Os ésteres de ácido ftálico são utilizados como aditivos na manufatura de plásticos e a contaminação do meio ambiente por esses compostos pode ocorrer por diferentes mecanismos. Dado o efeito destes no sistema endócrino de animais e seres humanos, efluentes contendo esses compostos sintéticos devem ser adequadamente tratados antes de qualquer descarte. Os tratamentos convencionais são ineficientes para tratar efluentes aquosos contendo esses ésteres e a oxidação eletroquímica tem sido utilizada como uma opção viável. Assim, neste trabalho foi estudada a degradação eletroquímica de dimetil ftalato (DMFt) utilizando três tipos de ânodos: Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, F-β-PbO2 e diamante dopado com boro (DDB). Os experimentos foram conduzidos em condições galvanostáticas em células de compartimento do tipo filtro-prensa e vários parâmetros, tais como, eletrólito suporte e a densidade de corrente, foram avaliados. Durante as eletro-oxidações, alíquotas das soluções foram analisadas cromatograficamente e por determinações de carbono orgânico total (COT) e demanda química de oxigênio (DQO). Quando utilizado o ânodo de Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, foram observados níveis de combustão próximos a 100% em baixos valores de carga elétrica aplicada, indicando um possível processo de incineração direta. Com a incidência de radiação UV incidindo diretamente na superfície do eletrodo, foi obtida a completa remoção de DMFt e 98 % de mineralização em meio ácido, elevadas concentração de cloreto e temperatura. A limitação de ambos os processos foi o transporte de massa e assim, os melhores resultados foram obtidos a baixas densidades de corrente. Com o uso do ânodo de β-PbO2 a remoção de DMFt foi superior na presença de Na2SO4 e em baixas densidades de corrente, com 40 % de mineralização. Com o ânodo de DDB foram realizadas eletro-oxidações na ausência e na presença de radiação UV e ultrassônica. Foi obtida a completa remoção de DMFt, COT e DQO em todas as condições estudadas, com maior eficiência a baixas densidades de corrente, devido a menor limitação por transferência de massa. Ocorreu um efeito positivo na eletrooxidação com aplicação conjunta das duas radiações, no entanto, menor do que o obtido com a aplicação destes processos separadamente. O mecanismo de degradação proposto apresenta a oxidação de DMFt seguida da remoção de grupos metil éster e a quebra do anel aromático para formar ácidos carboxílicos, os quais são mineralizados a dióxido de carbono. Na presença de cloreto, a produção de clorofenóis e ácido tartárico e o aumento na concentração dos intermediários formados são as principais diferenças observadas. / The phthalic acid esters are used as additives in plastics manufacturing and the environmental contamination by these compounds may occur by different mechanisms. Considering its effect on the endocrine system of animals and humans beings, effluents containing these synthetic compounds must be properly treated before any disposal. Traditional methods present limited efficiency for treating wastewater containing these esters and electrochemical oxidation has been proposed as a viable option. In this work, the electrochemical degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMFt) using three types of anodes: Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2, β-PbO2,F and boron-doped diamond (BDD) was studied. The experiments were performed under galvanostatic conditions using a one compartment filter-press cell and different parameters, such as, electrolyte and current density, were analyzed. During the electro-oxidations, aliquots of the solutions extracted at diffent times were analyzed by liquid chromatography and by variations of total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Using Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 anode, the combustion levels were almost 100% when low values of electrical charge were applied, indicating a possible direct incineration process. Applying UV radiation to the electrode surface, the complete removal of DMFt and 98% mineralization were obtained in acid medium with relative high chloride concentration. Both processes were limited by mass transport and therefore, the best results were obtained at low current densities. Using β-PbO2 anode, the removal of DMFt was higher with 40% of mineralization in the presence of Na2SO4 and at low current densities. Using DDB anode, the electrooxidations were performed in the absence and presence of UV and ultrasonic radiations. The complete removal of DMFT, TOC and COD was obtained for all conditions studied with greater efficiency at low current densities because the smallest mass transfer limitation. A positive effect on the electro-oxidation was observed when UV and ultrasound radiation were applied simultaneously however, lower than that obtained with the application of the processes separately. The degradation mechanism proposed presents the oxidation of DMFt followed by removal of methyl ester groups and breakage of the aromatic ring to form carboxylic acids, which are mineralized to carbon dioxide. In the presence of chloride, the production of chlorophenol and tartaric acid and the increased concentration of the intermediates formed are the majors differences observed.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T12:15:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 glauciogualtierihonorio.pdf: 2076153 bytes, checksum: 5da73e6a28cee53b63fa855e4efb6984 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:56:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 glauciogualtierihonorio.pdf: 2076153 bytes, checksum: 5da73e6a28cee53b63fa855e4efb6984 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 glauciogualtierihonorio.pdf: 2076153 bytes, checksum: 5da73e6a28cee53b63fa855e4efb6984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Dependendo da sua origem, o mel pode ter uma mistura de diferentes componentes, principalmente carboidratos, que conferem sabor adocicado ao produto. A concentração mineral é baixa, e depende do ambiente onde o mel é produzido, sendo afetada pela composição do solo, pela geologia e pelas condições geográficas locais. Por ser resultado de um processo de bioacumulação, o mel pode ser utilizado para obter informações a respeito do ambiente em que as abelhas produtoras vivem. O presente trabalho desenvolveu uma metodologia para extração e quantificação de Cu, Pb, Cd e Zn em mel com eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro, por voltametria de pulso diferencial. A metodologia foi otimizada por meio de planejamento de experimentos, com obtenção de modelos de previsão, após um estudo detalhado a cerca da ativação da superfície do eletrodo. O uso de ferramentas estatísticas, como Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise de Variância e superfícies de resposta auxiliaram na obtenção de condições ótimas de análise para os metais com o eletrodo proposto. Para análise de Cu, Pb e Cd utilizou-se o potencial de deposição de -0,95 V vs Ag|AgCl por 240 segundos, em ácido clorídrico 0,1 molL-1. A análise de Zn foi realizada em tampão acetato 0,5 molL-1 com um potencial de deposição de -1,5 V vs Ag|AgCl por 240 segundos. Por se tratar de uma matriz heterogênea e rica em matéria orgânica, um tratamento de digestão da amostra foi necessário. A mineralização do mel em chapa de aquecimento foi o procedimento mais adequado para tratamento da amostra. O método otimizado apresentou seletividade, boa sensibilidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. A concentração dos analitos encontrados variaram entre 0,242 e 1,378 mgL-1 para o Cu; 0,129 e 0,918 mgL-1 para o Pb e 0,819 e 2,492 mgL-1 para o Zn. O Cd não foi detectado em nenhuma das amostras. As medidas obtidas foram comparadas com eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com filme de mercúrio e espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite, e os resultados encontrados não diferiram estatisticamente, sendo analisados por Análise de Variância. / Depending on the origin, honey can be a mixture of different components, mainly carbohydrates, which give a sweet taste to the product. The mineral concentration is low and depends on the environment where the honey is produced, being affected by soil composition, geology and by the respective geographical locations. Being the result of a process of bioaccumulation, honey can be used to collect information about of environment in which bees live. This study developed a methodology for the extraction and quantification of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in honey with boron-doped diamond electrode, by differential pulse voltammetry. The methodology was optimized through design of experiments, obtaining prediction models, after a detailed study concerning the activation of the electrode surface. The use of statistical tools such as Principal Components Analysis, Analysis of variance and response surfaces assisted in obtaining optimum conditions for the analysis of metals with such electrode. For analysis of Cu, Pb and Cd was used the deposition potential of -0.95 V vs Ag|AgCl for 240 seconds, hydrochloric acid 0.1 molL-1. Zn analysis was performed in acetate buffer 0.5 mol L-1 with a deposition potential of -1.5 V vs Ag|AgCl for 240 seconds. Because it is a heterogeneous matrix, rich in organic matter, treatment of digestion of the sample was necessary. The mineralization of honey on heating plate was the most appropriate for treatment of the sample. The optimized method showed selectivity, good sensitivity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The concentration of analytes ranged between 0.242 and 1.378 mgL-1 for Cu, 0.129 and 0.918 mgL-1 for Pb and 0.819 and 2.492 mgL-1 for Zn. The Cd was not detected in any sample. The measurements obtained were compared with glassy carbon electrode modified with mercury film and atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace, and the results did not differ statistically, by Analysis of variance.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T19:19:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavochevitareseazevedo.pdf: 2779893 bytes, checksum: 1a5b90a61219925e6a36e7286909b45f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T14:04:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavochevitareseazevedo.pdf: 2779893 bytes, checksum: 1a5b90a61219925e6a36e7286909b45f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:04:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gustavochevitareseazevedo.pdf: 2779893 bytes, checksum: 1a5b90a61219925e6a36e7286909b45f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / A utilização dos eletrodos à base de carbono já está bem descrita para alguns materiais, entretanto o desenvolvimento tecnológico vem trazendo ao mercado novos materiais como o eletrodo de filme de diamante dopado com boro (DDB). Este material possui diversas propriedades que o tornam excelentes em aplicações eletroanalíticas, dentre elas na determinação de peróxido de hidrogênio. A determinação de H2O2 pode ser realizada por diferentes técnicas, incluindo a amperometria, a espectrofotometria e a quimiluminescência. Neste contexto o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver uma célula eletroquímica para adaptar o eletrodo de DDB e também uma metodologia envolvendo análise por injeção em fluxo para a determinação amperométrica de H2O2 em amostras de gel de clareamento dentário e mel, sob o eletrodo de filme de diamante dopado com boro. Diferentes parâmetros foram avaliados para a obtenção de melhores condições de análise, dentre eles destacam-se o fluxo de eletrólito de 2,8 mL min-1, a alça de amostragem de 175 µL (28,5 cm), o percurso analítico de 25 cm (59 µL) para o gel e 5 cm (31 µL) para o mel e o potencial aplicado de 0,6 V. O método proposto apresentou resultados adequados em termos de precisão (DPR < 10 %), a exatidão foi confirmada, para a análise dos geis, através de estudos de adição e recuperação com resultados entre 74 e 107 %. O mesmo foi comparado ao método espectrofotométrico já existente e apresentou uma excelente concordância, com o mínimo de perda de exatidão ou precisão, com o benefício de uma expressiva diminuição no uso de enzima no caso da análise de mel (90 % a menos) e totalmente eliminado o uso nas amostras de gel, tornando o método mais barato que o espectrofotométrico. O método foi então aplicado à análise de amostras de gel de clareamento do mercado local e amostras de mel adquiridas em diferentes cidades da região. Com relação aos resultados obtidos os geis de clareamento apresentaram um valor médio de concentração de 2,39 % m/m, os limites de detecção e quantificação foram 1,06 e 3,54 µmol L-1, respectivamente. Para o mel foram obtidos valores de concentração médios de 25,8 µg g-1, os limite de detecção e quantificação foram 0,78 e 2,59 µg g-1 respectivamente. / The use of carbon based electrodes is well described for some materials, however technological development has brought to market new materials such as boron doped diamond film electrode. This material has several properties that make it excellent for electroanalytical applications, among them the determination of hydrogen peroxide. The determination of H2O2 can be accomplished by various techniques, including amperometry, spectrophotometry and chemiluminescence. In this context, the aim of this work was to develop an electrochemical cell and a methodology based on an amperometric determination of hydrogen peroxide in whitening gel and honey samples under the boron doped diamond electrode using flow injection analysis. Different parameters were evaluated to obtain the best conditions of analysis , among them the flow of electrolyte of 2.8 mL min- 1 , the loop sampling 175 µL (28.5 cm) , the analytical length of 159 µL (25 cm) to the gel and 31 µL (5 cm) to honey and an applied potential of 0.6 V. The proposed method was suitable in terms of precision (RSD < 10 %) results, the accuracy was confirmed in the analysis of the gels through the addition and recovery studies with results between 74 and 107 %. The proposed method was compared to the spectrophotometric method established and showed an excellent agreement, without loss of accuracy or precision, but with the benefit of a significant reduction in the use of enzyme in honey analysis (90 % less) and not use of enzymes for the analysis of whitening gel, making it cheaper than the spectrophotometric method. The method was then applied to the analysis of tooth whitening gels and honey samples of the local market acquired in different cities of the region. Regarding the results of whitening gels showed a medium concentration value of 2.39 % m/m, the limits of detection and quantification were 1.06 and 3.54 μmol L-1 respectively. For honey samples, a mean concentration value of 25.8 μg g-1 were obtained, the detection and quantification limits were 0.78 and 2.59 μg g-1 respectively.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-09T15:10:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadasilvanogueira.pdf: 2728835 bytes, checksum: 4d0c08d9506f20bb35bc5239101ac904 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-17T14:15:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadasilvanogueira.pdf: 2728835 bytes, checksum: 4d0c08d9506f20bb35bc5239101ac904 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-17T14:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandadasilvanogueira.pdf: 2728835 bytes, checksum: 4d0c08d9506f20bb35bc5239101ac904 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-08 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As estrobilurinas sintéticas são fungicidas produzidos e comercializados no mundo todo, estando entre os mais vendidos por sua eficiência contra diferentes fungos. Por razões de segurança de saúde pública, a ANVISA (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) classifica as estrobilurinas sintéticas como produtos altamente ou medianamente tóxicos. Por isso, a legislação tem sido cada vez mais restritiva com relação aos agrotóxicos de modo geral, incluindo as estrobilurinas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação de sete estrobilurinas por HPLC com detecção simultânea ultravioleta (UV) e eletroquímica/amperométrica (DE), além da sua aplicação na análise de amostras de feijão. O detector eletroquímico foi acoplado de modo “homemade” ao HPLC. O método de separação para as sete estrobilurinas por HPLC empregando coluna de fase reversa C 18 foi otimizado a partir do estudo de parâmetros como a composição da fase móvel e modo de eluição, avaliando-se, entre outros, a resolução e simetria dos picos. Para a detecção UV foi selecionado adequadamente o comprimento de onda, enquanto na detecção amperométrica o potencial de eletrólise, utilizando um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro (DDB) como eletrodo de trabalho. A detecção UV foi realizada em 200 nm e a amperométrica aplicando-se um potencial de 1,9 V. Foi otimizado um método de extração para as estrobilurinas, o qual foi adequado, seletivo e eficiente na remoção de interferentes. Na avaliação da exatidão do método obteve-se valores de recuperações para as estrobilurinas entre 61,6 % a 98,8 % com desvios padrões menores que 10,0 %. Os limites de detecção do método foram 0,02 mg kg-1 para todas as estrobilurinas, e os limites de quantificação variaram de 0,06 a 0,07 mg kg1, obtidos por detecção UV e DE. Os métodos de detecção UV e DE também foram comparados estatisticamente, o que mostrou não haver diferenças significativas entre os resultados reportados por estes em um nível de 95 % de confiança. Foram analisadas sete amostras de feijão de diferentes tipos e procedência, todavia não foram detectadas nenhuma das estrobilurinas estudadas neste trabalho. / Synthetic strobilurins fungicides are produced and marketed all over the world, being among the best selling ones due to their efficiency against several fungi. For public health security reasons, ANVISA (National Health Surveillance Agency) classifies synthetic strobilurins as highly or moderately toxic. Therefore, legislation has been increasingly stricter regarding pesticides in general, including strobilurins. This study aimed to develop an analytical method for the determination of seven strobilurins using HPLC with simultaneous ultraviolet (UV) and electrochemical/amperometric (DE) detections, in addition to its application for the analysis of bean samples. The electrochemical detector was coupled to the HPLC in a homemade way. The separation method for the seven strobilurins by HPLC employing C18 reversed phase column was optimized from the study of such parameters as the composition of the mobile phase and the elution mode, evaluating, among others, peak resolution and symmetry. For UV detection the wavelength was suitably selected, while for the amperometric detection the potential electrolysis was chosen, using a boron-doped diamond electrode (DDB) as the working electrode. UV detection was performed at 200 nm and amperometric detection at 1.9 V. An extraction method was optimized for the strobilurins, which was adequate, selective and efficient in removing interfering substances. In the accuracy evaluation of the method, the recovery values obtained for strobilurins were between 61.6% and 98.8%, with standard deviations lower than 10.0%. The detection limits of the method were 0.02 mg kg -1 for all the strobilurins, and the quantification limits ranged from 0.06 to 0.07 mg kg-1, obtained by UV and DE detection. UV and DE detection methods were statistically compared, which showed no significant differences between the results reported by them at a 95% confidence level. Seven samples of bean of different types and origins were analyzed, but none of the strobilurins studied in this work were detected.

Cette thèse porte sur la modélisation des plasmas micro-ondes en mélanges H2/CH4 et H2/CH4/B2H6, utilisés pour le dépôt de diamant intrinsèque et de diamant dopé au bore. L'objectif est d'établir des modèles de cinétique chimique afin de décrire la phase gazeuse et d'appréhender les limitations des modèles physiques nécessaires à l'étude des plasmas H2/CH4 et H2/CH4/B2H6 fonctionnant à haute densité de puissance (haute pression / haute puissance). L'étude repose sur une approche numérique à travers plusieurs modèles physique (1D et 2D) et chimiques qui permet la description physico-chimique de la phase plasma en fonction de nombreux paramètres expérimentaux (pression, puissance, composition du gaz). Une comparaison des résultats numériques a été effectuée systématiquement avec des mesures de densités intégrées radialement réalisées par TDLAS et OES pour les espèces CH4, CH3, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, B2H6 et B. Cette comparaison a pour objectif la validation des modèles physiques et des schémas cinétiques. Des écarts significatifs entre le modèle et l'expérience ont révélé une limitation intrinsèque à l'utilisation d'une approche ID radiale pour décrire les propriétés du plasma pour les conditions de haute densité de puissance. L'utilisation d'un modèle 2D fluide conçu à partir du logiciel ANSYS Fluent propose une meilleure description des phénomènes de transport mais ne permet pas de prendre en compte les processus électroniques. L'analyse de la composition chimique des plasmas micro-onde H2/CH4, H2/B2/H6 et H2/CH4/ B2H6 a montré une limitation des schémas cinétiques décrivant ces mélanges par une large gamme de conditions opératoires. En particulier les mécanismes C/B de ces modèles ne reproduisent pas la forte influence observée expérimentalement de l'addition de méthane sur le bore atomique. Enfin une étude numérique sur la distribution spatiale des espèces borées à poximité de la surface est confrontée à des résultats expérimentaux sur le dopage de diamant en fonction de différents paramètres du procédé. / This thesis deals with modelling of high power density microware plasmas of H2/CH4 and H2/CH4/B2H6 mixtures used for growing intrinsic and boron-doped diamond films. The aim of this work is to establish chemical kinetic schemes in order to describe the gas phase composition and to manage limitations of physical models of high power density H2/CH4 and H2/CH4/B2H6 plasmas. This investigation relies on a numerical approach using different physical models (ID and 2D) as well as chemical models according to differents experimental parameters (pressures, power, gas composition). Comparisons are carried out with integrated densities of CH4, CH3, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, B2H6 and B measured by TDLAS and OES in order to validate the models. Significant discrepancies highlight limitation of ID approach for high power density whereas the use of a 2D fluid model (Fluent based) proposes better description of transport phenomena. The chemical analysis of H2/CH4, H2/B2H6 and H2/CH4/B2H6 MW plasmas also shows a limitation of the current kinetic schemes for a wide range of operating conditions. In particular C/B mechanisms do not reproduce the strong influence of methane addition on B. At least, a numerical study of spatial composition of boron species near the substrate is compared to experimental results on doping efficiency.

The aim of this thesis is the study of electrochemical oxidation of para-substituted phenol derivates using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and ,,direct current" voltammetry (DCV) on boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) and comparison with some analogous meta-substituted compounds. Among the studied substances were p-cresol, 4-methoxyphenol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, 4-nitrophenol, 4-chlorophenol and 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol. The oxidation of the analytes was performed in an acidic (pH 2,0) and basic (pH 11,0) Britton-Robinson buffer on mechanically polished, oxidated and hydrogenated surfaces. Another subject of the thesis is to analyze the influence of different substituents, characterized by the Hammett constant, on the oxidation potential of selected phenols. They are oxidized at more positive redox potentials in acidic media, than in basic media, where they are dissociated. The oxidation on the polished and hydrogenated surfaces were similar, whereas were shifted to higher values on the oxidated surface. Further, the signal intensity decreased on the oxidated one, and the oxidation of phenols was not recognizable in basic media. The passivation of the electrode was less significant in pH 2,0 buffer. The best result of Hammett correlation was achieved on a polished and...

Electrochemical oxidation of acyclovir at glassy-carbone electrode and boron-doped diamond electrode gives one pH-dependent oxidation signal; the corresponding electrode reaction is controlled by diffusion. It is followed by a second indistinctive signal in the pH range 2,0 - 9,0. Further, optimization of conditions was carried out for determination of acyclovir using DC and DP voltammetry. The calibration dependence on GC electrode in B−R buffer (pH = 6,0) is linear only in the concentration range from 2 to 10 μmol∙l−1 for DCV with limit of detection 0,38 μmol∙l−1; for DPV it is not linear. BDD electrode has to be activated to prevent its passivation. Anodic activation at +2,4 V for 15 s with simultaneous stirring of solution results in relative standard deviation of 0,9% for acyclovir concentration of 1∙10−4 mol∙l−1. Using DCV and DPV methods linear concentration dependences were obtained in 0,1 mol∙l-1 nitric acid and in pH 6,0 B−R buffer. The lowest limit of detection and limit of quantification (LOD = 0,47 μmol∙l−1 a LOQ = 1,55 μmol∙l−1) and linear range from 0,6 to 100 μmol∙l−1 was reached in pH 6,0 B−R buffer. Further, standard addition method was used to quantify acyclovir in Zovirax tablets. Satisfactory recoveries of 101,1 ± 2,3 % using DCV and 98,8 ± 2,2 % using DPV at BDD (compared with the...

This work is devoted to the study of boron doped diamond as electrode material, its properties and use in electroanalytical methods - in voltammetric and subsequently amperometric methods in combination with high performance liquid chromatography. The series of boron doped diamond films was tested with respect to the effect of boron concentration on their morphology, quality, electrochemical and spectral properties using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. Further, the effect of boron concentration on the determination of selected substances was investigated, both for their oxidation (2-aminobiphenyl, benzophenone-3) and for their reduction (5-nitroquinoline). Furthermore, a voltammetric and amperometric method was developed for the determination of a mixture of aminobiphenyls and aminonaphthalenes using a boron doped diamond electrode. The effects of activation cleaning programs on the signal of benzophenone-3 were investigated using a boron doped diamond electrode, and the determination of benzophenone-3 on boron doped diamond electrode in the presence of the selected surfactant was studied. Boron doped diamond as carbon-based material was compared with other selected carbon materials such as glassy...

In this doctoral thesis, a novel method for the determination of primary bile acids cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid is presented. Bile acids play various vital roles in the mammalian body. Moreover, their determination is extremely helpful in liver and biliary disease diagnosis and management. These saturated organic compounds lack strong chromophores and fluorophores in their structure, and thus are usually hard to detect in spectroscopy. For this reason, either instrumentally advanced but expensive methods, such as mass spectrometry, or less reliable enzymatic methods are commonly employed in bile acids quantitation. Hence, the demand for simple and reliable methods for their determination is strong. Bile acids are also known to be virtually inert for direct electrochemical oxidation. Herein, a simple method for their chemical activation for electrochemical oxidation on bare electrode materials was developed, optimized and applied to cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid determination. The activation is based on a dehydration reaction of a primary bile acid with 0.1 mol L-1 HClO4 in acetonitrile (water content 0.55%) that introduces double bond(s) into the originally fully saturated steroid core. This naturally increases the electron density in the structure, and thus allows electrochemical...

The aim of this diploma thesis was to develop an electrochemical method for three phytosterols, namely stigmasterol β-sitosterol and ergosterol using voltammetry techniques on glassy carbon electrode and boron doped diamond electrode. The work builds on previous results, where it was shown that the electrochemical oxidation of phytosterols requires perchloric acid in acetonitrile. When this acid is used, a dehydration reaction occurs. Calibration dependences were measured here for all phytosterols in an environment with a water content of 0.43%. The stability of the signal with increasing distilled water content was further investigated. Then the calibration dependences in the increased water content were measured again. If we want to use HPLC-type separation techniques, we must first find out how the phytosterols will behave in this environment, and therefore the signal stability on the buffer content was investigated. The buffers used were phosphate and acetate buffer. Subsequently, the concentration dependence was measured in an environment with a higher content of phosphate buffer. Furthermore, the possibility of detecting two phytosterols at once was investigated. Key words: dehydration, glassy carbon electrode, boron doped diamond electrode, oxidation, phytosterols, voltammetry