Thesis (M.U.R.P.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Architecture, 1982. / Typescript (photocopy).

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In this dissertation, I examine the political organization of Maya states during the Classic period (AD 550-950) through the workings of an institutional order whose practices came to light in excavations at Xultun, Guatemala. Archaeological, artistic, and epigraphic evidence shows that members of this order, called Taaj, lived, worked and instructed others at a household compound called Los Sabios. Members specialized in indigenous Maya sciences and high-level ritual that were instrumental in the organized, astronomically-timed public ceremonies and crafted spectacles by which local sovereigns communicated and maintained political authority. The Taaj order first surfaced on a mural found within a small, central structure of Los Sabios. The artist(s) depicted three male Taaj members and two novices dressed in uniforms and labeled with ranked titles, with a high-ranking Taaj gesturing in ritual toward the enthroned ruling sovereign as the other Taaj look on. The mural also served as a palimpsest for scientific and astronomical calculations painted over and around the figures of the scene. Eventually, residents closed off this mural room and converted it into a mausoleum under which they buried a man dressed in the same uniform as the Taaj depicted on the mural. As household sub-floor burials were typical among the Maya, this discovery affirms that these Taaj resided at Los Sabios. Papermaking tools found throughout the residence suggest the Taaj recorded their scientific and ritual knowledge in barkpaper books. Such tools were also found buried with a woman at Los Sabios, showing her key role in creating books alongside the Taaj, despite her omission from the mural. Taaj has long been overlooked as a title, but my reconsideration of the term as it occurs elsewhere reveals its widespread use as such and indicates these Taaj figures existed throughout Maya area. These discoveries shed unexpected new light on governance and social organization among the Maya. Together, they reveal a political structure in which rulers relied on the expertise and secret knowledge of the Taaj to help sustain local systems of sovereignty as well as forms of class-based inequality that characterized Classic Maya society until the time of its collapse. / 2017-05-01

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Les jeux d’argent sont aujourd’hui au cœur d’un débat de société. L’inquiétude qu’ils suscitent et la dangerosité qu’on leur confère se traduisent par la diffusion croissante dans les médias de discours relatifs à l’addiction. Progressivement reconnue depuis les années 80, celle-ci est significative : elle prouve que le jeu d’argent peut présenter de réelles menaces pour l’individu lorsqu’il est pratiqué avec excès. Cette dénonciation renoue avec les discours relatifs à ces pratiques sous l’Ancien Régime. Cependant, à cette époque, le jeu est essentiellement rejeté pour des raisons sociales et morales : outre de représenter un danger pour les familles, il pousse à négliger le travail et remet en cause l’ordre social établi. Entre cet « Ancien Régime » des jeux et la situation actuelle, un système transitoire a existé. En effet, entre 1836, date à laquelle une loi interdit formellement toutes les loteries, jusqu’en 1954, année de création du Tiercé, l’Etat ne cesse d’intervenir, légiférant en faveur du jeu d’argent. Cette période, qui correspond à une officialisation et à une banalisation des pratiques ludiques, est au cœur de ce travail. Il s’agit d’étudier les mutations réglementaires des jeux d’argent et les motivations qui y sont affiliées, et d’analyser les usages sociaux du temps consacré aux jeux à travers l’étude de leurs pratiques. / Money games are today the center of the attention through a burning public debate. They are usually depicted as the origin of many vices and therefore stimulate a lot of worrying from society, thus the increasing broadcasting in the major medias of their incriminated connection to addiction diseases.Addiction has been growingly associated to gambling since the 1980’s : the money games are indeed more and more denunciated for being a real threat to the individuals who excessively enjoy this special hobby.This point of view is not new and is closely connected to the Old Regime’s widely spread opinions. Nevertheless, at this specific time period, money games were mainly rejected for their social and moral downsides : not only they stood for family issues but they were also incriminated as inviting the players to neglect valuable work and/or the established society rules and habits. There has been an in-between situation between the today’s widely spread gambling activities and the prosecution from the Old Regime. Indeed the government has repeatedly issued regulations to widen the gambling activities from 1836 when there was a law against money games till 1954 when the Tiercé was offcially created. This thesis work focuses on analysing the money games activities between these 2 milestones. The main point is to study the regulations variations about the money games and the reasons behind them. An other important aspect is to analyse the social usages of the time spent on money games through their various shapes and identities.