Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-04-03T22:03:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NaraPavanLopes_DISSERT.pdf: 2015624 bytes, checksum: 9ac3b49a4f40ab0de0f64f29ad33cc79 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-04-10T20:05:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 NaraPavanLopes_DISSERT.pdf: 2015624 bytes, checksum: 9ac3b49a4f40ab0de0f64f29ad33cc79 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-10T20:05:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NaraPavanLopes_DISSERT.pdf: 2015624 bytes, checksum: 9ac3b49a4f40ab0de0f64f29ad33cc79 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-08 / Na comunica??o o sinal ? transmitido por um emissor e pode carregar informa??es a respeito de sua identidade, seu tamanho, seu status sexual, suas habilidades para luta e sobreviv?ncia. M?ltiplos fatores podem interferir nessa comunica??o, alterando o sinal emitido em consequ?ncia de varia??o no ambiente, na morfologia corporal, na aprendizagem social e na transmiss?o cultural. Sinais ac?sticos podem variar entre popula??es. O dialeto ? a varia??o nos sinais de duas popula??es que trocam genes e varia??o micro ou macrogeogr?fica, dependendo da dist?ncia, existe entre popula??es onde n?o h? interc?mbio de indiv?duos. Estes termos n?o est?o bem estabelecidos na comunidade cient?fica e muitas vezes s?o considerados sin?nimos ou s?o usados incorretamente, por isso foi feita uma revis?o para explicar os termos envolvidos na varia??o ac?stica. Uma padroniza??o dos termos foi proposta esclarecendo os processos que podem ou n?o estarem relacionados com a evolu??o desta tipo de varia??o. A varia??o ac?stica est? presente em sinais de odontocetos (golfinhos e outros cet?ceos com dentes, Ordem Cetartiodactyla), que usam esta modalidade de comunica??o na media??o de intera??es sociais, para obten??o de alimento e para orienta??o espacial. Um dos principais sons emitidos pelos golfinhos em suas intera??es ? o assobio (som tonal de frequ?ncia modulada). O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar os assobios dos botos-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) coletados em Ba?a Formosa, RN (6o 22' S; 35o 00' W) com dados publicados das demais localizades na Am?rica Latina. Os resultados mostram correla??es significativas entre frequ?ncia m?xima e final e entre inicial e m?nima, tanto em Ba?a Formosa, quanto nos outros locais, indicando uma preponder?ncia de assobios com modula??o de frequ?ncia ascendente para a esp?cie em toda sua distribui??o. A dura??o teve uma correla??o negativa significativa com a frequ?ncia inicial em todos os locais comparados (p < 0,00001 e r2 = 0,71) e pode indicar que existe um limiar fisiol?gico para produ??o de assobios muito agudos. A an?lise de componentes principais dividiu os locais em dois grupos maiores, por?m n?o foi devido a uma varia??o latitudinal. Provavelmente diferen?as no m?todo de amostragem (equipamentos com taxas de frequ?ncia limite distintas e par?metros de an?lise espectral distintos), varia??es no ambiente, diferen?as nas frequ?ncias de filhotes (produz sons mais agudos) ou animais de maior porte (emite frequ?ncias menores) e aprendizagem vocal social podem estar mascarando efeitos geogr?ficos nos padr?es vocais. / In communication a signal is transmitted by a sender and can carry information about its identity, size, sexual status, ability to fight and to survive. Multiple factors can interfere with this communication, varying the output signal as a result of variation in the environment, body size, social learning and cultural transmission. Acoustic signals may vary within species between populations. Dialects are signal variations of two populations that can exchange genes and geographic variation micro- or macro-geographic, depending on the distance, occurs when individuals from different populations don?t mix. These terms are not well established in the literature and are often considered the same or used errouneously, thus a revision was made to clarify the terms involved in acoustic variation. A standardization of terms is proposed and clear deffinitions presented based on the processes that may or may not be related to the evolution of variability. Odontocetes (toothed whales, Order Cetartiodactyla) use acoustic communication in the mediation of social interactions, to obtain food and to navigate. One of the main sounds produced by dolphins in their interactions is the whistle (frequency modulated tonal sound). This study aimed to compare whistles of estuarine dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) collected in Ba?a Formosa, RN (6o 22' S; 35? 00' W) with published data from other sites in Latin America. The results show significant correlations between maximum and end frequencies as well as between initial and minimum frequencies in Ba?a Formosa as well as in all other places, indicating a preponderance of frequency ascending whistles used by the species along its distribution. The duration had a significant negative correlation with the initial frequency at all locations tested (p <0.00001 and r = 0.71) and suggests a physiological threshold for high frequency whistles. The principal component analysis divided sites into two major groups, but the discrimination was not related to latitudinal variation. Sampling differences (equipment with distinct sample rates) and analyses with different parameter values likely resulted in different results. Other likely explanations are: variations due to the environment, presence and percentage of calves in the data samples (producing higher frequency sounds) or larger animals (emit lower frequencies) and social vocal learning.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, economic growth causes rapid increases in marine transports. The impact of this increase on marine mammals, combined with the lack of legal enforcement, is potentially dangerous. Knowledge of vessel-dolphin interaction is essential to Brazilian marine ecology. The study of dolphin behavior can identify problems and support actions for conservation. Our principle aim was to study vessel-dolphin interactions and determine whether group and infant behaviors were being affected. Observations (600hs) were conducted in Pontal do Paraná and Guaraqueçaba (Southern Brazil), in 2010. We used a mixed method of \"focal-group sampling\" and \"sequential sampling\" for behavior records. Boats were classified according to engine type: central (diesel) and outboard (petrol). Interactions were classified into positive, neutral and negative based on observed behaviors before, during and after vessel passage (947 events were recorded). The dolphins behavioral responses varied according to the engine type, speed and distance. Results showed increased frequency of neutral interactions when the observed distance between boats and dolphins was greater than 100m with vessel at low speed (0.1 to 2.0 km/h). The neutral and positive interactions were more frequent with center engine boats, probably because these vessels do not reach high speed (faster than 5km/h). All vessel types changed the dolphin s behaviors in some way. The distance between boats and dolphins influences the animal s surface behavior when interaction occurred with central motor vessels in Guaraqueçaba (z =- 5105, p= 0.000) and with outboard boats in Pontal (z = -3682, p =0.000) and Guaraqueçaba (z =- 3931, p = 0.000). The variable speed influenced surface behavior when interaction occurred with outboard boats in Guaraqueçaba (z = 2,107, p = 0.035). Changes in group structure, after vessel passage, such as mother and calve separation were observed, especially when the boat split the group. These data will contribute to human activities management in the region. / No Brasil, o crescimento econômico provocou um rápido aumento no tráfego de embarcações. O crescimento desse impacto sobre os mamíferos marinhos somado a falta de legislação específica é potencialmente perigoso. Conhecer as interações entre embarcações e golfinhos é essencial para ecologia marinha brasileira. O estudo do comportamento deste grupo pode identificar problemas e subsidiar ações para a conservação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar interações entre o botos e embarcações e se estas alteram os comportamentos dos grupos e infantes. As observações (600hrs) foram realizadas em Pontal do Paraná e Guaraqueçaba (Sul do Brasil), em 2010. Para registro dos comportamentos foi utilizado um método misto de \"grupo focal\" e \"amostragem sequencial\". As embarcações foram separadas de acordo com o tipo do motor: centro (diesel) e popa (gasolina). As interações foram divididas em: positiva, neutra e negativa, baseadas nos comportamentos observados antes, durante e depois da passagem das embarcações (947 interações observadas). A resposta comportamental dos golfinhos observados variaram em relação ao tipo de motor, velocidade e distância entre os indivíduos e embarcações. Os resultados mostraram um aumento na frequência de interações neutras quando a distância observada entre os barcos e golfinhos foi maior que 100m com embarcações em velocidade baixa (0,1-2,0 km/h). As interações positivas e neutras foram mais frequentes com embarcações de motor de centro, provavelmente porque estas embarcações não atingem velocidade alta (maior que 5km/h). Todos os tipos de embarcações alteraram de alguma forma as atividades que vinham sendo desenvolvidas pelos botos. A distância entre barcos e golfinhos influenciou o comportamento de superfície do boto-cinza quando a interação ocorreu com embarcações de motor de centro em Guaraqueçaba (z = - 5,105, p = 0,000) e com os barcos de motor de popa em Pontal (z = -3.682, p = 0,000) e Guaraqueçaba (z = - 3,931, p = 0,000). A variável velocidade influenciou o comportamento de superfície quando a interação ocorreu com barcos de popa em Guaraqueçaba (z = 2.107, p = 0,035). Mudanças na estrutura, após a passagem da embarcação, tais como separação de mãe e filhote, também foram observadas, principalmente quando a embarcação passava sobre o grupo. Estes dados irão contribuir para a gestão de atividades humanas na região. / Mestre em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 KellyCAP.pdf: 2804234 bytes, checksum: e14a879efe151d80522174c9403f357e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-13 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This study investigated factors that influence the group size during the behavior foraging of estuarine dolphin Sotalia guianensis in the coast south of the state Rio Grande do Norte (RN), it also characterized the diet of estuarine dolphins and elaborated an otoliths catalog for aid in the identification of the preys found in the stomach contents. In relation to the group size during behaviour foraging, inside of the Curral Bay, larger frequency of solitary hunt was observed. Factors as tide variation, group composition and seasons didn't present correlation with the number of animals observed during a feeding episode. Capture success for participant was shown significantly larger when the animals hunted alone, what possibly explains the largest frequency of solitary hunt inside of the Curral Bay. About diet, were identified 18 bone fishes species, with predominance of species the families Haemulidae and Sciaenidae and five cephalopods species, including two new species in the diet of Sotalia guianensis in Brazil. Our results indicated that estuarine dolphin in the coast oriental from Rio Grande do Norte (RN) feeds predominantly of fish that form shoal, of habitat estuarino and producing of sounds. The analysis of the images, otoliths of 43 species of coastal fish of the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), aided by the offered descriptions, demonstrated to be an effective methodology for the knowledge of those structures, as well as it represented a form of reducing the subjectivity in the identification of the bone fishes found in stomach content / Esse trabalho investigou os fatores que influenciam o tamanho de grupo durante o comportamento alimentar do boto cinza Sotalia guianensis no litoral sul do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), tamb?m caracterizou a dieta dessa esp?cie na regi?o e elaborou um cat?logo de ot?litos para auxiliar ? identifica??o das presas encontradas nos conte?dos estomacais dos animais analisados. Em rela??o ao tamanho de grupo durante o forrageio, dentro da enseada do curral, foi observado maior freq??ncia de ca?a solit?ria. Fatores como varia??o de mar?, composi??o de grupo e esta??es do ano n?o apresentaram correla??o com o n?mero de animais observados durante um epis?dio de alimenta??o. Contudo, o sucesso de captura por participante mostrou-se significativamente maior quando os animais ca?avam sozinhos, o que possivelmente explica a maior freq??ncia de ca?a solit?ria dentro dessa enseada. Sobre a caracteriza??o da dieta, foram identificadas 18 esp?cies de tele?steos, com predomin?ncia de esp?cies pertencentes ?s fam?lias Haemulidae e Sciaenidae e cinco esp?cies de cefal?podes, incluindo duas esp?cies ainda n?o registradas na dieta de Sotalia guianensis no Brasil. De acordo com as informa??es sobre a dieta, o boto cinza no litoral oriental do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) alimenta-se predominantemente de peixes que formam cardume, de habitat estuarino e produtores de sons. A an?lise das imagens dos ot?litos de 43 esp?cies de peixes costeiros do litoral do estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN) demonstrou ser uma metodologia eficaz, bem como representou uma forma de diminuir a subjetividade na identifica??o dos tele?steos encontrado em conte?do estomacal

Recently, corporate scandals rocked the South African financial landscape, prompting the re-examination of existing corporate governance practices and renewed scrutiny of corporate governance institutions and mechanisms. One of these practices, a phenomenon called “director interlock”, was scrutinised in this study. A quantitative and inductive approach was used in this research to scrutinise companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange, as well as the directors who served on their boards during the periods researched, namely, 2010 and 2016, with the purpose of considering the consequences of director interlock in a South African context. Appropriate sources on corporate governance, director interlock and network analysis were accessed. Social network analysis was applied to analyse and map the extent, nature and structural dynamics of director interlock statistically in all South African listed companies in respect of 2010 and 2016 with a view to considering the causes and consequences of identified changes between 2010 and 2016, and possible implications of those changes for corporate governance in South Africa. Both periods occurred shortly after times of financial turmoil or contracting economic growth, where, in line with global trends, financial consolidation and a possible decline in economic activity and board sizes of companies would be expected. The concept of centrality, comprising three components, was used in the statistical social network analysis. These components were degree centrality, which is an indicator of the number of connections and the degree of activity of a company or a director, closeness centrality, which is an indicator of the closeness of a company or a director to other companies or directors within a network and the number of steps from that company or director to other companies and directors in the network, and betweenness centrality, which is a measure of the centrality of a company or a director and the extent to which the company or the director acts as a bridge between and connects with other well-connected companies and directors in the network. The following striking findings emerged from this research: a massive increase in the average board size between 2010 and 2016, a resultant increase in the density of networks between 2010 and 2016, and an apparent shift away from the dominance of mining houses described in earlier studies to financial services companies in 2010 and retail companies in 2016. In the literature review the existence of a global elite in the structure of company boards was pointed out, and the question was asked whether there is any evidence of the existence of a similar elite in South Africa and, if so, whether there have been any changes in the makeup, characteristics or nature of such an elite from 2010 to 2016. Further, the question was asked whether any changes can be observed regarding the central actors of company boards in the local economic power network. The research results indicate that iii there was an apparent reversal of transformational gains towards the re-establishment of white male dominance in the ultra-elite echelons of directors in the South African network by 2016. In the absence of conclusive evidence emanating from this research, the value of director interlock is still hotly debated. Is the practice of director interlock beneficial or damaging to corporations and the wider economic landscape, or could it be both beneficial and damaging? This study provides conclusive evidence that the value of interlock depends on the way in which it is applied, taking into account how the causes, consequences and dynamics of director interlock are manifested in individual companies. While evidence suggests that director interlock, if applied correctly, can be beneficial, the recent Steinhoff debacle was used to illustrate that it can also be detrimental, depending on how it is applied. This study emphasised the value of social network theory, resource-dependence theory, agency theory, small-world theory and power dynamics, specifically in research into corporate governance and related fields of study. This research undoubtedly contributes to the body of knowledge on corporate governance in general and the structure and functioning of company boards, inclusive of director interlock, in particular. The guidelines that emerged from this study could be used to identify board structures and strategically positioned directorship candidates for board appointments and to avoid potentially destructive patterns that may even lead to corporate failure. / Maduzane nje, kuvele amahlazo ezinkampani ezinkulu zezezimali eNingizimu Afrika, lokhu okwenze ukuthi kuhlolwe kabusha inqubo nenkambiso yamanje yolawulo lwezinkanpani ezinkulu, kanti futhi lokhu kwavuselela ukuhlaziywa kwezikhungo zezolawulo lwezinkampani ezinkulu kanye nezindlela zokwenza lokhu. Enye yalezi zinkambiso, ukuhlala nokungenelelana kwabantu kumabhodi ezinkampani ezehlukene okuyinto ebizwa ngokuthi yi-"director interlock" iye yahlolisiswa kulolu cwaningo. Kusetshenziswe inqubo ye-quantitative ne-inductive kulolu cwaningo ukuhlolisisa izinkampani ezifakelwe kuhla lwe-Johannesburg Stock Exchange, kanye nodayirektha abakumabhodi azo ngesikhathi sokwenziwa kocwaningo, okusho ukusukela ngo 2010 ukuya kua 2016, ngenhloso yokubhekisisa imiphumela yenqubo yodayirektha abahlala kumabhodi amaningi ehlukene i-director interlock kwisimo seNingizimu Afrika. Kuye kwatholwa imithombo yolawulo iv lwezinkampani, inqubo ye-director interlock kanye nokuhlaziya ukuxhumana okwaziwa njenge-network analysis. Uhlaziyo lwama-network okuxhumana kwabantu kwe-social network analysis kwasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya kanye nokubheka ukujula nokwenza imephu yenhlobo kanye nobudlelwane bezakhiwo kunqubo ye-director interlock, namastatistiki kuzo zonke izinkampani ezifakelwe kuhla zaseNingizimu Afrika ngesikhathi esiphakathi kuka 2010 no 2016 ngenhloso yokubheka izimbangela kanye nemiphumela yezinguquko ezibhekiwe phakathi kuka 2010 no 2016, kanye nemphumela yalezi zinguquko kwinqubo yolawula lwezinkampani eNingizimu Afrika. Zombili izinkathi zenzeke maduzane ngemuva kweziyaluyalu zezezimali nokuncipha kwesimo somnotho, laphokhona, ngokuhambisana nobekwenzeka kuwo wonke umhlaba, kuye kwaba nokuqoqana kwesimo sezezimali kanye nokwehla kwezimo zomnotho kanye nosayizi bamabhodi ezinkampani okwakulindelwe. Umqondo wokuqoqela ndawonye, onemikhakha emithathu, wasetshenziswa ekuhlaziyweni kwamastatistiki okuxhumana kwabantu okwaziwa nge-statistical social network analysis. Le mikhakha kwakuyizinga lokuqoqana ndawonye okwaziwa nge-degree of centrality, okuyinkomba yamanani okuxhumana kwezinto kanye namazinga emisebenzi yenkanpani noma udayirektha, ukusondelana qokuqoqana ndawonye okwaziwa ngokuthi yi-closeness centrality, okuyinkamba yokusondelana kwenkampani noma udayirektha nezinye izinkampani noma abanye odayirektha kwi-network, kanye nenani lezinyathelo kuleyo nkampani noma udayirekha kwezinye izinkampani kanye nabanye odayirektha kwi-network, kanye nanokuxhumana phakathi kwabo, okuyisikali sokuxhumana kwenkampani noma udayirektha, nezinga lendlela inkampani noma udayirekha athatha ngalo izinyathelo njengomxhumanisi phakathi kokuxhumana nezinye izinkampani kanye nabanye odayirektha kwi-network. Imiphumela eyisimanga etholakele ngalolu cwaningo: kuye kwaba nokwenyuka kakhulu kosayizi bamabhodi esikhathini esiphakathi kuka 2010 no 2016, lokhu okubangele ukwenyuka kokujula kwama-network phakathi kuka 2010 no 2016, kanye nokugudluka ukusukela kubukhulu bezimayini ukuya kwizinkampani zezezimali ngo 2010 kanye nezinkampani zama-retail ngonyaka ka 2016. Ekubuyekezweni kwemibhalo ubukhona bama-elite kumhlaba wonkana kwizakhiwo zamabhodi kuye kwabona, kanti umbuzo owabuzwa ukuthi ngabe bukhona ubufakazi bobukhona bama-elite efanayo eNingizimu Afrika, uma kunjalo, ngabe kube khona ushintsho ngendlela ahleleke ngayo, ubunjalo noma inhlobo yalawo ma-elite ukusukela ngo 2010 ukuya ku 2016. Omunye umbuzo, owabuzwa, wukuthi ngabe noma yiziphi izinguquko ziyabonakala yini mayelana nababambiqhaza ababalulekile kumabhodi ezinkampani kuma-network anamandla kwezomnotho. Imiphumela yocwaningo ikhombisa ukuthi kwabanokuhlehla ngokuzuziwe kwezezinguquko, kwabuyelwa emuva ekubuseni kakhulu kwabesilisa abamhlophe v kwimikhakha ephezulu yama-elite odayirektha kuma-network aseNingizimu Afrika ngo 2016. Ngokusweleka kobufakazi obuphethakele obuvela kulolu cwaningo, ukubaluleka kwe-director interlock kusaxoxwa ngakho kakhulu. Ngabe i-director intelock inenzuzo noma ilimaza izinkampani kanye nesimo somnotho ngokunabile, noma kungenzeka ukuthi kwenzeka kokubili, ukubanenzuzo kanye nokulimaza? Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngobufakazi obuphelele bokuthi ukubaluleka kwe-director interlock kuncike kwindlela okusetshenziswa ngayo, ngokubonelela izimbangela, imiphumela emibi kanye nama-dynamic endlela i-directoer interlock ebonakala nokuvela ngayo ezinkampanini ezehlukene. Ngisho noma ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi i-director intelock, uma isetshenziswa kahle, ingaba yinzuzo, kodwa ihlazo lamaduzane le-Steinhoff lisetshenziswe ukukhombisa ukuthi, lokhu kungaba ngokulimazayo, kuncike ngokuthi kusetshenziswa kanjani. Lolu cwaningo lukhombise ukubaluleka kwe-social network theory (ithiyori yobudlelwane bokuxhumana kanye nokwabelana ngolwazi), i-resource-dependence theory (ithiyori yokuthi ngabe imithombo yosizo yangaphandle ichapha0zela kanjani ukuziphatha kwenhlangano), i-agency theory (ithiyori yobudlelwane phakathi kwama-ejenti kanye nabaphathi), small-world theory (ithiyori yokuxhumana kwabantu bexhunyaniswa ngabanye noma eminye imikhakha yabaxhumanisi) kanye nama-power dynamic (ndlela amandla umuntu anawo nokuba nomthelela kwabanye abantu nokuchaphazela ubudlelwane babo), ikakhulukazi kucwaningo ngokulawulwa kwezinkampani ezinkulu kanye nemikhakha ehambelanayo yocwaningo. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lolu cwaningo lunomthelela kwingqikthi yolwazi ngezolawulo lwezinkampani ezinkulu ngokunabile kanye nezakhiwo nokusebenza kwamabhodi ezinkampani, okubandakanya ukukungenelelana kodayirektha kwamanye amabhodi ezinye izinkampani, ikakhulukazi. Imikhombandlela evelile kulolu cwaningo ingasetshenziswa ukuphawula izakhiwo zamabhodi, kanye nobudayirektha obusemkhakheni ethize, ngokuqokwa kwamabhodi ukugwema ukuba namaphatheni anemiphumela emibi, engaholela nasekwehlulekeni kwezinkampani ezinkulu. Amagama abalulekile: Inqubo yebhodi, ukuchaphazelana kobudlelwane nemithelela kumabhodi, ukuhleleka ngezinhlobo kwamabhodi, ukungenelelana kwabantu kumabhodi ezinkampani ezehlukene, ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu abakumabhodi ehlukene, i-isomorphism, i-social network analysis (SNA), ama-network obudlelwane babantu, ubudlelwane babantu, i-social network analysis software, i-statistical analysis system (SAS / Malobanyana, mahlabišadihlong a koporase a wetše tikologo ya ditšhelete ya Afrika Borwa, yeo e hlohleletšago go sekwasekwa leboelela ga ditlwaedi tša pušo ya dikgwebo le nyakišišo ye e mpshafaditšweng ya mekgwa ya diinstitšhušene tša pušo ya koporase. Se sengwe sa ditlwaedi tše, ke ponagalo ya go bitšwa “tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi”, mahlabišadihlong a nyakišišitšwe ka nyakišišong ye. Mokgwa wa khwalithethifi le taelo o šomišitšwe ka gare ga nyakišišo ye go nyakišiša dikhamphani tše di ngwadilwego lenaneong la Johannesburg Stock Exchange, le balaodi bao ba šomilego dibotong tša yona dinakong tše di nyakišišitšwego, e lego 2010 le 2016, ka morero wa go šetša ditlamorago tša tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi mo maemong a Afrika Borwa. Methopo ya maleba mabapi le pušo ya koporase, tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi le tshekatsheko di fihleletšwe. Tshekatsheko ya neteweke ya leago e dirišitšwe go sekaseka le go beakanya bogomo, tlhago le diphetogo tša sebopego tša tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi ka dipalopalo ka gare ga dikhamphani tša Afrika Borwa ka moka tše di ngwadilwego lenaneong mabapi le 2010 le 2016 ka kgopolo ya go ela hloko ditlholo le ditlamorago tša diphetogo tše di hlaotšwego gare ga 2010 le 2016, le dikhuetšo tše di kgonegang tša diphetogo tšeo tša pušo ya koporase ka Afrika Borwa. Dinako ka bobedi di diragetše kgauswinyana morago ga dinako tša mathata a ditšhelete goba kgolo ya ikonomi ye e phuhlamago, fao, ka go sepetšana le mekgwa ya lefase ka bophara, kopantšho ya ditšhelete le kgonagalo ya phokotšego ya ditiro tša ikonomi le bogolo bja diboto tša dikhamphani di tla letelwa. Kgopolo ya bogare, ya go bopša ka dikarolo tše tharo, e šomišitšwe ka tshekatshekong ya neteweke ya leago ya dipalopalo. Dikarolo tše e be e le bogare bja bogolo, tšeo e lego taetšo ya palo ya dikgokagano le bogolo bja tiro ya khamphani goba molaodi go dikhamphani tše dingwe ka gare ga neteweke, le bogare bja kelo, tšeo e lego kelo ya bogare bja khamphani goba molaodi le bokgole bjoo khamphani goba molaodi a šoma bjalo ka leporogo mo gare le go kgokagana le dikhamphani tše dingwe tše di nago le kgokagano ye botse le balaodi ka gare ga neteweke. Dikutullo tše di latelago tša go goga šedi di tšweletše go tšwa nyakišišong ye: koketšego ye kgolokgolo ya bogolo bja boto bja palo gare ga 2010 le 2016, koketšego ye e hlotšwego ka pitlaganong ya dineteweke gare ga 2010 le 2016, le tšhutišo ya go hlaka go tšwa go taolo ya dintlo tša moepo tše di hlalositšwego ka dinyakišišong tša pele go dikhamphani tša ditirelo tša ditšhelete ka 2010 le dikhamphani tša retheile ka 2016. Ka tshekatshekong ya dingwalo go ba gona ga bahuetši ba lefase ka sebopegong sa diboto tša khamphani di laeditšwe, gomme potšišo e botšišitšwe ge eba go na le bohlatse bofe goba bofe bja bahuetši ba go swana ka Afrika Borwa gomme, ge go le bjalo, ge eba go bile le diphetogo dife goba dife ka gare ga popego, dipharologantšho goba tlhago ya bahuetši ye vii bjalo go tloga ka 2010 go fihla ka 2016. Gape, potšišo e botšišitšwe ge eba diphetogo dife goba dife di ka bonwa mabapi le diketapele tša diboto tša khamphani ka netewekeng ya maatla a ikonomi ya tikologo. Dipoelo tša dinyakišišo di laetša gore go be go na le poelomorago ye e hlakileng ya dipoelo tša phetošo go ya go tlhomo leswa ya taolo ya banna ba bathobašweu ka gare ga maemo a go feta tekanyo a bahuetši a balaodi ka netewekeng ya Afrika Borwa 2016. Ka go hlokega ga bohlatse bja mafelelo bja go tšwa nyakišišong ye, boleng bja tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi bo sa ntše bo ngangišanwa kudu. Setlwaedi sa tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi se na le mohola goba se senya dikoporase le ponagalo ya ikonomi ye e nabilego, goba se ka ba bobedi sa mohola le go senya? Nyakišišo ye e fa bohlatse bja mafelelo bja gore boleng bja tlhatlaganyo bo laolwa ke tsela yeo bo šomišwago ka yona, go akaretšwa ka fao ditlholo, ditlamorago le diphetogo tša tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi di bago gona khamphaning e tee ka e tee. Mola bohlatse bo šišinya gore tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi, ge e šomišitšwe ka nepagalo, e ka ba le mohola, bothata bja malobanyana bja Steinhoff bo šomišetšwe go laetša gore gape bo ka ba kotsi, go ya ka fao bo šomišitšwego. Nyakišišo ye e gatelela boleng bja teori ya neteweke ya leago, teori ya boikanyo bja methopo, teori ya etšentshi, teori ya lefase le lenyane le diphetogo tša maatla, gagolo ka dinyakišišong tša pušo ya koporase le makala ao a amegago a nyakišišo. Nyakišišo ye ntle le pelaelo e kgathatema go tsebo ya mmele go pušo ya koporase ka kakaretšo le sebopego le go šoma ga diboto tša khamphani, go akaretšwa tlhatlaganyo ya molaodi, gagolo. Melawana ya tshepedišo ye e tšweletšeng go tšwa nyakišišong ye a ka no šomišwa go hlaola dibopego tša boto le bonkgetheng ba bolaodi ba go beelwa go thwalwa ga boto ka maikemišetšo le go efoga diphethene tše di nago le kgonagalo ya go senya tšeo gape di kago iša go palelwa go koporase / Business Management / D. B. L.

CAPES; CNPq / O Rio Ribeira de Iguape é o maior responsável pelo aporte de água doce e sedimentos em suspensão ao Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Iguape-Cananéia (CELIC), que abriga uma população de cerca de 200 botos-cinza. A bacia deste rio foi fortemente afetada por atividades mineradoras, que contaminaram os sedimentos ao longo de seu curso e em parte do estuário. Este estudo avaliou a variação espacial e temporal dos parâmetros físicos e químicos do ambiente, a biodisponibilidade do Fe‚ Zn‚ Mn‚ Co‚ Cu‚ Cr‚ Cd, Pb e Ni nos sedimentos e a acumulação destes elementos no fígado de 21 golfinhos da espécie Sotalia guianensis. A água e os sedimentos foram amostrados em 8 pontos ao longo do sistema em três diferentes coletas entre os anos de 2013 e 2014 e as amostras de tecidos foram obtidas através do monitoramento de praias entre 2009 a 2012. Algumas condições abióticas encontradas entre as porções norte e sul do sistema diferiram em grande grau, com maior destaque à salinidade, resistividade, OD, pH e ao aporte de nutrientes e metais. O Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg e Fe apresentaram altos valores nos sedimentos próximos a Iguape, sendo considerados como fortemente biodisponíveis. Ainda, a razão SEM/SVA dos íons metálicos Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu e Zn apontou maior toxicidade dos sedimentos desta região. Houve correlações positivas entre estes elementos indicando que provavelmente tenham as mesmas fontes, sendo provenientes do arraste realizado pelo Rio Ribeira de Iguape. No fígado dos golfinhos, as concentrações deram-se na seguinte ordem de grandeza: Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Co>Cd. O Fe e o Zn apresentaram as maiores variações entre os metais e o Pb teve a maior variação e média descritas para a espécie (1,94 μg g-1). Não foram observadas correlações no acúmulo dos metais entre os sexos e o comprimento corporal dos animais. No entanto, animais infantes apresentaram maiores concentrações de metais essenciais, estando estes valores ligados ao período de rápido crescimento pós-natal. Considerando-se o histórico local e os valores observados para a biodisponibilidade dos metais, o estudo ressalta a utilização do boto-cinza como sentinela sendo esta avaliação uma importante abordagem para o monitoramento ambiental uma vez que permite a medição direta da biodisponibilidade dos poluentes. A alta média observada para o chumbo nos botos pode refletir a contaminação ambiental local causada por atividades mineradoras e indicar uma possível transferência trófica, uma vez que a dieta é uma das principais vias da exposição ao elemento. / The Ribeira de Iguape river is the most responsible for the input of freshwater and sediments in suspension to the Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Iguape-Cananéia (CELIC), which has a population of about 200 Guiana dolphins. The basin of this river was strongly affected by mining activities, which contaminating the sediments along its course and in part of the estuary. This study evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of physical and chemical parameters of the environment, the bioavailability of Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni in the sediments and the accumulation of these elements in the liver of 21 dolphins of the species Sotalia guianensis. The water and sediment were sampled in 8 points throughout the system in three different samples between the years 2013 and 2014 and the tissue samples were obtained by monitoring of the beaches between 2009 and 2012. The trophic conditions found between the portions differ in great degree, most notably salinity, resistivity,DO, pH and the supply of nutrients and metals. The metals Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg and Fe showed high values in sediments near Iguape, being considered as strong bioavailable. The SEM/SVA reason for the metalic ions Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn showed greater toxicity of the sediments in this region. There were positive correlations between these elements indicating that they probably have the same sources, from the drag made by the Ribeira river. In the liver of the dolphins, the concentrations were given in the following order of magnitude: Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Cr> Pb>Ni>Co>Cd. The metals Fe and Zn showed higher values between metals and the Pb had the highest mean and variance ever described for the species (1.94 μg g-1). There were no correlations in the accumulation of metals between the sexes and the body length of the animals. However, infants showed higher concentrations of essential metals, and these values are related to the periode of rapid postnatal growth. Considering the local history and the bioavailability values observed for the metals, this study emphasizes the use of the Guiana dolphin as sentinel, this being an important approach for environmental monitoring once it allows direct measurement of the bioavailability of metals. The high mean of lead observed in the dolphings may reflect the local environmental contamination caused by mining activities and indicate a possible trophic transfer, since the diet is a major route of exposure to the element.

CAPES; CNPq / O Rio Ribeira de Iguape é o maior responsável pelo aporte de água doce e sedimentos em suspensão ao Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Iguape-Cananéia (CELIC), que abriga uma população de cerca de 200 botos-cinza. A bacia deste rio foi fortemente afetada por atividades mineradoras, que contaminaram os sedimentos ao longo de seu curso e em parte do estuário. Este estudo avaliou a variação espacial e temporal dos parâmetros físicos e químicos do ambiente, a biodisponibilidade do Fe‚ Zn‚ Mn‚ Co‚ Cu‚ Cr‚ Cd, Pb e Ni nos sedimentos e a acumulação destes elementos no fígado de 21 golfinhos da espécie Sotalia guianensis. A água e os sedimentos foram amostrados em 8 pontos ao longo do sistema em três diferentes coletas entre os anos de 2013 e 2014 e as amostras de tecidos foram obtidas através do monitoramento de praias entre 2009 a 2012. Algumas condições abióticas encontradas entre as porções norte e sul do sistema diferiram em grande grau, com maior destaque à salinidade, resistividade, OD, pH e ao aporte de nutrientes e metais. O Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg e Fe apresentaram altos valores nos sedimentos próximos a Iguape, sendo considerados como fortemente biodisponíveis. Ainda, a razão SEM/SVA dos íons metálicos Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu e Zn apontou maior toxicidade dos sedimentos desta região. Houve correlações positivas entre estes elementos indicando que provavelmente tenham as mesmas fontes, sendo provenientes do arraste realizado pelo Rio Ribeira de Iguape. No fígado dos golfinhos, as concentrações deram-se na seguinte ordem de grandeza: Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Cr>Pb>Ni>Co>Cd. O Fe e o Zn apresentaram as maiores variações entre os metais e o Pb teve a maior variação e média descritas para a espécie (1,94 μg g-1). Não foram observadas correlações no acúmulo dos metais entre os sexos e o comprimento corporal dos animais. No entanto, animais infantes apresentaram maiores concentrações de metais essenciais, estando estes valores ligados ao período de rápido crescimento pós-natal. Considerando-se o histórico local e os valores observados para a biodisponibilidade dos metais, o estudo ressalta a utilização do boto-cinza como sentinela sendo esta avaliação uma importante abordagem para o monitoramento ambiental uma vez que permite a medição direta da biodisponibilidade dos poluentes. A alta média observada para o chumbo nos botos pode refletir a contaminação ambiental local causada por atividades mineradoras e indicar uma possível transferência trófica, uma vez que a dieta é uma das principais vias da exposição ao elemento. / The Ribeira de Iguape river is the most responsible for the input of freshwater and sediments in suspension to the Estuarine-Lagoon Complex of Iguape-Cananéia (CELIC), which has a population of about 200 Guiana dolphins. The basin of this river was strongly affected by mining activities, which contaminating the sediments along its course and in part of the estuary. This study evaluated the spatial and temporal variation of physical and chemical parameters of the environment, the bioavailability of Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb and Ni in the sediments and the accumulation of these elements in the liver of 21 dolphins of the species Sotalia guianensis. The water and sediment were sampled in 8 points throughout the system in three different samples between the years 2013 and 2014 and the tissue samples were obtained by monitoring of the beaches between 2009 and 2012. The trophic conditions found between the portions differ in great degree, most notably salinity, resistivity,DO, pH and the supply of nutrients and metals. The metals Pb, Zn, Cu, Mg and Fe showed high values in sediments near Iguape, being considered as strong bioavailable. The SEM/SVA reason for the metalic ions Pb, Cd, Ni, Cu and Zn showed greater toxicity of the sediments in this region. There were positive correlations between these elements indicating that they probably have the same sources, from the drag made by the Ribeira river. In the liver of the dolphins, the concentrations were given in the following order of magnitude: Fe>Zn>Cu>Mn>Cr> Pb>Ni>Co>Cd. The metals Fe and Zn showed higher values between metals and the Pb had the highest mean and variance ever described for the species (1.94 μg g-1). There were no correlations in the accumulation of metals between the sexes and the body length of the animals. However, infants showed higher concentrations of essential metals, and these values are related to the periode of rapid postnatal growth. Considering the local history and the bioavailability values observed for the metals, this study emphasizes the use of the Guiana dolphin as sentinel, this being an important approach for environmental monitoring once it allows direct measurement of the bioavailability of metals. The high mean of lead observed in the dolphings may reflect the local environmental contamination caused by mining activities and indicate a possible trophic transfer, since the diet is a major route of exposure to the element.