplasia", between the initially diagnosed tumor and its recurrences, there are not undisputable histological alterations in the mucosa, although some studies have reported DNA damage in urothelial cells. In order to understand developmental characteristics of UBC, primary tumors and their recurrences were cytogenetically evaluated for their genomic expression by High Resolution Comparative Genomic Hybridization (HR‐CGH). Tumors and their respective recurrences, six low‐grade (LG) and five high‐grade (HG) cases, provided 20 tissue samples that were submitted to laser microdissection capture followed by HR‐CGH. HR‐CGH profiles had two different analyses - all tumors altogether or classified according to their respective histological grades. Both comparisons showed high frequency (80%) of gains in 11p12 and losses in 16p12, in agreement with the literature that indicate alterations of 11p and 16p in UBC recurrences. These findings suggest that those chromosome regions contain putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes critical for urinary bladder carcinogenesis. Within a same patient genomic profile showed high agreement between tumors and their respective recurrences, i.e., tumors from the same patient showed a large number of common losses and gains. The high similarities of genomic alterations in successive tumors from the same patient suggest that a stable genomic profile was established in UBCs and their recurrences. Besides, during the "free‐of‐neoplasia" intervals, negative urinary bladder washes were submitted to Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH) to detect quantitative alterations in centromeres 7 (n=21 samples), 17 (n= 21) and 9p21 (n=36). No numerical alterations... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Cassio Luis Zanettini Riccetto, Paulo Cesar Rodrigues Palma / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T14:36:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fraga_Rogeriode_D.pdf: 1486566 bytes, checksum: 87fb9bd342e742c5f6f95c1de1b15eea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O período após a menopausa é associado com elevada incidência de sintomas no trato urinário baixo. Dentre os principais, destaca-se a síndrome da bexiga hiperativa e infecções urinárias recorrentes. Há uma dificuldade para separar os fatores relacionados à senescência daqueles associados com a menopausa, que podem interferir no aparecimento das disfunções miccionais na mulher idosa. A alteração mais significativa na menopausa é a deprivação estrogênica. Esta condição tem sugerido a indicação de estrogenioterapia no período pós-menopausa, com a finalidade de reduzir a sintomatologia urinária. Porém, as repercussões do hipoestrogenismo no trato urinário inferior ainda permanecem por ser estabelecidas. Este estudo foi conduzido utilizando-se 40 ratas Wistar (3 meses de idade) divididas em 4 grupos de 10 animais: Grupo 1: controle; Grupo 2: submetido à ooforectomia bilateral e após 4 semanas iniciada reposição sub-cutânea diária de 17 ß-estradiol durante 12 semanas; Grupo 3: procedimento SHAM e após 4 semanas iniciada reposição diária sub-cutânea de óleo de sésamo por 12 semanas e Grupo 4: submetidas à ooforectomia bilateral e sacrificadas após 12 semanas sem reposição hormonal. Foi utilizada técnica de imunohistoquímica para coloração das lâminas com anticorpo policlonal S-100. A aferição da densidade volumétrica das fibras nervosas na parede vesical foi efetuada através da estereologia utilizando-se o sistema ¿ teste G50. As ratas do Grupo IV, submetidas à ooforectomia sem reposição hormonal, apresentaram densidade volumétrica de fibras nervosas menor que os outros grupos (p<0.001 - teste de Newman-Keuls). Nos outros parâmetros analisados não houve diferença. A ooforectomia bilateral, em ratas, causou diminuição da densidade volumétrica de fibras nervosas vesicais. A administração de estradiol, no grupo castrado, apresentou diferença significativa nos parâmetros estereológicos analisados, em relação aos animais castrados sem reposição (p<0,001) / Abstract: The postmenopausal period is associated with a high incidence of symptoms in the lower urinary tract. The main urological bladder symptoms are urge incontinence and recurring urinary tract infections. It is hard to separate the influence of aging from that of menopause when studying the etiology of dysfunction in elderly women. The most significant result of menopause is estrogen deprivation. This fact has led to the use of hormonal replacement in postmenopausal women with lower urinary tract dysfunction. However, the best treatment in terms of type, dosage and method of estrogen administration has still not been defined. This study was conducted on 40 Wistar rats (3 months old). Group 1: remained intact; Group 2: underwent bilateral ovariectomy and after 4 weeks daily replacement of 17 ß-estradiol for 12 weeks; Group 3: sham operated and after 4 weeks daily replacement of sesame oil for 12 weeks and Group 4: underwent bilateral ovariectomy and were sacrified after 12 weeks. It was used imunohistochemistry evaluation using S-100 polyclonal antibody to stain the fibers on parafin rat bladder sections. The G50 stereologycal grid system was used to analyze the fibers. Ovariectomy had a decrease effect on the volumetric density of the neural fibers in the bladder wall. Estradiol replacement in castrated animals demonstrated a significative difference in the stereological parameters when compared to the castrated group without hormonal replacement. Long-term estrogen deprivation caused significant changes in bladder innervation, which can be characterized by a decreased number of nerves fibers by 65% (p<0.001) / Doutorado / Cirurgia / Doutor em Cirurgia

No description available.

Background: Storage lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) including overactive bladder (OAB) and urinary incontinence (UI) affect millions of people worldwide, significantly impacting quality of life. Plant based medicines have been documented both empirically and in emerging scientific research to have varying benefits in reducing bladder symptoms. We assessed the efficacy of Urox (R), a proprietary combination of phytomedicine extracts including, Cratevox (TM) (Crataeva nurvala) stem bark, Equisetem arvense stem and Lindera aggregata root, in reducing symptoms of OAB and UI. Methods: Efficacy of the herbal combination on a variety of bladder symptoms compared to an identical placebo, were documented in a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled trial conducted at two primary care centres. Data were collected at baseline, 2, 4 and 8 weeks, with the primary outcome being self-reported urinary frequency. Statistical analysis included mixed effects ordered logistic regression with post hoc Holm's test to account for repeated measures, and included an intention-to-treat analysis. Results: One hundred and fifty participants (59% female, aged; mean +/- SD; 63.5 +/- 13.1 years) took part in the study. At week 8, urinary day frequency was significantly lower (OR 0.01; 95%CI 0.01 to 0.02; p < 0.001) in response to treatment (mean +/- SD; 7.69 +/- 2.15/day) compared to placebo (10.95 +/- 2.47/day). Similarly, episodes of nocturia were significantly fewer (OR 0.03; 95%CI 0.02 to 0.05) after 8 weeks of treatment (2.16 +/- 1.49/night) versus placebo (3.14 +/- 1.36/night). Symptoms of urgency (OR 0.02; 95%CI 0.01 to 0.03), and total incontinence (OR 0.03; 95%CI 0.01 to 0.06) were also lower (all p < 0.01) in the treatment group. Significant improvements in quality of life were reported after treatment in comparison to placebo. No significant side effects were observed resulting in withdrawal from treatment. Conclusions: The outcome of this study demonstrated both statistical significance and clinical relevance in reducing symptoms of OAB, urinary frequency and/or urgency and incontinence. The demonstrated viability of the herbal combination to serve as an effective treatment, with minimal side-effects, warrants further longer term research and consideration by clinicians.

The swimbladder of Atlantic and Pacific herring has a pneumatic duct arising from the stomach caecum and a direct posterior opening to the exterior. The thesis is advanced that these peculiarities are associated with differences in function which may be related to the life of the herring. Herring obtain swimbladder gas by swallowing air at the surface but not by secretion or bacterial gas generation over one week. Gas release from the swimbladder through the posterior duct occurs in response to pressure reduction, sympathomimetic drugs and atropine and is inhibited by spinal section or brain removal suggesting a gas release mechanism involving the central nervous system. Gas loss through the pneumatic duct is prevented by the swimbladder valve which opens in response to adrenalin. The swimbladder responds to adrenalin by moving its contained gas anteriorly and to pilocarpine by increasing internal gas pressure. The pneumatic duct, normally fluid filled, controls the applied pressure at which gas flow in either direction starts and finishes. This duct mechanically prevents the entry of particulate matter from the stomach and is able to remove air bubbles leaving a mean net force of 3.2 dynes/ml downwards to be compensated for by movements of the fish. As the herring swimbladder functions as a hydrostatic organ the low skeletal body content and high fat content results in a low swimbladder volume, so reducing the change in density with depth, an advantage to a fish undergoing diurnal vertical migrations. It was calculated that herring of Passamaquoddy Bay, N.B. can descend to their median daytime depth of 10 metres in August and 35 metres in February for sinking factors of 1016 and 1018 respectively. Predation may be reduced by the ability of herring to complete air uptake rapidly, to move upward without restriction by expelling any excess gas through the posterior duct and to liberate gas in times of stress in response to adrenaline so increasing body density and permitting rapid downward movement. Thus in many ways the herring because of its anatomical modifications has been able to adapt the physostome condition successfully to its marine environment. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Urinary tract infections are generally preceded by transfer of organisms from the distal urethra to the bladder (20, 148). However, although urinary infections are predominantly due to pure cultures of Escherichia coli, the distal urethra contains a mixed flora in which E. coli is relatively uncommon and anaerobes predominate (73, 103). This discrepancy between the bladder and distal urethral flora may be due to differential adhesion or differential growth rates. In this dissertation I have tested the hypothesis that differential growth rates of urethral organisms in urine explains the predominance of E. coli as a pathogen. These experiments showed that the balance between bacterial growth and washout may have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of infection and perhaps therefore in treatment. A model of the human bladder used for the pathogenesis studies was then used to study the activity of mecillinam and ampicillin under conditions simulating human urinary infection. The model proved realistic especially for synergy studies where shortcomings in conventional in vitro methods are a cause for concern. The following topics were studied. 1. Urine was chosen as a test medium for definitive experiments because growth rates of organisms other than E. coli were different in broth and in urine. A method for sterilizing urine in bulk was developed which did not affect growth supporting properties. 2. E. coli was shown to grow faster and to have a shorter lag period than almost all other organisms when studied in shake culture. 3. A continuous culture model of the human urinary bladder was employed for differential growth studies of organisms in sterilized human urine. This model reproduced many of the characteristics of the human lower urinary tract and enabled study of the balance between bacterial growth and the tendency of urine to wash organisms out of the tract. 4. Mixed cultures of approximately equal numbers of E. coli and a second potential urinary' pathogen were introduced into the bladder model and quantitative cultures performed at intervals up to 24 h. In 15 experiments E. coli eventually dominated the second pathogen which was sometimes undetectable at 24 h. Similar changes in bacterial populations seen in infected patients indicate that differential growth rates may be an important determinant of the pathogenicity of E. coli. 5. The use of the bladder model was then extended to investigations of antibiotic activity under realistic conditions. The value of the model for synergy studies with ampicillin and mecillinam was assessed by parallel conventional in vitro tests and an animal infection protection test*. The bladder model gave similar results to mammalian studies and appeared to be far superior to conventional methods. This model may be valuable in the initial assessment of new urinary antibiotics. 6. A representative array of organisms for the above study was selected following a survey of resistance patterns of 2000 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. An incidental by-product of this survey was the establishment of a breakpoint for mecillinam susceptibility in the Kirby-Bauer antibiotic disk test. 7. Work on the effect of mecillinam and/or ampicillin upon bacterial viability was extended to investigations of the relative contribution of permeability barriers and 3-lactamases to antibiotic susceptibility. Unlike ampicillin, mecillinam resistance of 77 clinical isolates of bacteria appeared to be independent of intracellular 3-lactamase levels, suggesting that the barrier effect may be more pronounced in bacterial resistance to mecillinam than to ampicillin. Kinetic studies using urine as a growth medium, and in particular the use of a bladder model have provided a unifying explanation of many features of both the pathogenesis and treatment of urinary infections. * Carried out by Dr. R.C. Cleeland. / Science, Faculty of / Microbiology and Immunology, Department of / Graduate

No description available.