Problem kring den egna kroppen och dess utseende är något som historiskt sett varit något typiskt genuskodat kvinnligt. Under de senaste 20-30 åren har män i allt större utsträckning rapporterat liknande problematik, detta i samband med en allt högre grad exponering av mannens kropp. Syftet med studien var att belysa och problematisera hur män uppfattar kroppsuppfattningens påverkar kroppssjälvkänslan. Urvalet var biologiskt födda män. De valda informanterna var i åldern 22-32 år. Intervjuerna genomfördes i informanternas hem samt i ett biblioteks privata grupprum. Metoden för att undersöka detta var en semi-strukturerad intervju, som genomfördes med intervjuguide, samt ett kroppsschema för att mäta aktuell och ideal hos informanterna. Resultatet visar att kroppen är mer än något estetiskt eller praktiskt, utan är även en symbol för manlighet och en del av den egna identiteten. Vad det är som påverkar kroppsuppfattningen tycks vara skönhetsideal och internalisering av dessa samt kommentarer om den egna kroppens utseende. Slutsatsen blev att kroppsuppfattningen kan påverka självkänsla, självförtroende och säkerhet inför den egna identiteten. Om en uppfyller skönhetsidealen, de sociala konstruktionerna, när det kommer till kroppens utseende minskar risken för en negativ kroppsuppfattning. / Problems concerning the body and its appearance are difficulties more common occurring among women historically, even though it is more and more frequent among men since the past 20-30 years. The purpose of this study was to enlighten and problematize how men perceive that body image influences their body-esteem. The sample of the study was biological born men, and those participating were 22-32 years old. The method used was a semi-structured interview, containing an interview guide and a body scale. The body scale was used as a tool to measure actual and ideal body of the participants. The interviews took place at the participant’s homes of in private rooms of one library. The results indicate that the male body is more than its function and esthetics; it is also a symbol of manhood and a significant part of one’s identity. What may impact on one’s body image and body esteem seems to be body ideals, the internalizations of these and others commentary of one’s own body appearance. The conclusion was that body image may influence self-esteem, self-confidence and the security of one’s identity. If one’s body correlates with the body ideals, the social constructions, the risk of a negative body image decreases.

Research supports a link between poor body esteem, depression, and sexual dysfunction among childhood sexual abuse (CSA) survivors. Though the interplay of these factors also impacts nonabused women, it is possible that the impact is differentially affects these populations. The present study examined the degree to which body esteem may act as psychological mechanism through which CSA impacts adult sexuality, while controlling for the effects of depression – a problem that affects many abuse survivors. Data were collected from 108 women, 73 of who reported CSA. Women with CSA reported poorer body esteem, lower sexual functioning, less sexual satisfaction, and higher depression than women without CSA. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that body esteem significantly predicted sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction and there were significant interactions between body esteem and abuse history, and among body esteem and marital status. Depressive symptom severity was not a moderator in the relationship between body esteem and sexual functioning-satisfaction. These findings suggest that treatments for CSA survivors with sexual difficulties might benefit from addressing body esteem concerns. / text

Übergewicht und Adipositas bei Kindern und Jugendlichen stellen ein weltweit zunehmendes Gesundheitsproblem dar und sind zur häufigsten chronischen Erkrankung des Kindes- und Jugendalters in der entwickelten Welt geworden. Nicht nur die Prävalenz der Adipositas ist in den letzten 25 Jahren gestiegen, sondern auch der absolute BMI. Die kindliche Adipositas stellt nicht nur ein kosmetisches Problem dar, sondern einen Risikofaktor etwa für Herzerkrankungen, Diabetes mellitus oder Störungen des Bewegungsapparates. Voraussetzung für erfolgreiche Präventions- und Interventionsprogramme ist ein Bewusstsein für Übergewicht und der Wille zur Gewichtsreduktion bei den betroffenen Kindern sowie bei deren Eltern. Diese Dissertation hat daher zwei Ziele: Zunächst wird untersucht, wie Kinder sich und ihren Körper im Vergleich zum tatsächlichen Gewichtsstatus einschätzen. Darüber hinaus wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob Eltern das Vorliegen von Übergewicht oder Adipositas bei ihrem Kind erkennen. Die Dissertation besteht aus einem Artikel. Darin wird gezeigt, dass die meisten Kinder und Jugendlichen sowie ihre Eltern die Adipositas als ein Gesundheitsproblem erkennen. Eine Mehrheit der Kinder und Jugendlichen schätzt ihren eigenen Gewichtsstatus realistisch ein. Die Mehrheit der Eltern erkennt zumindest Übergewicht bei ihrem Kind. Das Ausmaß wird jedoch häufig unterschätzt.

Master of Science / Department of Journalism and Mass Communications / Xiaochen A. Zhang / Most of the models in Chinese fashion magazine advertisements are Caucasian women today. White skin, as one of their Caucasian characteristics, is particularly emphasized. Millions of Chinese women are bombarded with the advertising’s message of “having white skin is beautiful” every day. My research suggests that this kind of adverting depicts white skin as a beauty ideal; the prevalence of Caucasian models in whitening products’ magazine advertisements constructs body-esteem, self-esteem, and purchase decision-making of Chinese women. The Social Judgment Theory is employed in this research as a theoretical framework. It is a way to explain when persuasive messages are most likely to succeed and how people make judgments about them. Understanding this phenomenon will ultimately provide insight into addressing the effects of the promotion of fashion magazine advertisements on Chinese women. It is further anticipated that future researchers will expand and improve the knowledge of the Chinese advertising market.

La littérature sur les troubles de l’image du corps et l’alimentation a longtemps mis l’accent sur l’idéal de minceur et la population féminine. Cependant les hommes sont de plus en plus concernés par les préoccupations corporelles. Malgré le nombre croissant de travaux internationaux sur les troubles de l’image du corps et de l’alimentation dans la population masculine, les données françaises sont encore très restreintes. Ce travail à pour objectif d’étudier l’insatisfaction corporelle, l’insatisfaction musculaire et les troubles alimentaires chez les jeunes hommes français.Etude 1 – Objectif : Valider la version française du Body Esteem Scale (BES) chez les jeunes hommes. Un échantillon de 382 jeunes hommes a complété le Body Esteem Scale et le Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. L’analyse factorielle confirmatoire n’a pas révélé une qualité d’ajustement satisfaisante du modèle original à trois facteurs (Apparence, Poids, Attribution). L’analyse factorielle exploratoire a mis en évidence quatre facteurs, le facteur Apparence, le facteur Désir de Changement, le facteur Poids et le facteur Sentiments. Les implications du BES paraissent intéressantes afin de disposer d’un outil d’évaluation de l’estime corporelle masculine approprié, permettant de prendre en compte les relations entre l’estime corporelle négative et la psychopathologie.Etude 2 – Objectifs : Etudier (1) les relations entre l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) et l’estime corporelle, (2) le rôle prédictif des médias, des moqueries, de l’estime de soi et de la symptomatologie dépressive sur l’estime corporelle, (3) l’influence de l’estime corporelle sur la gêne corporelle durant les relations sexuelles, (4) la présence de troubles alimentaires chez les hommes et les facteurs de risque. Les questionnaires ont été complétés par un échantillon de 452 jeunes hommes. Les résultats indiquent que (1) la satisfaction envers le poids est la seule dimension liée à l’IMC, (2) les moqueries envers le poids, les pressions médiatiques, l’estime de soi et la dépression sont des prédicteurs significatifs de l’estime corporelle, (3) l’anxiété ressentie à l’égard du corps durant les rapports sexuels est liée à l’estime corporelle, (4) les sentiments envers le corps, l’estime de soi, les moqueries envers le surpoids et les informations diffusées par les médias sont des prédicteurs significatifs des troubles alimentaires. Cette étude montre la nécessité d’évaluer les différentes dimensions de l’insatisfaction corporelle, afin d’avoir une vision globale des troubles de l’image du corps et de l’alimentation spécifiques à la population masculine.Etude 3 – Objectif : Explorer les relations entre l’insatisfaction musculaire, les influences socioculturelles, l’estime de soi, la symptomatologie dépressive et les troubles alimentaires. Un échantillon de 335 jeunes hommes normopondérés a complété des questionnaires évaluant l’influence des médias, la fréquence des moqueries, l’estime de soi, la dépression et les troubles alimentaires. Les résultats indiquent que 84 % des participants sont insatisfaits musculairement. L’indice de masse corporelle est corrélé négativement à l’insatisfaction musculaire. Les liens existant entre l’insatisfaction musculaire, les facteurs socioculturels et individuels sont relativement faibles, suggérant que ces facteurs sont davantage liés à l’estime corporelle. L’insatisfaction musculaire n’est pas plus importante chez les participants présentant un trouble alimentaire probable. Ces résultats évoquent la possibilité que l’insatisfaction corporelle et l’insatisfaction musculaire concernent des dimensions différentes des troubles de l’image du corps.En conclusion : Les résultats de ces trois études participent à la compréhension des troubles de l’image du corps et de l’alimentation dans la population masculine française, et soulignent l’intérêt de poursuivre des recherches afin d’avoir une meilleure connaissance des facteurs qui contribuent à leur développement. / Historically, the emphasis in body image and eating disorders literature has been on women and thinness. However, men are increasingly struggling with body image concerns. Despite a growing interest in male body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, there is a lack of French studies on this subject. The present research, including three separate studies, aims to investigate body dissatisfaction, muscle dissatisfaction and eating disorders in French young men.Study 1 – Objective: To validate the French version of the Body Esteem Scale (BES) in a sample of French young men. A sample of 382 young men completed the Body Esteem Scale and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale. The goodness-of-fit of the three factors model (Appearance, Weight, Attribution) was unsatisfactory. Exploratory factorial analysis yielded four factors (Appearance, Desire of change, Weight, Feelings). BES seems interesting for assessing male body esteem and taking into consideration the relationship between negative body esteem and psychopathology.Study 2 – Objective: To investigate (1) relationships between body mass index (BMI) and body esteem, (2) the relative contributions of media influence, weight-related teasing, self-esteem and depression to body esteem (3) the influence of negative body esteem on physical self-consciousness during sexual relations, (4) the rate of eating disorders and to determine possible risk factors. Questionnaires were completed by 452 young men. Results revealed that (1) BMI seemed to be only related to weight satisfaction (2) weight-related teasing, media pressure, self-esteem and depression were significant predictors of body esteem, (3) there was an association between physical self-consciousness during sexual relations and body esteem, (4) feelings about appearance and weight, self-esteem, overweight-related teasing and media information were significant predictors of eating disorders. This study emphasize the importance of taking into account different dimensions of body esteem for having a more global view of body image and eating disorders in men.Study 3 – Objective: To examine the relationships between muscle dissatisfaction, sociocultural influences, self-esteem, depression and eating disorders. A sample of 335 normal-weighted young men completed questionnaires assessing media influences, weight-related teasing, self-esteem, depression and eating disorders. Muscle dissatisfaction was reported by 84 % of participants. A negative correlation was found between body mass index and muscle dissatisfaction. Sociocultural and individual factors were weakly associated with muscle dissatisfaction, suggesting that these factors were more strongly associated with body esteem. No difference was found for muscle dissatisfaction between participants with and without eating disorders. Results suggest that body dissatisfaction and muscle dissatisfaction are distinct dimensions of body image disorders.Conclusion: The concluding results contribute to the understanding of body image and eating disorders in men, and highlight the importance of obtaining a more precise idea of the factors that play a role in their development.

Body image dissatisfaction (BID) is increasing among U.S. men and is associated with body-enhancing behaviors that threaten physical health, such as excessive dieting and exercising. A research gap was identified about the relationships between men's body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and the possible mediating effect of self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and self-esteem in adult males. Sociocultural and social comparison theory served as the theoretical frameworks for this study, which included 103 participants recruited through a university participant pool and gyms. Participants completed questionnaires including the Body-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Exercise Dependence Scale-21, Revised Restraint Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between all constructs and to test self-esteem as the mediating variable. A mediation model showed a relationship between dieting and self-esteem and BID in that high BID was related to low self-esteem. However, self-esteem did not mediate the relationship between diet and exercise. Findings indicated a significant relationship between higher BID and lower self-esteem. Results also indicated a significant relationship between BID and dieting. Results may be used to improve the lives of men affected by BID by informing them about factors that may affect BID and/or self-esteem. Enhancing the understanding of males' low self-esteem and body image may help researchers and practitioners develop more effective interventions.

Adolescents experience a key developmental process of identity formation and try to understand who they are and how they feel about themselves. While research has found religiosity to often predict increased body esteem for religious adults, little is known about the association between religiosity and body esteem for adolescents. Using an Identity Theory lens, the current cross-sectional study (n=1,693) examined the relationship between adolescent religious identity (religious salience and belief being a child of God) and body esteem, mediated by one's attachment to God. Three structural equation mediation models examined 1) overall relationships; 2) relationships by gender; and 3) relationships by religious affiliation. Results indicate that overall, attachment to God fully mediates the relationship between religious identity and body esteem. Gender differences and religious affiliation differences were generally not found. However, "Nones" differed from Latter-day Saints regarding the relationship between religious salience and body esteem with Latter-day Saints experiencing a stronger effect. Religious youth pastors, parents, and other adolescent mentors should be aware of the positive influence that religiosity can have on body esteem for youth who believe in God and help these youth get closer to God and strengthen their religious identities.

Researchers have examined how shyness influences broad aspects of relationships (i.e., quality, satisfaction); however, little is known about how shyness impacts sexuality, specifically, within committed relationships. This study examined associations between shyness and sexual frequency and sexual satisfaction within committed young adult relationships. Potential explanations for these associations (i.e., fear of negative evaluation and body esteem, consecutively) were also examined. Participants included 3,670 individuals (61.6% female) ages 30-35 from the United States who were in committed dating or marital relationships. Results revealed that shyness was negatively associated with sexual frequency and satisfaction among men and women. In addition, fear of negative evaluation via body esteem mediated these associations. The discussion considers the implications of shyness and the associated processes and sexual outcomes in young adulthood.

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