Idag fokuserar företag mer och mer på att energieffektivisera sina verksamheter då det finns både ekonomiska och miljömässiga vinster i detta. För att minska energiförbrukningen i samhället är det bra att börja med dess infrastruktur. För att funktionen hos ett avloppsreningsverk ska vara god samtidigt som energikostnaderna hålls nere är bland annat valet av rätt pumpar och blåsmaskiner för den aktuella driftsituationen av största vikt. Att hitta balansen mellan funktion och energieffektivitet hos en kombination av maskiner är dock ett tidskrävande arbete. Genom två fallstudier och matematisk modellering var syftet med detta examensarbete att bestämma huruvida det är möjligt att grovt uppskatta livscykelkostnaden hos olika kombinationer av pumpar och blåsmaskiner i varierande driftsituationer. En sådan modell skulle hjälpa projektören att uteslutande undersöka de kombinationer av maskiner som är mest troliga att ha den lägsta livscykelkostnaden. Det har visats att det krävs en förmåga att mycket noggrant kunna förutsäga verkningsgraden hos de individuella maskinerna för att det ska vara möjligt att bestämma livscykelkostnaden så pass väl att resultatet är användbart. Sannolikt är det dock inte möjligt att finna en modell som är tillräckligt noggrann. Detta beror huvudsakligen på att mycket små förändringar av verkningsgraden ger en kraftig påverkan av livscykelkostnaden samt att verkningsgraden beror av många faktorer som är svåra att generalisera. Däribland att verkningsgraden inte förändras proportionellt till en varierande belastning på maskinen samtidigt som påverkan inte heller är densamma mellan olika maskinmodeller. Projektet har däremot mynnat ut i en ekvation för det flöde en blåsmaskin behöver generera i en given driftsituation samt ett beräkningsverktyg som underlättar undersökandet av de ingående parametrarnas inverkan på detta flödesbehov och därmed i förlängningen på livscykelkostnaden. Utöver detta slår rapporten fast att det i många fall är möjligt att sänka livscykelkostnaden med hjälp av icke frekvensstyrda maskiner. / Today companies tend to focus more and more on energy efficiency as there are both economical and environmental benefits to be gained. From a society’s point of view a good start to save energy is in its infrastructure. When designing wastewater treatment plants and their pumps and blowers choosing the right machines for the right operational circumstances is crucial to make it all work together and lower the energy cost at the same time. But to weigh the function against the energy efficiency of a combination of machines is a time consuming effort. Through two case studies and mathematical modeling this thesis project aimed to determine whether it is possible to roughly predetermine the life cycle cost of different combinations of pumps and blowers in variable operational circumstances. This would help the process engineers to focus their time and effort on the combinations of machines that are the most probable to have the lowest life cycle cost. The results show that the ability to accurately predetermine the efficiency of the individual machine is crucial to determine the life cycle cost to a usable degree. Unfortunately it doesn't seem feasible to find a model that will be accurate enough to be of practical use. This is due to the fact that slight changes to the efficiency cause great changes to the life cycle cost and that the efficiency depends on several factors that are hard to predict including the fact that it does not change proportionally to a variable load.

This diploma thesis is focused on simulation modeling of Roots blowers, which are produced by Kubicek VHS company. First part of this thesis is about oscillations and its damping. In following phase are analyzed each methods realization and control of oscillation damping. Second part of this thesis is focused on Roots blower modelling with rigid and flexible parts and its verification. Output of this thesis is dynamic analysis of Roots blower 3D28C. On attached CD are program annex and project in Adams MSC. Aim of this thesis is proposing adjustments, which would reduce noise and vibration of analyzed machine.

With the unstable cost and supply of rare earth materials used in permanent magnet electric machines, many alternative machine types are being studied which are suitable for different applications. The focus of this thesis is the design of a novel 6/14 switched reluctance machine which can be fitted in a residential heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) application based on measured performance characteristics of an existing surface mount permanent-magnet synchronous (SMPS) machine. Residential electric motor applications are reviewed and in particular - furnace blower motor appliances. The fundamentals of switched reluctance machines are discussed, including the mechanism, operation, and control strategy. A SMPS motor which is commercially available for retrofitting into residential HVAC systems is analyzed to find its performance characteristics through disassembly, inspection, and dynamometer bench testing. The design of a novel 6/14 SRM optimization process is outlined to investigate the effect of changing the geometry values within the motor on the performance characteristics, while keeping within the size constraints of the original motor. A novel 6/14 SRM design is presented which is capable of achieving the target goals in the desired operating conditions. Further suitability testing is performed in terms of thermal analysis of the motor in the peak and continuous operating condition and mechanical stress analysis of the rotor under various rotational speeds. The full CAD assembly of the motor is designed including components from the original SMPS motor to allow for fitting in the same HVAC application. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / With the unstable cost and supply of rare earth materials used in permanent magnet electric motors, many alternative machine types are being studied which are suitable for different applications. The focus of this thesis is the design of a novel 6/14 switched reluctance machine which can be fitted in a residential heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) application based on measured performance characteristics of an existing surface mount permanent-magnet synchronous (SMPS) machine. Switched reluctance machines have a number of benefits over permanent magnet machines including that they do not have permanent magnets, are less sensitive to high heat scenarios, have lower manufacturing costs, are more robust, and are generally capable of higher operating speeds. Residential electric motor applications are reviewed and in particular - furnace blower motor appliances. The fundamentals of switched reluctance machines are discussed, including the mechanism, operation, and control strategy. A SMPS motor which is commercially available for retrofitting into residential furnace systems is analyzed to find its performance characteristics through disassembly, inspection, and dynamometer bench testing. The design of a novel 6/14 SRM optimization process is outlined to investigate the effect of changing the geometry values within the motor on the performance characteristics, while keeping within the size constraints of the original motor. A novel 6/14 SRM design is presented which is capable of achieving the target goals in the desired operating conditions. Further suitability testing is performed in terms of thermal analysis of the motor in the peak and continuous operating condition and mechanical stress analysis of the rotor under various rotational speeds. The full 3D CAD assembly model of the motor is designed including components from the original SMPS motor to allow for fitting in the same HVAC application.

This thesis examines the influence of the intensity of pressure strain of structures printed on the value of air permeability. The measurement is carried out using Blower Door Test on six variants using OSB boards as airtightening layers in the building. Part of the research was to verify the suitability of the test chamber and measuring devices for similar purposes and adjustment chamber

Ce travail vise à faire une pré-évaluation des paramètres de contrôle en vue de réduire la traînée sur véhicule réel. Deux mécanismes d’actionnement différents (Murata micro-blower et couteau d’air) ont été caractérisés et comparés en vue de déterminer leurs qualités ainsi que leurs limites. Les micro-blowers ont pour but d’exciter la couche limite en vue de perturber directement les structures tourbillonnaires formées dans la couche de cisaillement. Le couteau d’air étudié, à surface arrondie, pourrait être considéré comme un dispositif actif de réduction de la traînée à effet Coanda équivalent au dispositif passif de type boat-tail. Différentes stratégies de contrôle en boucles ouverte et fermée sont examinées, telles que le soufflage continu, le forçage périodique, le contrôle du mode glissant (SMC) et le contrôle par apprentissage (MLC). La SMC est un algorithme robuste en boucle fermée permettant de suivre, d’atteindre et de maintenir une consigne prédéfinie; cette approche présente l’intérêt d’avoir une capacité d’adaptation prenant en compte les perturbations extérieures inconnues. Le contrôle par apprentissage est un contrôle sans modèle qui permet de définir des lois de contrôle efficaces qualifiées et optimisées via une fonction coût/objectif spécifique au problème donné. Une solution hybride entre MLC et SMC peut également fournir un contrôle adaptatif exploitant les mécanismes d’actionnement non linéaires les plus adaptés au problème. L’ensemble de ces techniques de contrôle ont été testées sur diverses applications expérimentales allant d’une simple configuration académique de marche descendante jusqu’à des géométries présentant une structure d’écoulement représentatives de véhicules réels. Pour la configuration de marche descendante, l’objectif était de réduire expérimentalement la zone de recirculation via une rangée de micro-jets et de l’estimer par des capteurs de pression. Les contrôles d’écoulement ont été réalisés par forçage périodique ainsi que par MLC. On démontre dans ce cas que la MLC peut surpasser le contrôle par forçage périodique. Pour la configuration sur corps épais (corps d’Ahmed), l’objectif était de réduire et/ou de maintenir la traînée aérodynamique via un couteau d’air placé sur la partie supérieure du hayon arrière et évalué par le biais d’une balance aérodynamique. Le soufflage continu et le forçage périodique ont été utilisés dans ce cas comme stratégies de contrôle en boucle ouverte permettant ainsi de faire une comparaison avec les algorithmes SMC et MLC. La pré-évaluation des paramètres de contrôle a permis d’obtenir des informations importantes en vue d’une réduction de la traînée sur un véhicule réel. Dans ce cadre, les premiers essais de caractérisation sur véhicules réels ont été réalisés sur piste et un dispositif d’actionnement ainsi qu’un protocole expérimental sont également présentés en perspective à ce travail. / The present work aims to pre-evaluate flow control parameters to reduce the drag in a real vehicle. Two different actuation mechanisms (Murata’s micro-blower, and air-knives) are characterized and compared to define their advantages and limitations. Murata micro-blowers energized the boundary layer to directly perturb the vortex structures formed in the shear layer region. The air-knife has a rounded surface, adjacent to the slit exit, that could be considered as an active boat-tail (Coanda effect) for drag reduction. Different open-loop and closed-loop control strategies are examined, such as continuous blowing, periodic forcing, sliding mode control (SMC) and machine learning control (MLC). SMC is a robust closed-loop algorithm to track, reach and maintain a predefined set-point; this approach has on-line adaptivity in changing conditions. Machine learning control is a model-free control that learns an effective control law that is judged and optimized with respect to a problem-specific cost/objective function. A hybrid between MLC and SMC may provide adaptive control exploiting the best non-linear actuation mechanisms. Finally, all these parameters are brought together and tested in real experimental applications representative of the mean wake and shear-layer structures related to control of real cars. For the backward-facing step, the goal is to experimentally reduce the recirculation zone. The flow is manipulated by a row of micro-blowers and sensed by pressure sensors. Initial measurements were carried out varying the periodic forcing. MLC is used to improve performance optimizing a control law with respect to a cost function. MLC is shown to outperform periodic forcing. For the Ahmed body, the goal is to reduce the aerodynamic drag of the square-back Ahmed body. The flow is manipulated by an air-knife placed on the top trailing edge and sensed by a force balance. Continuous blowing and periodic forcing are used as open-loop strategies. SMC and MLC algorithms are applied and compared to the open-loop cases. The pre-evaluation of the flow control parameters yielded important information to reduce the drag of a car. The first real vehicle experiments were performed on a race track. The first actuator device concept and sensor mechanism are presented.

This thesis is concerned with the spread of noise in the housing sets blowers, blower vibration, due to the shape of the geometry of the individual parts of the blower and the design of a suitable discharge muffler in order to achieve the highest possible attenuation. Analysis blower and silencer discharge was conducted using the finite element simulation ANSYS 15.0

<p dir="ltr">The demand for sustainable and renewable energy sources has prompted significant research and development efforts in the field of biomass gasification. Biomass gasification technology holds significant promise for sustainable energy production, offering a renewable alternative to fossil fuels while mitigating environmental impact. This thesis presents a detailed study on the design, development, and implementation of a Plug-Flow Reactor Biomass Gasifier integrated with an Automated Auger Jam Detection System and a Blower Algorithm to maintain constant reactor pressure by varying blower speed with respect to changes in reactor pressure. The system is based on indirectly- heated pyrolytic gasification technology and is developed using Simulink™.</p><p dir="ltr">The proposed gasification system use the principles of pyrolysis and gasification to convert biomass feedstock into syngas efficiently. An innovative plug-flow reactor configuration ensures uniform heat distribution and residence time, optimizing gasification performance and product quality. Additionally, the system incorporates an automated auger jam detection system, which utilizes sensor data to detect and mitigate auger jams in real-time, thereby enhancing operational reliability and efficiency. By monitoring these parameters, the system detects deviations from normal operating conditions indicative of auger jams and initiates corrective actions automatically. The detection algorithm is trained using test cases and validated through detailed testing to ensure accurate and reliable performance.</p><p dir="ltr">The MATLAB™-based implementation offers flexibility, scalability, and ease of integration with existing gasifier control systems. The graphical user interface (GUI) provides operators with real-time monitoring and visualization of system status, auger performance, and detected jam events. Additionally, the system generates alerts and notifications to inform operators of detected jams, enabling timely intervention and preventive maintenance. </p><p dir="ltr">To maintain consistent gasification conditions, a blower algorithm is developed to regulate airflow and maintain constant reactor pressure within the gasifier. The blower algorithm dynamically adjusts blower speed based on feedback from differential pressure sensors, ensuring optimal gasification performance under varying operating conditions. The integration of the blower algorithm into the gasification system contributes to stable syngas production and improved process control. The development of the Plug-Flow Reactor Biomass Gasifier, Automated Auger Jam Detection System, and Blower Algorithm is accompanied by rigorous simulation studies and experimental validation.</p><p dir="ltr">Overall, this thesis contributes to the advancement of biomass gasification technology by presenting a detailed study on a plug flow reactor biomass gasifier with indirectly- heated pyrolytic gasification technology with an Automated Auger Jam Detection System and Blower Algorithm. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers, engineers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders supporting the transition towards cleaner and more renewable energy systems.</p>

Im Rahmen des ZIM-geförderten Vorhabens „Rezirkulationsgebläse-Entwicklung für die Brennstoffzellen-Technologie“ (REZEBT) wurde die Entwicklung eines neuartigen aktiven Wasserstoff-Rezirkulationsgebläses für die Anodenseite einer Brennstoffzelle bis TRL4 vorangetrieben. Das vorgestellte Gebläse besteht im Wesentlichen aus einem schnelldrehenden Turboverdichter, welcher mit einem sogenannten Medienspaltmotor angetrieben wird. Der Medienspaltmotor zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass er das Medium durch den Spalt zwischen Rotor und Stator fördert, wodurch gänzlich auf dynamische Dichtungen verzichtet werden kann und das Medium selbst zur Kühlung genutzt werden kann. Bauartbedingt kann bei diesem permanent-erregten Synchronmotor (sensorlos) auf eine aufwändige Konstruktion und teure Produktionsprozesse verzichtet werden. Diese Veröffentlichung beschreibt den Prozess und die Herausforderungen der Auslegung sowie den Aufbau des Anodenrezirkulationsgebläses (ARG). Die Funktionsfähigkeit wurde mittels eines Prototypen demonstriert.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-11T12:24:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Julio Cezar Tannure Faria.pdf: 965526 bytes, checksum: 6c25bb863a5ca78a68905e9831f1b1a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-11T12:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Julio Cezar Tannure Faria.pdf: 965526 bytes, checksum: 6c25bb863a5ca78a68905e9831f1b1a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-26 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This chapter analyzes physical and physiological properties of Moquiniastrum polymorphum seeds with mini-SAS, X-ray and seed blower equipments, and to evaluate germination at different temperatures and generating the imbibition curve of the species. The experiments were conducted at the Seed Laboratory of the Department of Forest Sciences and Seed Analysis Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture of the Federal University of Lavras, in Lavras-MG. The seeds were acquired by the company ?Sementes Cai?ara?, which were collected in arrays located in the municipality of Pen?polis-SP, in December 2014. After acquired and processed, the lot of seed was characterized by the purity tests, humidity, germination and thousand seed weight. The three main equipment used in the classification, evaluation and separation of the seeds were the equipment mini-SAS, x-ray and blower seed type General. In the X-ray test the seeds were classified according to the internal morphology displayed in the radiographic images, are classified as full seeds, empty or malformed. The seed samples identified by X-ray analysis were taken to germinate, each rank four replicates of 50 seeds. The full, empty and malformed seeds were evaluated externally by the mini-SAS equipment, through the characteristics: dominant color, area, maximum diameter, minimum diameter ratio maximum/minimum diameter and circumference. Each seed group consisted of four replications of 50 seeds. Other equipment used was the seed blower unit, which separated the seeds for the regulation of six different openings, with each of them a light fraction and one heavy. Evaluations were made by weighing the seeds remaining in the blower (heavy fraction) and the number of full seeds in this same fraction made by ray analysis X. Later germination tests were carried out consisting of four repetitions of 50 seeds. Regarding the germination study, the experiment was conducted in thermogradient table at temperatures of 15?C, 20?C, 25?C, 30?C, 35?C and 40?C with supplying constant light, each treatment consisting of four replications of 50 seeds. They were evaluated root issue, normal and abnormal seedlings, hard seeds and dead, in addition to IVG values, T50 and U75-25 to root issue, normal seedling. In determining the imbibition curve germination were tested under conditions of 30?C with constant light and 20-30?C (12h dark, 12h light). The curves were drawn from two replicates of 0,05g seed, the same being weighed in analytical balance for every three hours. After analyzing the data, it was concluded that the use together of seeds and ray blower devices are effective for evaluation and determination of the physical quality of the seeds M. polymorphum. Seed blower in regulating the opening 5 resulted in the better quality of the lot, with the largest number of full seeds. The external parameters assessed by the mini-SAS equipment were not able to qualitatively evaluate the seeds of M. polymorphum, not recommended its use to characterize them. In the germination of study at different temperatures, the best average values of the evaluated criteria resulted in 30?C temperature. In determining the curve imbibition, the seed germination phase pattern presented, and the root emission resulting in a smaller time interval at a temperature of 30?C with constant light, as evidenced from the imbibition phase III / O presente cap?tulo teve por finalidade analisar as propriedades f?sicas e fisiol?gicas das sementes de Moquiniastrum polymorphum por meio dos equipamentos raios X, mini-SAS e soprador de sementes, al?m de avaliar a germina??o em diferentes temperaturas e gerar a curva de embebi??o da esp?cie. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laborat?rio de Sementes do Departamento de Ci?ncias Florestais e no Laborat?rio de An?lise de Sementes do Departamento de Agricultura da Universidade Federal de Lavras, na cidade de Lavras- MG. As sementes foram adquiridas pela empresa Sementes Cai?ara, as quais foram coletadas em matrizes localizadas no munic?pio de Pen?polis-SP, em dezembro de 2014. Ap?s adquirido e beneficiado, o lote de semente foi caracterizado por meio dos testes de pureza, umidade, germina??o e peso de mil sementes. Os tr?s principais equipamentos utilizados na classifica??o, avalia??o e separa??o das sementes foram os equipamento de raios X, mini- SAS e soprador de sementes tipo General. No teste de raios X as sementes foram classificadas de acordo com a morfologia interna visualizada nas imagens radiogr?ficas, sendo classificadas como sementes cheias, vazias ou mal formadas. As amostras de sementes identificadas pela an?lise de raios X foram levadas para germinar, sendo cada classifica??o composto por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. As sementes cheias, vazias e mal formadas foram avaliadas externamente pelo equipamento mini-SAS, por meio das caracter?sticas cor dominante, ?rea, di?metro m?ximo, di?metro m?nimo, rela??o di?metro m?ximo/m?nimo e per?metro. Cada grupo de sementes foi composto por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. Outro equipamento utilizado foi o aparelho de soprador de sementes, o qual separou as sementes pela regulagem de seis aberturas diferentes, apresentando em cada uma delas uma fra??o leve e outra pesada. As avalia??es foram feitas pesando as sementes que permaneceram no soprador (fra??o pesada) e sobre a quantidade de sementes cheias nesta mesma fra??o feita pela an?lises de raios X. Posteriormente foram realizados testes de germina??o compostos por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. Em rela??o ao estudo da germina??o, o experimento foi conduzido em mesa termogradiente nas temperaturas de 15?C, 20?C, 25?C, 30?C, 35?C e 40?C com fornecimento de luz constante, sendo cada tratamento composto por quatro repeti??es de 50 sementes. Foram avaliados emiss?o radicular, pl?ntula normal e anormal, sementes mortas e duras, al?m dos valores IVG, T50 e U75-25 para emiss?o radicular, pl?ntula normal. Na determina??o da curva de embebi??o foram testadas germina??es nas condi??es de 30?C com luz constante e 20-30?C (12h ao escuro, 12h em luz). As curvas foram elaboradas a partir de duas repeti??es de 0,05g de sementes, sendo as mesmas pesadas em balan?a anal?tica durante intervalos de tr?s horas. Ap?s a an?lise dos dados, concluiu-se que a utiliza??o em conjunto dos equipamentos de soprador de sementes e raios X s?o eficientes para avalia??o e determina??o da qualidade f?sica das sementes de M. polymorphum. O soprador de sementes na regulagem da abertura 5 resultou a melhor qualidade do lote, apresentando o maior n?mero de sementes cheias. Os par?metros externos avaliados pelo equipamento mini-SAS n?o foram capazes de avaliar qualitativamente as sementes de M. polymorphum, n?o sendo recomendado seu uso para a caracteriza??o das mesmas. No estudo da germina??o em diferentes temperaturas, os melhores valores m?dios dos crit?rios avaliados resultou na temperatura de 30?C. Na determina??o da curva de embebi??o, a germina??o das sementes apresentou padr?o trif?sico, sendo a emiss?o radicular em menor intervalo de tempo resultante na temperatura de 30?C com luz constante, evidenciado a partir da fase III de embebi??o. .

Vacuum technology is ubiquitous in the high tech industries and scientific endeavors. Since vacuum pumps are critical to operation, semiconductor manufacturers desire reliable operations, ability to schedule downtime, and less costly maintenance services. To better cope with difficult maintenance issues, interests in novel fault diagnosis techniques are growing. This study concerns model based fault diagnosis and isolation (MB-FDI) of dry vacuum pumps in the semiconductor industry. Faults alter normal operation of a vacuum pump resulting in performance deviations, discovered by measurements. Simulations using an appropriate mathematical model with suitably chosen parameters can mimic faulty behavior. This research focuses on the construction of a detailed multi-stage dry vacuum pump model for MB-FDI, and the development of a simple and efficient FDI method to analyze common incipient faults such as particulate deposition and gas leak inside the pump. The pump model features 0-D thermo-fluid dynamics, scalable geometric representations of Roots blower, claw pumps and inter-stage port interfaces, a unified pipe model seamlessly connecting from free molecular to turbulent regimes, sophisticated internal leakage model considering true pump geometry and tribological aspects, and systematic assembly of a multi-stage configuration using single stage pump models. Design of a simple FDI technique for the dry vacuum pump includes staged fault simulations using faulty pump models, parametric study of faulty pump behaviors, and design of a health indicator based on classification. The main research contributions include the developments of an accurate multi-stage dry pump model with many features not found in existing pump models, and the design of a simple MB-FDI technique to detect and isolate the common faults found in dry vacuum pumps. The proposed dry pump model can pave the way for the future development of advanced MB-FDI methods, also performance improvement of existing dry vacuum pumps. The proposed fault classification charts can serve as a quick guideline for vacuum pump manufactures to isolate roots causes from faulty symptoms. / text