Orientador: João Peres Vieira / Banca: Eliris Cristina Rizziolli / Banca: Laércio Aparecido Lucas / Resumo: O principal objetivo deste trabalho é confeccionar um texto para alunos de gradua ção na área de Ciências Exatas e da Terra concernente ao estudo da Curvatura Gaussiana e Aplicação de Gauss, Superfícies Mínimas, Teorema Egregium de Gauss e o Teorema de Gauss- Bonnet para curvas simples fechadas / Abstract: The main objective from this work is to make a text for students of graduation in the area of exact sciences and of the land concerning to the study of the Gaussian Curvature and the Gauss Map, Minimal Surfaces, Gauss's Theorem Egregium and the Gauss-Bonnet Theorem for Simple Closed Curves / Mestre

At present, we notice an increased interest in folklore traditions and effort to put them to various spheres of everyday life. These 'revitalizing' efforts can be seen, for example, in the wedding ceremonies. The goal of this thesis is to analyze this tendency in modern weddings in Slovakia, with an emphasis on the highlight of the wedding - putting off head wreath and bonnet wedding ceremony. Nowadays it's common to commission a folk ensemble for these events. Even though the phenomena of bonnet wedding ceremony is considered to be a modern tradition that is based on certain historical bonds this revitalization process causes some semantic shifts, change of its functions that results in its different form. The focus of this thesis is aimed towards these changes - for example, the change of the function of traditional folk clothing, decontextual shift from the ritual to theatralization, the influence of shifts for participants and others involved, the commodification and the commercialization of the ceremony. The thesis also analyzes the relations between the folklore and folklorism, 'authentical' and stylized folklore and the general idea of the tradition as well as its contemporary social and cultural function. Keywords Bonnet wedding ceremony, wedding, ritual, folk ensemble, scenic folklore,...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:13:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese2008_Andreia_Vitor.pdf: 720178 bytes, checksum: 3c6505b8992ec266a19192cbb8d7619a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-26 / Corneal anesthesia is required in order to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) and eyelid blockades may also be necessary, using local anesthetic agents in horses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the IOP and the corneal touch threshold (CTT) at the central area of the cornea, after eyelid blockades with anesthetic 0.75% ropivacaine, 0.75% levobupivacaine and 2% lidocaine. Nine adult female animals of undefined breed horses, which received 2.0 ml of anesthetic for supraorbitary blockade and 2.5 ml for auriculopalpebral blockagde. All animals were anesthetized with the three anesthetic drugs, with an interval period of seven days between drugs, performing a Latin square 3x3x3. The IOP and CTT were measured before and 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 minutes after the blockades. The PIO was maintained within the limits considered normal in all three anesthetic drug groups evaluated. After 10 minutes, there was significantly CTT values decrease for all three anesthetics. The recovery time of CTT was higher in 30 the animals anesthetized with lidocaine than those anesthetized with levobupivacaine and ropivacaine / Os agentes anestésicos locais possuem ampla utilização e aplicação na oftalmologia de grandes animais, uma vez que os eqüinos e os bovinos apresentam o músculo orbicular potente, exercendo vigoroso fechamento das pálpebras na presença de dor ou pela simples tentativa de manipulação pelo examinador. Sendo assim, os bloqueios palpebrais são requeridos desde a realização de exame clínico oftálmico de rotina a procedimentos cirúrgicos locais em cavalos. Nesse estudo, foram avaliados os efeitos de soluções anestésicas a base de cloridrato de ropivacaína a 0,75%, cloridrato de levobupivacaína a 0,75% e cloridrato de lidocaína a 2% na pressão intraocular (PIO), no limiar de sensibilidade ao toque corneal (LSTC), na produção lacrimal e na movimentação e sensibilidade palpebral em nove eqüinos, adultos, fêmeas, submetidas ao bloqueio auriculopalpebral e supraorbitário. A PIO e o LSTC foram mensurados antes e aos 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 minutos após os bloqueios palpebrais. Foi possível observar que a ropivacaína a 0,75% e a levobupivacaína a 0,75% acarretam em diminuição da pressão intra-ocular quando se comparada com a lidocaína a 2%, porém com flutuações dentro da faixa de PIO considerada normal para eqüinos. Verificou-se também que a ropivacaína e levobupivacaína diminuem de forma significativa LSTC, da área central da córnea, e o mantém em níveis que proporcionam anestesia corneal por até 100 minutos. A produção lacrimal foi mensurada utilizando-se o Teste Lacrimal de Schirmer 1 (STT-1) e Teste de Schirmer 2 (STT-2) antes dos bloqueios e o STT foi mensurado aos 20, 60 e 100 minutos após os bloqueios anestésicos palpebrais. Foi observado que valores de STT nos bloqueios palpebrais com ropivacaína a 0,75%, levobupivacaína a 0,75% e lidocaína a 2% foram significativamente maiores quando comparados ao STT-2 e que não houve diferença significativa entre STT-1 e STT, após bloqueio anestésico do auriculopalpebral e supra-orbitário, não sendo observadas também diferenças da produção lacrimal relativamente aos diferentes fármacos anestésicos. A movimentação e a sensibilidade palpebrais foram avaliadas utilizando os testes neurológicos de reflexos de ameaça e palpebrais Foi possível concluir que, a ropivacaína a 0,75% e a levobupivacaína a 0,75% promoveram semelhantes bloqueios motor e sensitivo, enquanto que, a lidocaína 2% determinou um rápido retorno da movimentação e da sensibilidade palpebral em cavalos submetidos aos bloqueios do supraorbitário e auriculopalpebral

Given a hyperbolic surface, the set of all closed geodesics whose length is minimal form a graph on the surface, in fact a so called fat graph, which we call the systolic graph. The central question that we study in this thesis is: which fat graphs are systolic graphs for some surface -we call such graphs admissible. This is motivated in part by the observation that we can naturally decompose the moduli space of hyperbolic surfaces based on the associated systolic graphs. A systolic graph has a metric on it, so that all cycles on the graph that correspond to geodesics are of the same length and all other cycles have length greater than these. This can be formulated as a simple condition in terms of equations and inequations for sums of lengths of edges. We call this combinatorial admissibility. Our first main result is that admissibility is equivalent to combinatorial admissibility. This is proved using properties of negative curvature, specifically that polygonal curves with long enough sides, in terms of a lower bound on the angles, are close to geodesics. Using the above result, it is easy to see that a subgraph of an admissible graph is admissible. Hence it suffices to characterize minimal non-admissible fat graphs. Another major result of this thesis is that there are infinitely many minimal non-admissible fat graphs (in contrast, for instance, to the classical result that there are only two minimal non-planar graphs).

The state often enacts violence against marginalized groups by rendering them monstrous. The early eighteenth century saw early and stellar instances of this phenomenon in the way the British Empire pursued and executed pirates. These "golden age" pirates represented an extraordinary cross-section of marginalization politically, economically, socially, and otherwise, all of which threatened the political and social mores of Imperial Britain. In order to implement a policy and practice of pirate annihilation, British authorities constructed pirates as monstrous by racializing, dehumanizing, and emphasizing the supernatural quality of pirates. This study analyzes three eighteenth-century piracy trial transcripts--those of William Kidd, Stede Bonnet, and William Fly--in order to assess how lawyers and judges constructed pirates as monstrous so as to justify the massive and total violence inflicted on them as a class resulting in their complete destruction. In so doing, this study tracks rhetorical tactics and strategies still used by empires and the state today against marginalized peoples to an original historical source.

Cette étude intéresse la partie savoyarde de la " zone subbriançonnaise " comprise entre Arc et Isère et correspond globalement aux massifs du Perron des Encombres et de la Grande Moendaz, regroupés sous le nom de " Nappe du Pas du Roc " Cette nappe, faite de 3 écailles tectoniques qui sont, de l'Est à l'Ouest, l'unité de la Croix des Têtes, l'unité de Saint-Martin-de-la-Porte et l'unité de la Grande Moendaz, est limitée : - À l'Est, par l'accident gypseux frontal du Briançonnais externe (Zone Houillère) - À l'Ouest, par un cisaillement redressé qui la fait reposer sur des unités composites à flysch priabonien correspondant anciennement aux " Ecailles externes " subbriançonnaises et à la zone ultradauphinoise ou du flysch des Aiguilles d'Arves et qui appartiennent, en réalité, à des unités avancées à substratum anteflysch d'affinités briançonnaise. La nappe du Pas du Roc ne comprend que des terrains allant du trias supérieur au Malm inférieur ; la série malm supérieur à nummulitique, qui ici a disparu par érosions et/ou diverticulations, est cependant conservée au Sud de l'Arc dans la haute vallée de la Valloirette. Les études stratigraphiques, tectoniques et bibliographiques de ce mémoire permettent la reconstitution géodynamique suivante : - Du Trias supérieur au Lias inférieur, le Subbriançonnais appartient à une plate-forme lagunaire à nérétique se développant du Delphino-hélvétique au Briançonnais. - A partir du Lias moyen, concomitamment à l'ouverture téthysienne par fracturation, le Subbriançonnais apparaît comme une marge faillée entre le sillon delphino-helvétiques à vocontien et le haut-fond briançonnais et provençal en position méridionale. Plus précisément, dans le secteur entre Arc et Isère, il est possible de distinguer du Lias moyen à l'Oxfordien deux domaines, le domaine externe de la Grande Moendaz aux sédiments pélagiques et argileux faisant transition au sillon delphino-helvétique interne et le domaine interne du Perron des Encombres, en position haute et aux sédiments à dominante carbonatée se raccordant au Briançonnais. L'instabilité tectonique de cette marge se manifeste, en particulier au Callovo-Oxfordien, par la présence de brèches sur le domaine interne, d'olistilites sur le talus et de turbidites donnant naissance à un véritable flysch " oxfordien " dont les éléments lithiques se fondent progressivement dans la sédimentation pélagique du sillon externe. - L'histoire postérieure est reconstituée à partir des secteurs environnants (Sud de l'Arc, klippe de Sulens, Chablais,...) Toujours en position de marge, le Subbriançonnais correspond à un domaine de mer ouverte à sédimentation pélagique affectée par des apports détritiques épisodiques internes et se terminant par le " flysch noir " de l'Eocène inférieur à moyen. Au cours du Crétacé supérieur et du Paléogène, cette marge découpée par de grands coulissages sénestres, est dilacérée en blocs qui remontent avec le Briançonnais vers le Nord, mettant donc en place finalement, selon une transversale ouest-est, les zones isopiques apparentes suivantes delphino-helvétique, subbriançonnaise à lignes de faciès cependant en biais (NE-SW), briançonnaise. A ces mouvements transcurrents correspondant à une contrainte compressive générale N-S sont associées des érosions, des structures de transpression et l'individualisation et le fonctionnement d'un bassin de flysch Priabonien-Oligocène inférieur qui cachète définitivement la tectonique décrochante antérieure. De l'Oligocène au Miocène, se mettent en place les nappes à vergence globale ouest. Cette tectonique alpine est polyphasée. Dans le temps, se succèdent, en particulier : - une phase généralisée de charriage des zones isopiques vers l'Ouest, le Briançonnais externe dépassant le Subbriançonnais ; - une phase de cisaillement responsable des écaillages les plus visibles et du pincement des unités briançonnaises avancées, au front de la nappe du Pas du Roc ; - une phase de blocage avec des manifestations de rétrodéversements. Postérieurement à cette technique nappée E-W, une reprise des contraintes N-S, donnerait naissance à des coulissages senestres méridiens. Ceux-ci sont peu exprimés entre Arc et Isère. Enfin, les bombements de Belledonne et de la zone Houillère donnent à la région son cachet structural actuel.

Neste trabalho definimos as superfícies com fins do tipo cone com coeficiente a 2 >/ 0, uma classe de superfícies completas, não compactas e bem comportadas no infinito, e apresentamos uma extensão do Teorema de Gauss-Bonnet para estas superfícies com coeficiente a > O. / In this work we define a-conical type end surfaces, a 2 >/ O, a class of complete non compact surfaces having a nice behaviour at infinity, and we present an extension of the Theorem of Gauss-Bonnet for these surfaces such that a> O.

Dans la première moitié de l’époque moderne, période de troubles politiques et religieux ainsi que de découvertes géographiques ouvrant de nouveaux débouchés commerciaux, la question du chapeau et des autres couvre-chefs est abordée sur les plans technique, commerciaux, à la fois dans la capitale, à la Cour, dans le royaume et à l’étranger, esthétiques avec l’évolution des formes et des décors (broderies, panaches, enseignes) mais aussi sociaux (manières et fonctions de leur port). Ce commerce, transformé par le castor et l’obligation sociale du port d’un couvre-chef, dans le contexte particulier du Paris de l’époque, a un impact fort sur l’évolution des fortunes des chapeliers de la ville et sur les garde-robes des Parisiens et des gens de la Cour. Sans vestige archéologique, les informations, éparses, se trouvent par exemple chez les moralisateurs et les auteurs de l’époque, chez des graveurs français tel qu’Abraham Bosse, chez des peintres flamands comme Jan Miense Molenaer, ou dans les archives judiciaires, comme possibles motifs demeurtres. Loin de n’être qu’un accessoire vestimentaire, le couvre-chef à l’époque moderne est un élément essentiel dans la définition de l’humanité d’un individu et de sa sociabilité : c’est par lui qu’il indique son appartenance nationale, son âge, sa fortune, son métier, son rang social ou sa maîtrise des codes de civilité, notamment par rapport à l’institution médiévale du salut. Cette importance du couvre-chef est remise en cause sur les plans politique et religieux par les Protestants mais aussi par la découverte de nouvelles sociétés dont le rapport au vêtement relativise l’approche européenne traditionnelle. / In the first half of the early modern period, time of political and religious troubles, and of great geographical discoveries that opened new trade opportunities, we approached the subject of hat and headdresses history in their technical, commercial (in the capital, the Court, the kingdom and abroad), esthetical (evolutions of forms, embroideries, feathers, hat badges) and social ways (manners and signification of wearing them). In the peculiar Parisian context of this period, this trade, changed by the apparition of beaver and the social obligation to have everybody’s head covered, has a deep impact not only on the evolution of the Parisian hatters’ wealth but also on Parisians’ and Courtiers’ wardrobes themselves. Without headdresses preserved, details about them are scattered in documentary sources: for example, we can find them in the writings of authors and moralizing people, in engravings of French people like Abraham Bosse, in works of Flemish painters like Jan Miense Molenaer, but also in criminal archives where they can be sometimes even motives of murder! Far from just being clothing accessories, headdresses in the early modern period are essential to socialize and characterize human beings: through them, we can grasp national identity, age, wealth, profession, social status and knowledge of civility rules (especially to raisesomebody’s cap to someone, a tradition established from medieval times). Also, at that time, their importance is reconsidered because of the challenge by the Protestants about their social significance and by the discovery of new societies with other relation to clothes, which put the traditional and European approach into perspective.

Neste trabalho definimos as superfícies com fins do tipo cone com coeficiente a 2 >/ 0, uma classe de superfícies completas, não compactas e bem comportadas no infinito, e apresentamos uma extensão do Teorema de Gauss-Bonnet para estas superfícies com coeficiente a > O. / In this work we define a-conical type end surfaces, a 2 >/ O, a class of complete non compact surfaces having a nice behaviour at infinity, and we present an extension of the Theorem of Gauss-Bonnet for these surfaces such that a> O.

Neste trabalho definimos as superfícies com fins do tipo cone com coeficiente a 2 >/ 0, uma classe de superfícies completas, não compactas e bem comportadas no infinito, e apresentamos uma extensão do Teorema de Gauss-Bonnet para estas superfícies com coeficiente a > O. / In this work we define a-conical type end surfaces, a 2 >/ O, a class of complete non compact surfaces having a nice behaviour at infinity, and we present an extension of the Theorem of Gauss-Bonnet for these surfaces such that a> O.