This study attempts to determine a relative age of the Wahianoa moraines, Mt Ruapehu using three relative age dating techniques: Lichenometry, Schmidt hammer and Boulder roundness. There were three study areas used, termed the Wahianoa ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ moraines. Upon determining a relative age for these moraines, their timing of their formation was placed within New Zealand’s glacial timescale. This is the first study of its kind conducted on Mt Ruapehu and has left the door open for more research in this field. The species of lichens measured on the Wahianoa moraines were Rhizocarpon subgenus, which the largest diameters were measured using callipers. A total of 606 lichens were measured in the Wahianoa Valley and were processed using the growth curve and size frequency methods. A lichenometric growth curve was constructed from lichens growing in the Ohakune cemetery. The dates derived from both methods placed the formation of the Wahianoa moraines during the Little Ice Age. An L-type Schmidt hammer was used on the boulders in the Wahianoa Valley. A total of 280 measurements were taken off the boulders on the Wahianoa moraines. The results of this method, when compared to Winkler’s (2005) study in the South Island placed the formation of the Wahianoa moraines pre-Little Ice Age. Although no definitive ages could be derived from this comparison due to differences in lithology between the two studies, it provided an idea as to where the formation of these moraines could belong. This is the first time that the Boulder roundness method has been used in New Zealand, having only been developed by Kirkbride (2005). This method was used to determine which of the ridges in the Wahianoa Valley were older. It was found that the Wahianoa ‘A’ moraines were the oldest in the valley followed by Wahianoa ‘B’ and ‘C’ respectively. A climate reconstruction was also conducted for the Wahianoa Valley to see what conditions may have been in existence during the formation of the Wahianoa moraines. The paleo-ELA for the Wahianoa Glacier was estimated using the Accumulation-Area Ratio (AAR), Terminus to Headwall Ratio (THAR), Maximum Elevation of the Lateral Moraines (MELM) and Extrapolation methods. The current ELA was estimated using the AAR, THAR and Extrapolation methods. The difference between these estimates was used to determine what temperature decrease would have caused the formation of the Wahianoa moraines. The average paleo-ELA was found to be c. 1715m, while the current ELA was found to be 2475m which lead to a 4.5°C decrease. This temperature decrease correlates well with that of the Last Glacial Maximum. This study found significant differences in relative age of the Wahianoa moraines. There are a number of factors that can affect the growth of lichens such as micro-environmentalconditions and the fact that a growth curve was constructed off site. Factors such aspetrography can affect the Schmidt hammer results and the Boulder roundness measurements. In addition, precipitation can affect the ELA values which can then cause the wrong placement within a glacial event. Further research lies in the use of the Schmidt hammer on a known age surface such as the Mangatepopo moraines which will aide in a better correlation of relative age. Also, further research using climate reconstructions on Mt Ruapehu and the effect of precipitation will also aide in a better correlation with a glacial event.

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis are common bacterial agents of otitis media which is a major cause of morbidity in young children. Mucosal immune responses are an integral part of the immune defense against middle ear infection and it is known that certain populations, including Australian Aboriginal children, are highly susceptible to disease. The current study focussed on the development of the mucosal immunity to the three bacterial pathogens in Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children from birth to two years of age, living in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder region of Western Australia. Salivary and breast milk IgA levels were measured by the enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay. The measured IgA levels, combined with socio-economic, demographic and bacteriological data were analyzed statistically to determine the influential factors on the mucosal IgA response in these children over time. This study found that each antigen-specific IgA examined followed a distinct ontogeny pattern and IgA responses differed significantly according to age, indigenous status and feeding type. Indoors smoke exposure, maternal smoking, and sibling day care attendance had some impact on salivary IgA levels in the children. However, household crowding and the presence of older siblings had the most significant impact on salivary IgA levels for children of different age groups. These two factors were correlated to increased nasophayrngeal colonization by H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis and colonization status was also found to influence salivary IgA levels in the children. No correlation between maternal breast milk IgA levels and child salivary IgA levels was observed. The results suggest that the degree of exposure to environmental factors rather than immunological deficit is responsible for the observed differences in salivary IgA responses between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children and modifying these factors could lead to a reduction in the burden of otitis media experienced by the children. Further studies correlating specific salivary IgA levels to diseases such as otitis media will reveal the role of specific salivary IgA responses in the prevention of infection by respiratory pathogens.

Climate change will result in variable – but undeniably severe – changes to our natural world. These changes will lead to extreme human and ecosystem consequences if climate change is not mitigated effectively, efficiently, and rapidly. Increasing the use of renewable energies around the world is seen as one of the most effective and promising mitigation strategies. Several communities around the United States have recently denounced publicly their electrical utilities for their failure to offer the choice to increase the percentage of energy that comes from renewable sources. A growing number are taking action to work with – or sometimes against – their energy providers to increase the percentage of renewable energies available. Boulder, Colorado is one of these communities. Since 2005, Boulder has been exploring the possibility of municipalizing its investor-owned electric utility, thereby bringing the utility under city control. In doing so, it would control the sources of electricity that would be used by its residents, and potentially provide these customers with 100 percent renewable energy. Boulder is in the final phases of studying the possibility of full municipalization and aims to begin this process in the near future. While it remains to be seen if the city will successfully create a municipally owned utility (MOU), an examination of Boulder’s thought processes, studies, and decision making to date provides an opportunity for a discussion of the benefits and possible downsides of municipalization and allows a glimpse into the future of MOUs in the United States.

Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-177). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Background. Climbing is growing as a recreational sport worldwide. Climbing is a physically demanding sport requiring well developed strength and endurance. Plenty of studies have been made in the area of climbing in order to understand how the body adapts, which muscles are being used and how to prevent injury. A lot of these studies uses electromyography (EMG), a tool that measures electrical currents in muscles to detect muscle activity, as measurement method in order to do findings within the area. Aim. The aim was to study differences in muscle activation in arm and leg muscles in climbers before and after 40 repeated attempts over two weeks on a boulder problem. Furthermore, correlation between climbing level and change in total measured muscle activation after repeated attempts was assessed. Methods. 15 participants (five women and ten men) participated in this study. Standardized electrode placements and maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC) were made for muscles; Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR), Bicep Brachii (BB), Rectus Femoris (RF) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) before each measurement in order to maintain good reliability. Participants repeated a specific climbing route, adapted to the participants climbing ability, 40 times, divided into four sessions over two weeks. Before the first measured attempt the participant got to practice the route twice to get familiar with the moves. Average muscle activation was calculated by dividing the total muscle activation from each muscle with the time it took to complete the climbing route. Peak muscle values were calculated by dividing the highest muscle activation value with the MVIC values to get a %MVIC value. Results. A decrease in average muscle activation for FCR and BB were found (p=0.038, 0.023) whereas an increase in average activation for GL was found (p=0.027). Peak muscle activation showed significant decreases regarding upper extremities FCR and BB (p=0.008, p=0.011) but no significant changes to lower extremities RF and GL. Total average muscular activation regarding all muscles combined showed a general decreased activation (p=0.001). Moderate correlation was found between red-point level and decrease in total average muscle activation (r=0.53). Conclusion. When repeating a climbing route, the climbers muscle activation differs in upper and lower extremities, with a decrease in upper extremities peak and average muscle values, and an increase in GL average muscle values. Repetitions improves technique and muscle memory which could be the reason for the overall decrease in total muscle activation. Hopefully, this study could enrich the climbing world with further knowledge in how to train for climbing.

The diploma thesis is focused on the proposal of systematic revitalization of the selected section of the Knínický brook in the cadastral area of Veverské Knínice. It is a straight, very deep channel due to technical adjustments in the past. The HEC-RAS program verifies the capacity of the channel for the Q100 flow. In this way, it was found that the channel has very high capacity so a new route with Q1 flow capacity was designed. Due to the height conditions, the design also included three boulder chutes. Subsequently, the vegetation accompaniment and bank stands were suitably supplemented.

LEISURE CENTRE of SPORTS ACTIVITIES In Brno-Komárov Leisure Centre is located in the Center CITY DISTRICT Brno-Komárov, where their function is absolutely ideal. It is located on the continental divide the "old Komárov" (terrace houses) and the "new Komárov“ (Panel housing estates). Its location offers very easy, short and safe distance and therefore available to all. At the same time visually concluded was created by the Church. Giles, creating a small square in the Centre of the MUNICIPAL representative, which miss here. The idea of the concept is - response to longitudinal settlement in the form of high concrete blocks, in the form of organic in which, even for the eyes of the top balconies and Windows offers pleasant views of the elegant organic shapes inducing natural environment in "concrete town". - create an interesting space, that it is impossible to visually accommodate from a single location, but attracts the visitor to explore, where each movement open up new views and vistas - create a hidden but easily accessible location, offering a peaceful setting in the heart of busy urban traffic in particular. The complex is made up of a few nuggets of larger or smaller dimensions, which in itself always skrývájí a specific function. All are then linked by generous ground floor in which are located in areas of technical and sanitary facilities, and in a couple of rooms reserved for the management of the Centre. Due to their location in the middle of the Prism, are illuminated by a smaller Atrium. The Center is primarily focused on sports activities, which today enjoy great popularity at the same time, however, is relatively small.This is a climbing, which people desire for nature, and in opposition to parkour, which nurtures the spirit and body in an urban environment. On their own but also advocates of traditional sports. The Centre offers a large room for activities, of course, a calmer character as is sitting with his friends, playing board games, billiards, table football, or other activities, supported by a range of smaller snack on the bar. In addition, in the Centre of reserved space either to study creative formation, work on your computer in the form of smaller classrooms, but also larger Lecture Hall, which is available for the holding of cultural events or interesting lectures. Finally, there's a café serving small snack and space to relax with views of the local church with outdoor seating on the square, or views to the opposite side to sports activities. The ability to make parenting moments while waiting for the end of children's games. The Center is, of course, accessible and open to possibilities of larger or smaller events, cultural and social life (concerts, balls, lectures, meetings, etc.) With regard to the character of the building is taken to a pleasant environment for children outside as well as inside, and therefore, it is proposed as a Center loft in the passive standard, which uses the means for sustainable development. The elegant structure of wood trusses glued-in is clearly visible in the Interior and at the same time with a pleasant interior climate offers very pleasant, natural and healthy environment for children, which is also trying to elicit from the bowels of prefabricated houses and from computer screens to healthier activities, to social life.

This study is a proposal of a business plan to floatation the centre of bouldering in Hradec Králové. The objektive of this study is creating a business plan, describing a theory necessary for this work and analyzing surrouding, markets, estimated costs and incomes. The thesis prepares for a succesfull business career.

The project design processes multifunctional building - a sports center for sports. Multifunctional building is situated in Česká Skalice and its capacity is about 140 people. In building are these spaces: 2 squash courts, massage room, snacks, fitness rooms, boulder wall, sporting goods store. In the area of property are also situated tennis courts. From an architectural point of view the building acts as a breaking right angle. Documentation is processed at the level of documentation for building permit.

Topic of Diploma thesis is „Reconstruction of the weir in the Brantice village.“ The theoretical part of their focus deals with the definition and putting patterns associa-ted with the design-ing reconstruction of the weir. In the practical part were made three proposals reconstructions of the weir, which are mathematically based, graphically pre-sented and discussed.