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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Preparação, irradiação e caracterização de blendas PEAD reciclado/EPDM / Preparation, irradiation and characterization of recycled HDPE/EPDM blends

Leandro Gabriel 11 October 2016 (has links)
A reciclagem de refugos é um processo estratégico que viabiliza a expansão do mercado de plásticos, podendo gerar novos produtos. A obtenção de blendas poliméricas é uma alternativa nesse processo, já que é conhecida a perda de propriedades mecânicas dos termoplásticos nas etapas de reprocessamento. Neste trabalho, o polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) reciclado teve adições de borracha do monômero etileno-propileno-dieno (EPDM) puro em baixos teores (1 %, 5 % e 10 %), cujo objetivo foi formar blendas miscíveis e um produto final mais resistente ao impacto. O PEAD foi submetido a quatro ciclos de moagem, extrusão e injeção (reprocessamento) e misturado ao EPDM puro por extrusão sem o uso de qualquer aditivo. Os grânulos da blenda formada foram usados para confeccionar os corpos-de-prova por injeção para seu uso nas distintas metodologias analíticas. O processo de irradiação gama foi aplicado nas doses de 50 kGy e 100 kGy e os parâmetros físico-químicos e mecânicos dessas amostras foram comparados aos das não irradiadas. Tanto as blendas irradiadas como as não irradiadas mostraramse visualmente e microscopicamente homogêneas, indicando a compatibilidade da mistura, que também é verificada por seu comportamento térmico. Os parâmetros mecânicos provenientes dos ensaios de tração e flexão, foram semelhantes nas amostras do termoplástico virgem e do reciclado; o processo de irradiação nas blendas gerou sua reticulação, sendo esta verificada não só pelo aumento dos valores desses parâmetros como também pelo aumento da fração gel. A resistência ao impacto aumentou cerca de duas vezes e meia nas amostras com maior teor de EPDM e cerca de 6 a 7 vezes nestas mesmas amostras irradiadas a 50 kGy e 100 kGy respectivamente. O novo material obtido tem fortes indicativos para a sua utilização na pequena e média indústria de plástico, uma vez que já com 1 % de EPDM apresentam melhores características mecânicas em relação ao termoplástico reciclado quatro vezes e essas características foram incrementadas após o processo de irradiação gama. / Waste recycling is a process that allows for advances in plastics industry, particularly when new products are developed. Thus polymer blending is an alternative to recycling processes, since degradation of the mechanical properties of thermoplastics occurs during the reprocessing stages of the material. In this work, high density polyethylene (HDPE) was recycled and mixed to ethylene propylene diene pristine rubber (EPDM) in low concentrations (1%, 5 % and 10 %) to obtain a miscible blend and a final product with high resistance to impact. Pristine HDPE was submitted to four cycles of milling, extrusion and injection (reprocessing) and then mixed with EPDM by extrusion, free of any additives whatsoever. The resulting material was then injected to obtain standard samples submitted to several analytical methods during this research. Also, gamma irradiation process was performed with 50 kGy and 100 kGy absorbed doses; the physical-chemical and the mechanical parameters of these samples were compared to non-irradiated samples. Irradiated and non-irradiated blends were visually and microscopically homogeneous. This indicates a compatible mixture, something which was also verified from analysis of their thermal behavior; mechanical parameters such as stress-strain and flexural curves were similar for pristine and recycled HDPE thermoplastic. On the other hand, the irradiation process on blends generates thermoplastic molecular cross-linking which is verified from increased strength values of mechanical and gel fraction tests. Impact resistance had a 2.5 fold increase with samples with higher EPDM content and about 6-7 fold increase on irradiated samples with 50-100 kGy respectively. These new materials are aimed to small and medium-scale industries, for adding as low as 1% EPDM to the blends sharply improves their mechanical characteristics when compared to recycled thermoplastic. Also, these characteristics improve even further when these materials are gamma irradiated.
52

Estudo por RMN de condutores iônicos poliméricos formados por blendas de POE:PEG / Study by NMR of polymeric electrolytes, based on blends of PEO:PEG

Bloise Junior, Antonio Carlos 01 June 1998 (has links)
Eletrólitos poliméricos formados à partir de PIE e um sal de metal alcalino (LiBF4, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3) tem despertado grande interesse devido ao enorme potencial de aplicação em dispositivos eletroquímicos. Nestes sistemas sólidos, a macromolécula atua como solvente para o sal que fica parcialmente dissociado na matriz polimérica originando a condutividade iônica. Na tentativa de se obter complexos cada vez mais condutivos, novos sistemas tem sido propostos. Dentre eles destacam-se a formação das blendas poliméricas. Neste trabalho foram feitas investigações por Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) para se estudar a dinâmica (iônica e molecular) das blendas [POEx:PEG1-x]8LiBF4 (x=0.75, 0.50 e 0.25). Para isso realizaram-se medidas de largura de linha e taxa de relaxação dos núcleos de 1H e 19F entre - 80°C à + 80°C na freqüência de 36 MHz. Também foram feitas medidas de análise térmica (DSC) e condutividade (?). Em algumas das composições de blendas, os dados extraídos das medidas da taxa de relaxação do 1H, revelaram dinâmicas das cadeias poliméricas do POE e PEG ocorrendo separadamente. Foi observado através da análise das medidas de ressonância do 19F, que os movimentos parecem ocorrer de forma independente aos movimentos segmentários das cadeias. / Polymeric electrolytes made from POE and a alkaline metal salt (LiBF4, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3) have shown great potential in the application of electrochemical devices. In this solid systems, a macromolecule act as solvent for a salt to become partially dissociated in the polymeric matrix originating an ionic conductivity. In the attempt to obtain complexes even more conductive, new systems are proposed. Among these complexes one has distinction, polymeric blends. Investigations have been made by use of Ressonance Magnetic Nuclear (NMR), to study the ionic and molecular dynamics of this blends [POEx:PEG1-x]8LiBF4 (x=0.75, 0.50 e 0.25). For this, measurements of line width and relaxation rates of 1H and 19F in the range of -80°C to + 80°C with frequency of 36 MHz, have been done and also measurements of thermal analyse (DSC) and conductivity (?). For some blend compositions, the relaxation rate of the 1H revel that polymeric chain dynamics of POE and PEG occurs separately. It was seen by the analyse of NMR 19F measurements that the movements of the groups (BF4)- , dissociated by the polymeric matrix, seem to occur independently of the segmentary movements of the chains.
53

Estudo da compatibilização e da degradação de blendas polipropileno/poli (3-hidroxibutirato) (PP/PHB). / Compatibilization and degradation study of Polypropylene/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PP/PHB) blends.

Roberta Kalil Sadi 27 July 2010 (has links)
O presente trabalho desenvolveu um estudo sobre a blenda polimérica Polipropileno/Poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PP/PHB). Os principais objetivos desta pesquisa foram estudar a compatibilização da blenda PP/PHB, a influência da prévia fotodegradação sobre a biodegradação da blenda e o comportamento individual do PHB frente a fotodegradação. As blendas PP/PHB foram obtidas nas composições 90/10, 80/20, 70/30 e 60/40 (em peso) numa extrusora dupla-rosca. O estudo da compatibilização foi feito para a blenda PP/PHB 80/20 contendo ou não 10% dos seguintes compatibilizantes: polipropileno grafitizado com anidrido maleico (PP-g-MAn), poli(etileno-co-acrilato de metila) (P(E-co-MA)), poli(etileno-co-metacrilato de glicidila) (P(E-co-GMA)) e poli(etileno-co-acrilato de metila-co-metacrilato de glicidila) (P(E-co-MA-co-GMA)). A caracterização dos materiais foi realizada através de análises morfológicas, químicas e ensaios mecânicos (tração e impacto). Os resultados obtidos permitiram classificar a eficácia dos compatibilizantes na seguinte ordem: P(E-co-MA-co-GMA) >> P(E-co-MA) > P(E-co-GMA) PP-g-MAn. A fotodegradação do PHB foi investigada expondo-se este material numa câmara de envelhecimento artificial por 3, 6, 9 e 12 semanas. O efeito da radiação UV no PHB foi monitorado através de mudanças na sua massa molar, estruturas química e cristalina, bem como nas suas propriedades térmicas, morfológicas, óticas, mecânicas e de biodegradação. A radiação UV causou uma série de mudanças em todas as propriedades analisadas. Estes efeitos, entretanto, não se mostraram muito severos e um dos motivos apontados para isso foi a baixa transmitância da radiação UV apresentada pela amostra de PHB estudada, o que gerou um perfil de degradação muito pronunciado neste material. As blendas PP/PHB em todas as suas composições foram submetidas à radiação UV por 2 e 4 semanas e tiveram a sua biodegradabilidade avaliada por ensaios de perda de massa e de respirometria de Bartha (medida da produção de CO2). Os materiais antes e após as diferentes degradações foram caracterizados através de análises químicas, térmicas, morfológicas e de massa molar. Primeiramente, observou-se que, antes de qualquer degradação, a biodegradação da fase PHB foi suprimida dentro das blendas, o que foi atribuído ao PHB constituir a fase dispersa das misturas. A prévia fotodegradação retardou a biodegradação do PHB e acelerou a biodegradação do PP e de todas as blendas PP/PHB. A maior capacidade biodegradativa do PP e das blendas foi relacionada à cisão de cadeia e formação de grupos funcionais oxidados durante a exposição à radiação ultravioleta. / In this work Polypropylene/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PP/PHB) blend was studied. In particular the compatibilization and the influence of a previous photodegradation on the biodegradation of the blend were investigated. In order to understand the photodegradation of the blends it was also necessary to study the photodegradation of PHB. The compositions of the PP/PHB blends studied ranged from 90/10 to 60/40 (by weight). These blends were obtained using a twin screw extruder. The compatibilization was evaluated using a PP/PHB blend 80/20 containing or not 10% of the following compatibilizers: maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH), poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate) (P(E-co-MA)), poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(E-co-GMA)) and poly(ethylene-co-methyl acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (P(E-co-MA-co-GMA)). The blends obtained were characterized through their morphological, chemical and mechanical properties (tensile and impact tests). The results obtained enabled the classification of the compatibilizers efficiency in the following order: P(E-co-MA-co-GMA) >> P(E-co-MA) > P(E-co-GMA) PP-g-MAH. PHB photodegradability was investigated through its exposure to artificial UV radiation in a weathering chamber for 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks. The photodegradation effect was followed by changes of molecular weight, of chemical and crystalline structures, of thermal, morphological, optical and mechanical properties, as well as of biodegradability. UV radiation caused several changes in all the properties evaluated, however, these effects were not very severe. These results could be explained in light of the low UV radiation transmittance of the PHB sample studied, which caused a strong degradation profile for this material. PP/PHB blends in all compositions were exposed to UV radiation for 2 and 4 weeks and had their biodegradability evaluated using the weight loss and the Bartha respirometer tests (CO2 production measurement). The materials before and after the different degradations were characterized by chemical, thermal, morphological and molar mass analysis. First, it was observed that, before any degradation, the biodegradation of the PHB phase was suppressed in the blends, most likely due to the fact that PHB was the dispersed phase within the mixtures studied. Previous photodegradation delayed PHB biodegradation and sped up the biodegradation of PP and all PP/PHB blends. The greater biodegradability of PP and blends was attributed to the chain scission and formation of oxidized functional groups taking place during ultraviolet radiation exposure.
54

Obtenção da blenda polipropileno reprocessado/poliestireno de alto impacto e seu comportamento diante a radiação UV. / Obtenained blend polipropylene reprocessed/polyestyrene hight impact of behavoir exposed UV radiation.

Fernandes, Laércio Lima 26 June 2009 (has links)
A utilização da tecnologia de produção de blendas poliméricas sempre está relacionada com a soma das características individuais de cada um dos componentes da blenda. No caso específico da blenda polipropileno - PP e poliestireno de alto impacto - HIPS esta relação está mais especificamente relacionada com a melhoria na propriedade de resistência ao impacto do PP. Contudo, outras propriedades também devem ser avaliadas. Um outro fator bastante importante é como esta blenda se comportará diante situações reais de uso, por exemplo, exposição à radiação UV. Este trabalho apresenta as propriedades mecânicas e morfológicas da blenda PP/HIPS na composição 90/10, 80/20 e 70/30, sendo que na obtenção dessa blenda utilizou-se dois tipos de polipropileno, um previamente termodegradado (PPreprocessado) e outro virgem (PPv). Foram testados na blenda três tipos de compatibilizantes (SBS, SEBS e PP-g-PS) com o intuito de melhorar a adesão entre as fases. Além disso esse trabalho apresenta os efeitos da radiação UV nas blendas e nos componentes que a formam. Os materiais foram expostos a radiação artificial e foram caracterizados quanto as suas modificações químicas, físicas e mecânicas. As superfícies de fratura dos corpos de prova de impacto foram também analisadas. Por meio dos resultados obtidos pode-se perceber que a mistura PP/HIPS apresenta imiscibilidade entre seus componentes e que a diferença entre os dois tipos de PP resulta em diferentes valores para as propriedades das misturas. Entre os compatibilizantes adicionados o SBS foi o que proporcionou melhores resultados. Ao se analisar a influência da radiação UV nos componentes que formam as blendas PP/HIPS observou se que o PPrep e o PPvir se mostraram sensíveis ao processo degradativo. As propriedades dos materiais diminuíram drasticamente sob efeito da radiação UV. Entretanto quando foram estudados os efeitos da radiação UV nas propriedades das blendas PP/HIPS e o PPrep/HIPS foi observado que as blendas com maiores proporções de HIPS foram mais fotoestáveis, ou seja, as blendas tiveram menores perdas nas propriedades com o tempo de exposição. / Polymer blend technology is always related with a synergism between the individual properties of the components of the blend components. In the specific case of the polypropylene (PP) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) blend, this relation is based on the impact strength improvement of PP. However, other properties should also be evaluated. Another important factor is the blend behavior upon real use conditions, such as UV radiation exposure. The mechanical and morphological properties of PP/HIPS blends are presented in this work. Two types of polypropylene were used during the blend preparation: one previously thermodegraded (reprocessed PP) and another virgin (PPv). In addition, UV radiation effects on the blends and on their components are shown. The materials were exposed to artificial radiation, and this exposure was characterized by means of chemical, physical and mechanical modification, as well as by fracture surface analysis. The results showed that the PP/HIPS blend presents immiscibility between its components. The difference between the two polypropylenes used resulted in differences in the blends properties. Besides that, the blends with higher HIPS content showed greater photostability when exposed to UV radiation.
55

Verificação do comportamento da lubricidade do óleo diesel veicular com adição de etanol. / Verification of diesel fuel lubricity behavior with addition of ethanol.

Joaquim, Celso Ricardo de Oliveira 12 December 2007 (has links)
Este trabalho verifica a lubricidade de misturas de álcool anidro em óleo diesel por meio do método de ensaio HFRR (High Frequency Reciprocating Rig), utilizado para predizer o desgaste que o sistema de injeção de um veículo movido a óleo diesel pode sofrer em razão da capacidade lubrificante do combustível. A adição de álcool anidro ao óleo diesel veicular vem ao encontro das necessidades atuais de substituição completa ou parcial do uso de combustíveis de origem fóssil pelos provenientes da biomassa e, como em todas as pesquisas com combustíveis, deve-se haver um amplo trabalho em laboratório para verificação e validação dos combustíveis ou misturas formulados antes que estes sejam comercializados ou utilizados em grande quantidade, sendo que a lubricidade do combustível é um destes importantes parâmetros a serem avaliados. Durante a execução dos primeiros ensaios de lubricidade com as misturas de álcool anidro em óleo diesel notou-se incoerência nos resultados de desgaste obtidos em relação àqueles que inicialmente esperava-se em função da composição dos combustíveis constituintes da mistura. Foram, então, realizados estudos do mecanismo de desgaste, do comportamento do combustível e do método de ensaio, sendo que uma modificação no equipamento e no procedimento de teste foi proposta, executada e validada para que, assim, fosse possível realizar os ensaios de lubricidade com as misturas dos combustíveis citados obtendo-se resultados confiáveis. / A study in the lubricity behavior of blends of anhydrous ethanol in diesel fuel was carried on using the High Frequency Reciprocating Rig method, which is usually employed for predicting the wear that the fuel injection system of a diesel powered vehicle is subjected due to the degree of lubrication provided by the fuel. The addition of anhydrous ethanol to vehicular diesel fuel meets the present needs for the complete or partial replacement of the use of mineral origin fuels by fuels originating from biomass and, as occurs in all energetic researches, there must be a wide verification and validation work inside the laboratories prior to the introduction of these fuels or mixtures in the market. The lubricity of the resulting mixture is one of these important parameters. During the initial batch of lubricity tests performed with the mixtures of anhydrous ethanol in diesel fuel it was noticed a contradictory behavior in the results of wear for this fuel when comparing to the results that were expected based on the lubricity of the constituents of the mixture tested individually. Due to this fact studies of the fuel composition, wear mechanism and test method were carried out and modifications in the test apparatus and test procedure were proposed, executed and validated, making possible to run the lubricity tests with the ethanol-diesel mixtures and obtain reliable results.
56

PreparaÃÃo, caracterizaÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo da biodegradabilidade de blendas de amido/quitosana/PVA / Preparation, characterization and evaluation of the biodegradation of blends of films/chitosan/PVA

Anida Maria Moraes Gomes 05 May 2008 (has links)
FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Os objetivos deste trabalho foram desenvolver, caracterizar fÃsico-quÃmica e reologicamente blendas de amido de inhame (Dioscorea esculenta L.), jalapa (Operculina tuberosa Meisn.), carà chinesa (Colocassia esculenta L.) e feijÃo verde (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) com quitosana e PVA e avaliar sua biodegradaÃÃo no solo. As propriedades mecÃnicas dos amidos variaram entre si, indicando uma organizaÃÃo molecular diferente entre eles. Os filmes de amido de feijÃo foram os mais extensÃveis e resistentes, enquanto os de carà chinesa foram os mais frÃgeis e quebradiÃos. A adiÃÃo de PVA e quitosana na mesma proporÃÃo melhorou as caracterÃsticas das blendas, principalmente quando o teor de amido foi baixo. As anÃlises de FT-IR revelaram certa interaÃÃo entre os trÃs componentes o que pode ser verificado com as melhorias nas propriedades mecÃnicas do material. A solubilidade em Ãgua e a permeabilidade ao vapor dâÃgua foram melhoradas pela adiÃÃo de quitosana e PVA. As caracterÃsticas apresentadas pelos filmes mostraram que do ponto de vista tecnolÃgico apresentaram desempenho inferiores aos filmes comerciais (PEBD) e inadequados para embalagem de produtos Ãmidos, mas podem ser Ãteis em outras aplicaÃÃes. Entretanto do ponto de vista ecolÃgico, estes materiais mostraram-se muito superiores aos filmes sintÃticos, pois degradaram rapidamente no solo. As blendas apresentaram potencial para serem usados em aplicaÃÃes mÃdicas como curativos e na liberaÃÃo controlada de fÃrmacos, porÃm necessita-se de mais estudos para melhorias dessas caracterÃsticas. Os amidos de jalapa e feijÃo verde apresentaram desempenho similar ou superior as do inhame, colocando-se como alternativa na elaboraÃÃo de biofilmes de amido. / The objectives of this work were to develop, characterize physico-chemical and rheologicaly blend films of yam (Dioscorea esculenta L.), jalapa (Operculina tuberose Meisn.), taro (Colocassia esculenta L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) starches with chitosan and poly (ninyl alcohol) (PVA) and to evaluate its biodegradation in the soil. The mechanical properties of the starches varied to each other, indicating a different molecular organization among them. The films of bean atarch were the most expandable and resistant, while the ones of chinese yam were the most fragile and brittle. The analyses of FT-IR revealed certain interaction among the three components which can be verified by the improvements in the mechanical properties, solubility in water and the water vapor permeability of blends. The characteristics presented by the blend films showed that from the technological point of view they were inferior to the commercial films (LDPE) and inadequate for packing of humid products, but they can be useful in another applications. However from the ecological point of view, these materials were better than the synthetic films, because they were quickly degraded in the soil. The blends presented potential to be used in medical applications as wound healing in drug delivery, however is needed more studies for improvements of those characteristics. The jalapa and cowpea starches showed similar or superior characteristics to the yam, what place them as alternative in the elaboration of starch biofilms.
57

Eletrólitos sólidos poliméricos a base de quitosana / Solid polimeric electrolyte based on chitosan

Danczuk, Marins 28 November 2007 (has links)
Polímeros naturais são muito interessantes para obtenção de eletrólitos sólidos (ESPs). A grande vantagem é devida as suas propriedades de biodegradação por causa de sua procedência como também baixo custo de obtenção e boas propriedades físico-químicas. Estes polímeros contem na suas estrutura heteroatomos e por esta razão podem complexar prótons ou íons de lítio levando a condução iônica. Dentre diversos polímeros naturais os ESPs a base de Quitosana mostram boas características opto-eletroquímicas e podem ser aplicados em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. Nesta dissertação estão apresentados os resultados de preparação e caracterização de novos eletrólitos sólidos poliméricos (ESPs) obtidos através da plastificação da Quitosana com Glicerol, Sorbitol e Etileno Glicol, onde o próprio solvente, Ácido Clorídrico (HCl), é o doador de prótons responsáveis pala condução iônica dos ESPs. Alem disso foram estudadas também as amostras contendo LiCF3SO3. A caracterização dos materiais na forma de filmes foi realizada utilizando-se as técnicas básicas de caracterização de materiais tais como: análises térmicas (DSC), análises estruturais (raios-X), medidas óticas (UV-Vis), visualização da superfície das amostras através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia (FTIR), Titulação Potenciométrica e como a mais importante: medidas de condutividade iônica por espectroscopia de impedância complexa (EIE). Os filmes de ESPs contendo Glicerol apresentaram-se flexíveis, transparentes (acima de 80% de transmitância na região do visível de espectro eletromagnético )e visualmente com boa aderência ao vidro e ao aço inox. A plastificação com diferentes quantidades de Glicerol, mas mantendo a mesma concentração de HCl, revelou que a amostra contendo 59% de Glicerol apresentou os melhores valores de condutividade iônica. Para esta quantidade de plastificante foi feito o estudo da influência de concentração do Ácido Clorídrico (HCl) nos valores de condutividade iônica. Este ensaio demonstrou que a amostra com 0,048 mol.L-1 apresentou maior valor de condutividade, sendo 9,54.10-4Scm-1 a temperatura ambiente. Ainda com adição de 48% do Glicerol e a inserção de 13% em massa do LiCF3SO3 foi obtida a condutividade de 2,19x10-5Scm-1. Os filmes plastificados com Etileno Glicol apresentaram melhor valor de condutividade iônica de 2,4.10-4Scm-1 a temperatura ambiente, para amostra contendo 68% de plastificante e concentração de 0,048 molL-1 de HCl. Também são transparentes, flexíveis e aderentes. Os filmes de Quitosana plastificada com Sorbitol não apresentaram boas condutividades, i.e. de ordem de 10-6 Scm-1 a temperatura ambiente para amostra contendo 59% de Sorbitol e 0,048 mol.L-1, contudo são transparentes, mas não são aderentes ao vidro e ainda são quebradiços. Os resultados demonstraram que os novos ESPs obtidos a base de filmes de Quitosana plastificada com EG e Glicerol são ótimos candidatos a serem utilizados em dispositivos eletrocrômicos. / Natural polymers are very interesting matrix to obtain solid polymeric electrolytes (SPE). The principal advantage comes from its particularly interesting biodegradation properties due to the natural precedence and also very low cost and good physical and chemical properties. These polymers contain heteroatoms in its structure and for this reason can complex protons or lithium ions leading to the ionic conduction. Among different natural polymers, chitosan-based SPEs show good opto-electrochemical characteristics and can be applied in electrochemical devices. This work presents the results of chitosan-based electrolytes, which were characterized by impedance spectroscopy (EIE), thermal analysis (DSC) and scanning microscopy (SEM). The SPEs samples were obtained from chitosan plasticized with glycerol, ethylene glycol and sorbitol and containing HCl and lithium salt LiClO4. Different compositions of SPEs i.e. salt and plasticizer quantities were investigated, where it was observed that the ionic conductivity results obtained for these SPEs varied from 10-6 S/cm to 10-4 S/cm at room temperature depending on the sample and increased following Arrhenius ionic conductivity models. The best results of ionic conductivity values of 9,54.10-4Scm-1 were obtained for SPEs of chitosan plasticized with 48% of glycerol and containing 0,048 molL-1 of HCl. The samples containing 68% of ethylene glycol showed ionic conductivity of 2,4.10-4Scm-1 at room temperature and the samples with 59% of sorbitol showed the ionic conductivity values of 10-6 Scm-1. Thermal analysis using calorimetry (DSC) was performed in order to observe the change in glass transition temperature caused by the changes performed on the samples. Good conductivity results combined with transparency and good adhesion to the electrodes have shown that chitosan-based SPEs are very promising materials to be used as solid electrolytes in electrochromic devices.
58

Topological Effects on Properties of Multicomponent Polymer Systems

Singla, Swati 12 July 2004 (has links)
Multicomponent polymer systems comprised of two or more chemically different polymer moieties provide an effective way to attain the desired properties from a limited palette of commodity polymers. Variations in macromolecular topologies often result in unique and unusual properties leading to novel applications. This dissertation addresses the effect of topology on properties of two multicomponent polymers systems: blends and polyrotaxanes. Blends of cyclic and linear polymers were compared to their topological counterparts, polyrotaxanes, in which cyclic components are threaded onto the linear polymer chains. The first part of the dissertation focuses on the synthesis and purification of cyclic polymers derived from linear (polyoxyethylene) (POE). Cyclic POEs of different cycle sizes were synthesized and then purified from their linear byproducts by inclusion complexation with alpha-cyclodextrin. Polystyrene was threaded through the resulting cycles by in situ free radical polymerization of styrene monomer in the presence of an excess of POE cycles. A bulky free radical initiator was utilized to endcap the polystyrene molecule at the two ends to prevent dethreading of cyclic moieties. In the second part of the dissertation, phase behavior, morphology and dynamics of cyclic POE and polystyrene blends were compared to linear POE and polystyrene blends. Advanced solid-state NMR techniques and differential scanning calorimetry were employed for this purpose. Cyclic POE was found to be much more miscible with polystyrene when compared to linear POE, resulting in nanometer-sized domains and significantly reduced mobilities of the cyclic POE components in the blends. The unusual behavior of cyclic POE in the blends was attributed to topological as well as end-group effects with the topological effects being predominant. Polyrotaxanes composed of polystyrene and cyclic POE components exhibited cyclic POE domain sizes similar to that of physical blends. Cyclic POE dynamics in polyrotaxanes were considerably hindered, however, due to the threaded architecture. Surface segregation studies of cyclic POE/polystyrene blends and polyrotaxanes did not show segregation of POE to the surface because of the improved miscibility and the topological constraints present in these systems.
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Characterization and Combustion Performance of Corn Oil-Based Biofuel Blends

Savant, Gautam Sandesh 2012 May 1900 (has links)
In recent years, the development and use of biofuels have received considerable attention due to the high demand for environmentally acceptable (green) fuels. Most of the recent studies have looked at the processes of converting vegetable oils into biodiesel. It is well known vegetable oil to biodiesel conversion involves many processes including transesterification, which makes biodiesel costly and time-consuming to produce. In this study, the effects of blending high-viscosity fresh and used corn oils with low-viscosity diesel and jet fuel mixed with butanol and ethanol were studied. Several corn oil-based blends were formulated and characterized to understand the effect of composition on viscosity, fuel stability and energy content. The formulated corn oil blends were combusted in a 30 kW modified combustion chamber to determine the corresponding NOx and CO emission levels, along with CO₂ levels. Used corn oil was made by simply heating fresh corn oil for a fixed period of time (about 44 hours), and was characterized by quantifying its total polar material (TPM), iodine value, free fatty acid content, and peroxide value. The combustion experiments were conducted at a constant heat output of 68,620 kJ/hr (19 kW), to observe and study the effects of equivalence ratio, swirl number, and fuel composition on emissions. Used corn oil blends exhibited better combustion performance than fresh corn oil blends, due in part to the higher unsaturation levels in fresh corn oil. NOx emissions for used corn oil increased with swirl number. Among all the blends, the one with the higher amount of diesel (lower amount of corn oil) showed higher NOx emissions. The blend with fresh corn oil showed decreasing NOx with increasing equivalence ratio at swirl number 1.4. All blends showed generally decreasing CO trends at both swirl numbers at very lean conditions. The diesel fuel component as well as the alcohols in the blends were also important in the production of pollutants. Compared to the diesel-based blends mixed with used corn oil, butanol, and ethanol, the jet fuel-based blends showed higher NOx levels and lower CO levels at both swirl numbers.
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Studies on Reactive Blends of Poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) and Poly (butylene succinate) Bioplastics

Praphulla, Praphulla, Praphulla, Praphulla 12 December 2012 (has links)
Various commodity plastics used today are based on fossil fuels. Most of these plastics are non-biodegradable and will persist in the environment over a long time. The bioplastics from renewable resources have the potential to support a greener economy. The two of such renewably resourced bioplastics are poly (hydroxyl butyrate-co-valerate), PHBV and poly (butylene succinate), PBS. We have used petro-based PBS in our study, but renewable resource based PBS is expected to be available on a commercial scale in a very near future. These two bioplastics are both biodegradable. These two bioplastics are both biodegradable. In our study we have used PBS from petroleum resource but PHBV is a brittle bioplastic with a high modulus value and a low elongation at break while PBS is a low modulus bioplastic with a high elongation at break. Complementary properties can be obtained by blending PHBV and PBS. The direct melt blends showed poor mechanical properties due to limited interaction between PHBV and PBS phases. This research focuses on increasing the interaction between PHBV and PBS blends by using compatibilizers. The compatibilizers used in this thesis were dicumyl peroxide, DCP and trimethylolpropane triacrylate, TMPTA. Use of an in situ compatibilization method was done for the melt mixing of PHBV and PBS yielding blends with improved characteristics. The investigations were performed at three different ratios of PHBV and PBS blends. The increase in the compatibility between the two phases was demonstrated through various thermal, thermo-mechanical, rheological and morphological means. The increase in elongation at break was used as a primary marker for compatibilization. The optimization of DCP and TMPTA was carried out, which showed the enhanced interaction between PHBV and PBS phases, with the successful stress transfer from PHBV phase to the PBS phase resulting in increase in elongation at break. Inward shifts in tan delta peak on addition of DCP and TMPTA to the blends also showed increase in compatibility between the two phases. The interfacial adhesion between a brittle and ductile polymer, PHBV and PBS respectively was increased by using DCP and TMPTA. This opened gateways to various novel applications of PHBV and PBS blends via in situ reactive extrusion process. / The Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) for their financial support via New directions research program (SR9235). We would also like to thank Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI) and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA) for their equipment supports.

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