Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 1926. / Cover-title. Vita. "Literature cited": p. 86.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1983. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Daniela Carvalho dos Santos / Banca: Daniela Pinheiro / Banca: Eliani Rodrigues da Silva / Resumo: A Diatraea saccharalis possui uma grande importância econômica e é considerada uma das pragas que mais afeta da cultura canavieira. Em Lepidoptera, o polimorfismo espermático está presente e envolve a produção de espermatozóides apirenes (anucleados) e eupirenes (nucleados), os quais são morfologicamente e funcionalmente diferentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o processo da espermatogênese envolvido no polimorfismo espermático. Testículos de larvas de último instar e de adultos de D. saccharalis foram processados convencionalmente para microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. As análises permitiram a identificação de um par de testículos com formato riniforme, limitado externamente por uma túnica celular, em larvas. Cada testículo possui quatro folículos que estão divididos através de septos de túnica interna. Em adultos há somente um único testículo, fundido e esférico dividido em oito folículos e constituído principalmente por feixes de espermatozóides. Os cistos de espermatogônias e espermatócitos estão localizados na região apical do folículo, e os cistos de espermátides e espermatozóides estão localizados na região basal do folículo. Dentro dos cistos, as células da linhagem germinativa se desenvolvem sincronicamente e contém somente espermatozóides apirenes ou eupirenes, nunca contém ambos. A extremidade anterior do espermatozóide apirene consiste em um capuz denso ao invés de núcleo. O espermatozóide eupirene possui um núcleo e acrossoma. Ambos os tipos de espermatozóides apresentam um axonema com padrão microtubular do tipo "9+9+2" e dois derivados mitocondriais na região do flagelo. Somente células eupirenes apresentaram apêndices laciniados e reticulares prorrogados a partir da membrana plasmática. O processo da espermatogênese é similar ao encontrado em outros insetos da ordem Lepidoptera / Abstract: The Diatraea saccharalis has a great economic importance and is considered the most destructive pest attacking sugarcane culture. In Lepidoptera, the sperm polymorphism is present and involves the production of apyrene (enucleate) and eupyrene (nucleate) spermatozoa, which are morphologically and functionally different. This investigation aimed to describe the spermatogenesis process involved in this sperm polymorphism. The testis from last larval instar and from adults of D. saccharalis was processed conventionally for light and transmission electron microscopy. The analysis allowed the identification of paired testis, with kidney-shaped, limited externally by tunica cells, in larvae. Each testis contains four follicles that are divided by internal tunica septa. In adult there is only a single, fused and spherical testis that is divided into eight follicles mainly constituted by spermatozoa bundles. The spermatogonia and spermatocyte cysts are located at the apical region and the spermatids and spermatozoa cysts are located at the basal region of the follicle. Within the cysts, sperm cells developed synchronously and contained either apyrene or eupyrene spermatozoa, never both. The anterior end of apyrene consisted of an electron dense cap instead of the nucleus. The eupyrene contained a nucleus and acrosome. Both sperm types present a 9+9+2 axoneme and two mitochondrial derivatives in the tail region. Only eupyrene cells showed lacinate and reticular appendages extended from the plasma membrane. The process of spermatogenesis is similar to that found in other insects of the order Lepidoptera / Mestre

No description available.

No description available.

Evaluations of tactics for detection and management of raspberry crown borer, RCB, Pennisettia marginata (Harris) on blackberries were performed in Mississippi from January 2005 - July 2006. Randomized split plots with infested blackberries and certified nursery stock of two recommended cultivars, thorny ?Chickasaw? and thornless ?Apache? were planted. Pest management tactics targeting RCB included drenches: chemical insecticide bifenthrin, recently registered for RCB management; experimental pesticide E2Y45; and entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae. Insect pheromones (E,Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-ol and (E,Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-yl-acetate were evaluated as RCB lures. Effects of fungicides captan, pyraclostrobin + boscalid, lime-sulfur and insecticide acetamiprid on viability and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematode species, S. feltiae and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora were evaluated in laboratory bioassays with host greater wax moth larvae. RCB larvae and soil pests on and around infested blackberry plants were observed. Bait traps with 5 mg of (E.Z)3-13-octadecadien-1-ol captured an adult RCB on October 19, 2005. Laboratory bioassays indicated that lime-sulfur and pyraclostrobin + boscalid decrease nematode movement and infectivity.

No description available.

Flight activity of adult European corn borer field populations was monitored in Bedford County (1980 - 1981), Painter (1958 - 1980), Blacksburg (1971 - 1973, 1975) and Warsaw, Virginia (1971 - 1972, 1981). Peak occurrence of flight activity was accurately estimated by measuring the accumulation of degree days above 10ºC. The appearance of cumulative percentages of adult European corn borer flight at predicted degree day accumulations is reported. The seasonal abundance, within - field and within - plant distribution of first generation European corn borer egg masses were observed in field corn in Bedford County, Virginia. Peak egg mass abundance occurred ca. 200 degree days after the first borer moths were taken in the light traps. The spatial pattern of first generation corn borer egg masses closely approximated the Poisson distribution. The within - plant distribution of egg masses was skewed towards the lower leaves of the plant throughout the oviposition period, and nearly all egg masses were deposited on the leaf undersurfaces. Optimum sample sizes for two levels of sampling precision were developed from the sampling data. The seasonal development of the European corn borer in the spring was studied in relation to the flowering phenology of several groups of trees and wildflowers. The potential indicator plants signalled the onset of overwintering generation adult emergence, peak overwintering generation peak flight activity - first generation egg mass abundance, and the end of overwintering generation adult European corn borer flight. / Master of Science

The effective dispersal ability of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma ostriniae Pang and Chen was assessed in potato fields on the Eastern Shore of Virginia in spring 2005 and 2006. Approximately 0.5 million T. ostriniae were released from a central release point in separate potato fields. Dispersal was monitored using yellow sticky card traps and European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, egg mass sentinels. Adult T. ostriniae dispersed quickly throughout the 0.4 ha (1 acre) sampling area. Parasitism and sticky card captures were highest close to the release point and decreased with increasing distance. Sticky card data were a good fit to the diffusion model used (r² > 0.90) for all but two sampling dates. In 2005 parasitization peaked at 4 days post release with close to 40% of sentinels parasitized at 30m from the release point. The mean distance encompassing 98% (x98) of T. ostriniae for both fields in 2005 was 27.5 (± 2.4) meters. For fields 1 and 2 in 2005, x98 for parasitism was 21 and 26 meters, respectively. In 2006 sticky card data fit the dispersal model moderately well (r² > 0.77) except for two sampling dates and dispersal was generally lower. The mean x98 value for sticky card data was 12.9 (± 0.9) meters. For parasitism, the x98 distances for field 1 and 2 were estimated at 8 and 10 meters, respectively. Correlation analysis showed no significant difference in the distributions between sticky card captures and sentinel egg mass parasitism. In 2006, T. ostriniae were released in small pepper plots in Pennsylvania, Maryland and two locations in Virginia to evaluate the number of wasps needed per plant for effective control of European corn borer. Treatments included 0, 5, 20 and 50 wasps per plant. In each plot, parasitism was measured using 30 sentinel egg masses collected on 3 and 6 days post release. Parasitism was relatively low in Pennsylvania and Virginia and no significant effect from release density was observed. High rates of parasitization in the untreated control plot were observed in Maryland as well as one of the Virginia locations. Overall results show results show ambiguity in the data and high levels of natural parasitism occurring on Ephestia eggs sentinels. In 2005 and 2006, several insecticides were evaluated for controlling O. nubilalis and impacting arthropod natural enemies in bell pepper. In addition, we compared the effectiveness of an integrated pest management program based around inundative releases of T. ostriniae to a conventional insecticide-based program for O. nubilalis control in multiple locations in the Mid- Atlantic US. To evaluate the insecticides, small plots of bell pepper were established at four locations in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. Insecticides were applied weekly from first fruit until final harvest (5 to 7 applications). Results indicated that the biorational insecticides, spinosad, indoxacarb, and methoxyfenozide provided comparable control of O. nubilalis as the broadspectrum conventional insecticides, acephate, and lambda-cyhalothrin. At most locations, multiple sprays of lambda-cyhalothrin resulted in flares (outbreaks) of green peach aphids most likely from destruction of arthropod natural enemies. Indoxacarb also caused a similar aphid flare at one of the locations. For the IPM demonstration experiment, pepper plots were established at 5 locations in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. in 2005 and 2006. Treatments included: "conventional", which involved weekly applications of acephate or lambda-cyhalothrin from first fruit until final harvest; 2) "IPM", which included three or four inundative releases of T. ostriniae and a judicial application of methoxyfenozide only if lepidopteran pests exceeded action thresholds; and 3) an untreated control. No significant treatment effect was found in either year on cumulative number of marketable fruit or percentage of fruit damaged by lepidopteran pests. A significant treatment effect was found on peak numbers of green peach aphids, with the conventional insecticide approach causing aphid flares and the untreated control or IPM approach not having aphid pest problems. Inundative releases of T. ostriniae may be a more environmentally-sound approach to managing O. nubilalis in peppers, although a comparison with conventional insecticides under greater lepidopteran pest pressure is still needed. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

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