Chow Ka-man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-55). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Chemical sensors --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Quartz crystal microbalance --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Concept of affinity mass sensor --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Film immobilization technologies --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- Research outlines --- p.13 / Chapter 2 --- Experimental / Chapter 2.1 --- Sensor fabrication --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Flow-through cell --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Analysis procedures --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Response curve --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5 --- Experimental setup --- p.21 / Chapter 3 --- Detection of ascorbic acid by affinity mass sensor based on 3-aminophenylboronic acid / Chapter 3.1 --- Conventional analytical methods --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research method - affinity mass sensor based on APBA --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3 --- To locate the binding site in ascorbic acid --- p.25 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Steric energy calculated by molecular modeling --- p.26 / Chapter 3.4 --- Optimization of experimental variables --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Effect of pH --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect of sample volume --- p.30 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effect of flow velocity --- p.30 / Chapter 3.5 --- Calibration and Reproducibility --- p.32 / Chapter 3.6 --- Kinetic analysis --- p.33 / Chapter 3.7 --- Stability of sensor --- p.37 / Chapter 3.8 --- Interference studies --- p.37 / Chapter 3.9 --- Determination of ascorbic acid in real samples --- p.39 / Chapter 3.9.1 --- Results and Discussion --- p.39 / Chapter 3.10 --- Comparison with conventional ascorbic acid sensors --- p.42 / Chapter 3.11 --- Summary --- p.42 / Chapter 4 --- Boronic acid derivatives for the detection of sugars / Chapter 4.1 --- Scope of this work --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results and Discussion --- p.44 / Chapter 4.3 --- Summary --- p.49 / Conclusion --- p.50 / References --- p.52 / List for tables --- p.56 / List for figures --- p.57 / Appendix I --- p.59 / Appendix II --- p.61

The reaction of base-free Chan-Lam coupling was successfully used for functionalization of surface of mesoporous silica gel. Various aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic compounds were immobilized by a copper-catalyzed reaction of corresponding boronic acids with surface amino groups at mild conditions. Obtained functionalized materials were mesoporous although their surface area decreased after immobilization. The reactivity of some surface functional groups was tested in their characteristic reactions.

It is well known boronic acids have its unique chemistry and related applications in organic synthesis. The boronic acid functionally group also plays very important roles in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. For example, boronic acids have been developed as potential therapeutic agents, chemical biology tools. All these applications are directly related to the unique electronic and chemical properties of the boronic acid group. Herein, several application of boronic acids have been studied: 1) several groups of compounds were found as bacterial quorum sensing inhibitors; 2) a boronate compound was developed as a probe for detecting reactive oxygen species (ROS); and 3) boronic acid-modified aptamers can be used for glycoprotein recognition.

Boronic acids play an important role in the design and synthesis of chemosensors for carbohydrates due to their ability to reversibly bind with diol-containing compounds. Along this line, the availability of boronic acids that change fluorescence upon sugar binding is critical to a successful sensor design effort. Here, two boronic acids that show strong fluorescent intensity changes upon sugar binding are reported: isoquinoline-7-boronic acid (7-IQBA) and phenoxathiin-4-boronic acid (4-POBA).

Phosphorous containing small cycles are very important building blocks in organic and medicinal chemistry. Many of their derivatives, especially cyclopropyl- and 1,2- epoxypropylphosphonates, have attracted great attention due to the broad spectrum of their biological properties including antiviral, anticancer, antibiotic, antibacterial, pesticidal, insecticidal and enzyme inhibitory activities. The Darzens condensation is one of the most potential methodologies for the preperation of &amp / #945 / ,&amp / #946 / -epoxy carbonyl compounds with complete control of two stereogenic centers. The Darzens condensation reaction represents one of the classical C-C and C-O bond-forming processes. In the first part of the thesis, reactions of a broad range of acyl phosphonates with substituted &amp / #945 / -bromo acetophenones at room temperature in the presence of different bases were examined in order to illustrate the reaction and the substituent effect on the reaction. The reaction affords two diastereomeric epoxy phosphonates in good yields and high diastereoselectivities. In the second part of the thesis, it is shown that a variety of radicals can be generated from the substituted aryl boronic acids with Mn(OAc)3. In the presence of acetonitrile, these radicals were added to carbon of acetonitrile to afford the corresponding ketones after hydrolysis of the formed imine with moderate to good yields.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la synthèse et l'étude physico-chimique de polymères associatifs hydrosolubles à associations complémentaires. Utilisant la chimie covalente réversible, ce système met en jeu l'association d'un poly(diol) et d'un poly(acrylamide) partiellement hydrolysé portant des fonctions d'acide boronique. Ces dernières sont introduites par une technique de greffage qui a été optimisée et finement caractérisée. Le mélange des deux polymères permet d'obtenir des solutions visqueuses et des gels dynamiques et ceci pour de faibles concentrations. La possibilité de viscosifier des formulations en-dessous de la concentration de gélification constitue un résultat marquant qui distingue ce système de nombreux polymères à association hydrophobe. Dans le régime de gel, les propriétés rhéologiques linéaires sont analysées en relation avec l'étude de la force des interactions moléculaires qui ont été mesurées par la RMN du bore et une technique de fluorescence. La rhéologie non-linéaire apporte des informations essentielles sur la relation entre le cisaillement et la structure du réseau réversible formé. L'utilisation d'un système de visualisation de l'échantillon sous écoulement permet l'observation d'effets locaux fortement non-linéaires. L'influence des différents paramètres, comme le pH et la température, sur les propriétés dynamiques des solutions peut être rationalisée et modélisée en termes de lois d'échelles. L'originalité de ce concept de système associatif par associations complémentaires est mise en perspective au travers d'une revue de la littérature rationalisant le lien entre architecture et rhéologie des polymères associatifs hydrosolubles. / This thesis deals with the synthesis and the physical chemistry study of water-soluble complementary associative polymers. Based on reversible covalent chemistry, this system brings into play the association of a poly(diol) and of a partially hydrolyzed poly(acrylamide) bearing boronic acid moieties. The latter are introduced by a grafting technique which has been optimized and finely characterized. The mixing of these two polymers allows obtaining viscous solutions and visco-elastic gels at relatively low polymer concentrations. The possibility to make formulations viscous below the gel point represents a remarkable result, which differentiates this system to numerous associative polymers based on hydrophobic interactions. In the gel regime, the linear rheological properties are analyzed with regard to the strength of molecular interactions which have been measured by boron NMR and a fluorescence technique. Non-linear rheology brings essential information about the relationship between shearing and the structure of the formed reversible network. The use of a visualization setup of samples under flow enables the observation of very non-linear local effects such as wall slip and shear-banding. The influence of various parameters, as pH and temperature, on the dynamical properties of solutions and gels can be rationalized and modeled in terms of scaling laws. The originality of this concept of associative system with complementary associations is put into perspective through a literature review on the relationship between architecture and molecular interactions on one hand, and rheological properties of associative polymers on the other hand.

In recent years, photoredox catalysis emerged as a privileged tool for small molecules activation via single-electron transfer mechanisms. Despite their ubiquity as reagents in organic synthesis, the use of boronic acid derivatives to generate carbon-centred radicals remains elusive. This dissertation explores the utilisation of photoredox catalysis to generate carbon radicals from boronic acid derivatives and subsequently engage them in C–C cross-coupling reactions. In the first chapter, an introduction to photoredox catalysis and organoboron reagents is provided, as well as a discussion on the key mechanistic aspects of photoredox catalysed C–C cross-coupling reactions. The second chapter presents our initial coupling strategy and how it evolved in understanding that pinacol boronic ester species can be used as a source of carbon radicals via single-electron oxidation from a photoredox catalyst. Coordination of the boronic esters with Lewis basic species was identified as a fundamental activating interaction. The synthetic utility of this discovery was highlighted by performing a wide range of photoredox catalysed arylations of pinacol boronic esters. The third chapter builds on our mechanistic understanding to identify a set of Lewis base catalysts that conveniently activates boronic esters and acids towards single-electron oxidation. The usefulness of this improved set of conditions was demonstrated by alkylating a wide range of boronic acid derivatives. The fourth chapter describes the application of this methodology in synthesising four active pharmaceutical ingredients from the GABA family. An emphasis was made on developing an efficient flow process and “transition metal free” conditions to survey the attractiveness of the method for the pharmaceutical industry. Finally, the fifth chapter describes the experimental procedures relevant to the results described in chapters 2 to 4.

No description available.

<p>This thesis summarizes three novel and general reaction protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts. All protocols utilize mCPBA as oxidant and the acids used are either TfOH, to obtain triflate salts, or BF3•Et2O that gives the corresponding tetrafluoroborate salts in situ.</p><p>Chapter two describes the reaction of various arenes and aryl iodides, delivering electron-rich and electron-deficient triflates in moderate to excellent yields.</p><p>In chapter three, it is shown that the need of aryl iodides can be circumvented, as molecular iodine can be used together with arenes in a direct one-pot, three-step synthesis of symmetric diaryliodonium triflates.</p><p>The final and fourth chapter describes the development of a sequential one-pot reaction from aryl iodides and boronic acids, delivering symmetric and unsymmetric, electron-rich and electron-deficient iodonium tetrafluoroborates in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol was developed to overcome mechanistic limitations existing in the protocols described in chapter two and three.</p><p>The methodology described in this thesis is the most general, efficient and high-yielding existing up to date, making diaryliodonium salts easily available for various applications in synthesis.</p>

This thesis summarizes three novel and general reaction protocols for the synthesis of diaryliodonium salts. All protocols utilize mCPBA as oxidant and the acids used are either TfOH, to obtain triflate salts, or BF3•Et2O that gives the corresponding tetrafluoroborate salts in situ. Chapter two describes the reaction of various arenes and aryl iodides, delivering electron-rich and electron-deficient triflates in moderate to excellent yields. In chapter three, it is shown that the need of aryl iodides can be circumvented, as molecular iodine can be used together with arenes in a direct one-pot, three-step synthesis of symmetric diaryliodonium triflates. The final and fourth chapter describes the development of a sequential one-pot reaction from aryl iodides and boronic acids, delivering symmetric and unsymmetric, electron-rich and electron-deficient iodonium tetrafluoroborates in moderate to excellent yields. This protocol was developed to overcome mechanistic limitations existing in the protocols described in chapter two and three. The methodology described in this thesis is the most general, efficient and high-yielding existing up to date, making diaryliodonium salts easily available for various applications in synthesis.