A great deal of research has been done to assess the effects of exercise intensity and duration on excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). But the effects of an elevated core temperature (Tc) post-exercise have not been directly examined. To assess the effects of an elevated Tc on EPOC, eight healthy, active male subjects (27.5 ± 6.1 years) underwent two 45 minute exercise trials at =70% VO2max in an environmental chamber (36 °C / 10% RH) followed by a 45 minute recovery in either the environmental chamber (42 °C / 10% RH) wearing insulating clothing (HC), or in the ambient conditions of the testing lab (22 °C / 42% RH) without any additional clothing (AM). Oxygen consumption (V02), minute ventilation (VE), heart rate (HR), and rectal temperature (Tc) were recorded pre-, exercise, and post- during both trials. Subjects were monitored postexercise for 45 minutes. EPOC was determined by subtracting pre-trial V02 from the recovery V02 until the difference between the values equaled zero or until 45 minutes had elapsed. Within 25 minutes post-exercise, V02 during the AM recovery had returned to near resting levels (p = 0.146), while V02 during the HC recovery remained significantly elevated for at least 45 minutes (p = 0.027). Given that V02 remained significantly elevated through 45 minutes of recovery, and that all other measured variables (HR, VE, and respiratory exchange ratio) were significantly affected during the HC recovery, it is clear that an elevated Tc has an effect on EPOC. / School of Physical Education

The purpose of this study was to lower body core temperature prior to a simulated portion of a triathlon (swim-15min; bike-45min) and examine whether precooling could attenuate thermal strain and increase subjective exercise tolerance in the heat. Six endurance trained triathletes (mean ± SE, 28 ± 2 yr, 8.2 ± 1.7 % body fat) completed two randomly-assigned trials, one week apart. The precooling trial (PC) involved lowering body core temperature (-0.5°C) in water prior to swimming and cycling. The control trial (CON) was identical except no precooling was performed. Water temperature and environmental conditions were maintained at -25.6°C and -26.6°C/60% RH respectively, throughout all testing. Mean time to precool was 31:37 ± 8:03 and average time to reach baseline temperature during cycling was 9:35 ± 7:60. Oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation (TS), and skin (Tsk) and core (Ta) temperatures were recorded following the swim segment and throughout cycling. No significant differences in mean body (TO or Tsk were noted between PC and CON, but a significant difference (P<0.05) in T, between treatments was noted through the early phases of cycling. No significant differences were reported in HR, V02, RPE, TS or sweat rate (SR) between treatments. Body heat storage (S) was negative following swimming in both PC (92 ± 6 W/m2) and CON (66 ± 9 W/m2). A greater increase in S occurred in PC (109 ± 6 W/m2) vs. CON (79 ±4 W/m2) during cycling (P<0.05) . Precooling attenuated the rise in T,, but this effect was transient. Based on the results from this study, precooling is not recommended prior to endurance exercise in the heat. / School of Physical Education

Transporting cattle from southern Alberta into the United States (US) plays a substantial economic role in the western Canadian beef industry. Thermal environments within cattle transport trailers are dependent on ambient conditions, and if inadequately managed, can be a welfare concern. To effectively manage cattle transport, the environmental conditions throughout the livestock trailer must be understood. The objective of the present study was to investigate the trailer micro-climate and welfare during 5-paired commercial long-haul transports of slaughter cattle from Alberta, Canada to Washington State, US during summer months. In addition, the effect of compartment location and trailer porosity (8.7% vs 9.6%) on trailer micro-climate, shrink and core body temperature were also investigated during the warmest in-transit hour and stationary events. The compartment location had an effect on micro-climate variables where the upper compartment had greater (P < 0.05) temperature than the bottom deck compartments and relative humidity variables had the opposite effect for both the warmest in-transit hour and stationary events. There was also an effect of trailer porosity on micro-climate variables where it was generally warmer in the trailer with the higher porosity in the stationary event. Differences between trailers included 2 additional roof hatches on the trailer with lower side-wall porosity and lower internal temperatures, which could suggest the location of the trailer porosity, could be important for heat and moisture exchange during transit. The nose of the trailer with higher porosity had generally warmer internal conditions (larger T(trailer)°C and THI(trailer)) than the trailer with lower porosity. This study also found that the temperatures inside the trailer can be 10.5°C greater than ambient temperatures during stationary events and 9°C greater than ambient levels during the warmest in-transit hour. The average amount of per-animal weight loss was 4.3 0.3 % and was affected by trailer porosity and compartment, which followed the trends in thermal environment variables. The transit status (stationary or in-transit) and trailer porosity affected the vaginal core body temperature of the heifers in transit. The core body temperature was greater during stationary events for animals transported in the trailer with lower porosity. It is suggested that the lower side-wall porosity and/or the shape of perforation pattern could impair the movement of fresh air to the respiratory tract of heifers, thus impacting the main mechanism for dissipating heat. The difference in temperature from the trailer ceiling to the animal level was 3.38°C in the trailer with lower porosity (cooler at the ceiling) and 2.23°C in the trailer with the higher porosity. This relationship also had a compartment location effect that followed the micro-climate compartmental differences. This could suggest that excess heat in the trailer with the lower porosity, that also had lower overall temperatures, exited through roof hatches, while in the trailer with the higher porosity, the heat escaped through the side-wall perforations. This theory also supports the idea that the location of where the porosity is located on the trailer may be important to alleviating heat stress in summer months during transport. The results of this study also indicated that there was no difference in the location of the data logger plane (driver, middle passenger) and within the compartments (front, middle, back), suggesting that compartment location effect is substantial when considering micro-climate but temperatures within a compartment are mostly homogenous. The trip that had average ambient temperatures of 25.9 ± 6.06°C for the entire journey, had a temperature Humidity Index that was considered in the danger or emergency category according to the Livestock Weather Heat Index during 95% of the warmest in-transit hour. This suggests that during ambient temperatures of 25.9°C, both trailers used in this study did not have sufficient heat exchange to mitigate the risk of heat stress for cattle.

The goal of this thesis is to develop an algorithm to process infrared images and achieve automatic identification of moving subjects with fever. The identification is based on two main features: the distinction between the geometry of a human face and other objects in the field of view of the camera, and the temperature of the radiating object. Infrared thermography is a remote sensing technique used to measure temperatures based on emitted infrared radiation. Applications include fever screening in major public places such as airports and hospitals. Current accepted practice of screening requires people to stay in a line and temperature measurements are carried out for one person at a time. However in the case of mass screening of moving people the accuracy of the measurements is still under investigation. An algorithm constituting of image processing to threshold objects based on the temperature, template matching and hypothesis testing is proposed to achieve automatic identification of fever subjects. The algorithm was first tested on training data to obtain a threshold value (used to discriminate between face and non face shapes) corresponding to a false detection rate of 5%, which in turn corresponds to 85% probability of detection using Neyman-Pearson criterion. By testing the algorithm on several simulated and experimental images (which reflect relevant scenarios characterizing crowded places) it is observed that it can be beneficially implemented to introduce automation in the process of detecting moving subjects with fever.

Bei einer MRT in Sedierung steht der potentielle Wärmeverlust über die Körperoberfläche einem Temperaturanstieg durch die Absorption von Energie aus dem Hochfrequenzfeld der Sendespule gegenüber. Bei Schädel-MRT-Untersuchungen in bereits vorliegenden Studien (1,5T, 3T) konnte mittels Ohrtemperaturmessung vor und nach der MRT ein Temperaturanstieg von 0,5 ° C bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern gemessen werden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit sollte untersucht werden, ob bei 3T-MRT-Untersuchungen unterschiedlicher Körperregionen und Dauer in Propofol-Sedierung bei Säuglingen und Kleinkindern eine Zu- oder Abnahme der Körpertemperatur stattfi ndet und ob eine kontinuierliche Temperaturüberwachung auf der Haut eine verlässliche Messmethode ist. In der klinischen Observationsstudie wurden 50 Kinder im Alter bis zu 6 Jahren eingeschlossen und eine 3T-MRT in Propofol-Sedierung durchgeführt (ASA 1 und 2). Erstmalig erfolgte die Temperaturüberwachung kontinuierlich axillär mit einem Fiber TEMPTM Reusable Fiber-optic Surface Temperature Sensor (Invivo, Orlando/Florida, USA). Zur Kontrolle wurde die Ohrtemperatur vor und nach der MRT mit einem Infrarotthermometer First Temp Genius (Covidien Deutschland GmbH) gemessen und vegetative Reaktionen dokumentiert. Es zeigte sich ein mit der Literatur vergleichbarer signi fikanter mittlerer Temperaturanstieg auf der Haut von 36,4 ± 0,5 °C auf 36,9 ± 0,5 ° C auch bei unterschiedlichen Untersuchungszeiten und -regionen. Die nachgewiesene Erwärmung ist bei gesunden Kindern nur von geringer klinischer Relevanz. Es sind bei einer 3T-MRT-Untersuchung weder eine verstärkte Wärmezufuhr noch eine Kühlung notwendig, um Säuglinge und Kleinkinder normotherm zu halten. Ist bei speziellen Indikationen eine kontinuierliche Temperaturüberwachung notwendig, liefert ein faseroptischer Temperatursensor korrekte Daten. / In case of MRI in infants and children during propofol sedation the potential loss of body temperature confronts the temperature increase due to the absorption of energy from the high-frequency field of the transmitter coil. Therefore the physician must be aware of both effects when caring for sedated children. Objective of the present study is the effect of 3T-MRI of different body regions and scan duration on body temperature measured continuously in propofol sedated infants and children, which was not performed previously. 50 children in the age up to 6 years have been included in the observational study carried out between October 2008 and March 2009 at the Department of Pediatric Radiology, University of Leipzig. They underwent an elective 3T-MRI while sedated with propofol. The temperature monitoring has been carried out continuously axillary with a new fiber-optic sensor. For control, the tympanic temperature has been measured prior and after the MRI-examination with an infrared thermometer. A significant (p<0,05) medial temperature increase from 36,4 ± 0,5 °C to 36,9 ± 0,5 °C was evident measured axillarly with the fiber-optic sensor. Heart rate and oxygen saturation were stable throughout the MRI scan. In healthy children, the measured increase of temperature during 3T-MRI is only of minor clinical relevance. If a continuous temperature monitoring is necessary in cases with special indications e.g. critical ill children, a fiber-optical temperature sensor generates reliable data.

Abstract Background The prognosis after an ischaemic stroke is determined largely by how much damage is done to the brain. Currently physicians possess only a few therapies that can improve outcome. Early changes in common physiological variables, such as blood pressure, temperature and blood glucose levels, represent a potential therapeutic target, and manipulation of these variables may eventually yield an effective and potentially widely applicable range of therapies for optimising stroke recovery. However, the natural history and determinants of physiological change require clarification before the effects of manipulating physiology can be assessed. Previous research suggests that blood pressure and glucose falls over the first few days and temperature rises over this time. Some of the determinants of this change have been identified, for example stroke severity, but their influence has not been accurately quantified. The lack of detail in previous attempts to characterise these relationships is partly due to a reliance on traditional cross-sectional statistical techniques. My aims were to use the most apposite statistical technique, namely mixed-effects modelling, to accurately characterise the temporal patterns of post-stroke blood pressure, temperature and glucose, and to identify baseline factors that represent determinants of change in these three physiological variables. Methods A cohort of ischaemic stroke patients was recruited within 48 hours of stroke onset, and their blood pressure, temperature and glucose was recorded at least every 4 hours until 48 hours post-stroke. Factors representing potential determinants of change in these physiological variables were also recorded, including stroke severity and the presence of infection. There were no protocols dictating the treatment of these physiological variables, but if this occurred, those treatments were also recorded. In each analysis, mixed-effects models were generated with serial measures of physiology as the outcome factors and the potential determinants of physiological change as the explanatory factors. These determinants included time, representing the temporal patterns of change. Patients with diabetes were excluded from the analysis of glucose, for several reasons including the excessive impact on glycaemia made by dietary intake in patients with diabetes. Results There were 157 eligible patients overall. The analysis of blood pressure (n=157) revealed a linear systolic blood pressure fall of 14.9 mmHg (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 6.2, 22.6 mmHg) and a diastolic blood pressure fall of 6.1 mmHg (95%CI 1.6, 10.5 mmHg) over the first 48 hours after stroke. Patients with post-stroke infection exhibited a slight rise in systolic blood pressure of about 4 mmHg. Higher systolic blood pressures were seen in older patients and in those with pre-existing or previously treated hypertension, previous strokes or transient ischaemic attacks, in regular alcohol users and in those with mild to moderately severe stroke. Systolic blood pressures were 4.6 mmHg (95%CI 2.35,6.85 mmHg) lower in current smokers than in non-smokers. Of the 156 patients eligible for the temperature analysis, temperature rose by 0.17 deg C in patients with mild stroke (National Institutes of Health Stroke Score (NIHSS)≤6) and 0.35 deg C in patients with moderate to severe stroke (NIHSS≥6) over the first 48 hours after stroke. Temperatures were higher in those who required paracetamol. Temperatures were 0.33 deg C (95%CI 0.07, 0.58) higher in patients with infection and the effect was fixed during the 48 hour observation period. Blood glucose remained static in the 124 patients without diabetes during the first 48 hours after stroke. Glucose levels where higher in those requiring glucose lowering therapy, and in those with more severe stroke. Conclusions I have quantified the amount by which blood pressure falls and temperature rises over the first 48 hours after stroke. In addition, I have shown that mean glucose levels remain static during this time, suggesting that previous reports of acutely resolving post-stroke hyperglycaemia may have represented misinterpretation of regression to the mean. Several determinants of change in post-stroke physiological variables were identified, with unexpected findings in several cases. Higher systolic blood pressures were seen with stroke of moderate severity but not mild or severe stroke. This relationship was fixed during the first 48 hours after stroke, but while more severe stroke was also associated with higher temperatures, the latter effect became more marked as time passed. Conversely, infection was associated with a fixed elevation in temperature, but was associated with systolic blood pressures that rose slightly during the observation period. These apparent inconsistencies require clarification in future work, for example studies of whether markers of the inflammatory or neuroendocrine stress responses evolve in parallel with the changes in physiological variables. This work provides fundamental information regarding the natural history and determinants of changes in physiological variables post-stroke, and will improve the design of future studies investigating the prognostic significance of untreated and treated physiological variables after stroke. This will ultimately lead to the refinement of clinical guidelines for the management of physiological variables post-stroke and to better outcomes for stroke patients.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.A.-Res.)--University of Wollongong, 2008. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references: leaf 137-145.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-110). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (M.S.)--Springfield College, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.