Determination of an extender protocol which will enhance the viability of frozenthawed bovine spermatozoa will allow producers to obtain higher conception rates due to the increased survival rate of the spermatozoa. Ejaculates of six Brangus bulls (age=18 months) were evaluated for spermatozoal motility, acrosomal integrity, and morphological characteristics (collectively called spermatozoal viability) in two experiments to test our hypotheses that (1) the treatment combination of a 4 hr cooling duration and a 2 hr equilibration with glycerol will result in optimum spermatozoal characteristics after freezing and thawing and (2) rank of three selected extenders relative to their effects on spermatozoal viability after freezing and thawing will be egg yolk-citrate (EC), egg yolk-tris (IMV), and skim milk (milk). In experiment 1, an ejaculate from each bull was partially extended and cooled to 4 ºC for either 2 or 4 hr and then allowed to equilibrate with the glycerolated extender for 2, 4, or 6 hr. Spermatozoal viability was assessed at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hr after thawing. In experiment 1, 4 hr of cooling resulted in a higher percentage of motile spermatozoa than did 2 hr of cooling. The 2 hr equilibration with glycerol yielded lower percentages of motile spermatozoa, acrosomal integrity, and morphologically normal spermatozoa than 4 and 6 hr equilibration durations with glycerol. In experiment 2, we observed a decrease in spermatozoal viability for all three extenders upon freezing and thawing. Viability of frozen-thawed spermatozoa extended in the milk was reduced for all incubation durations, and the IMV extender had a higher percentage of motile spermatozoa than the EC extender at 6 hr of incubation. A higher percentage of intact acrosomes was observed with the IMV extender; however, the EC extender had a higher percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa than the IMV extender. Our results indicate that at cooling duration of 4 hr and a 4 hr equilibration with glycerol provide the highest level of spermatozoal viability post-thaw of the treatments evaluated and that the IMV extender enhances the percentage of spermatozoa with an intact acrosome for frozenthawed spermatozoa over the EC and skim milk extenders.

Orientador: Frederico Ozanam Papa / Banca: Rubens Paes de Arruda / Banca: João Carlos Pinheiro Ferreira / Resumo: Dentre as biotecnologias de reprodução que visam acelerar os ganhos genéticos e econômicos dos rebanhos, a congelação de sêmen desponta como uma das principais. O sêmen congelado bovino é utilizado em larga escala há anos e não houve grandes evoluções nas técnicas de congelação visando minimizar os efeitos deletérios do processo nos espermatozóides, colaborando ativamente para o incremento da fertilidade dos rebanhos. Neste trabalho propôs inovações nas técnicas de congelação utilizando uma nova formulação de meio diluente, a introdução da centrifugação para a remoção do plasma seminal pré-congelação e a determinação do tempo ideal de estabilização do sêmen. Foram realizados três experimentos; o primeiro testou o efeito de três diferentes meios diluentes, com ou sem a remoção do plasma seminal, no ejaculado de 40 touros diferentes. Nos resultados exibidos o diluente M20 foi superior (p<0,01) aos demais diluentes na maioria das variáveis pesquisadas a remoção do plasma seminal melhorou (p<0,01) os índices de congelabilidade do sêmen. Outro experimento foi a verificação dos tempos de 60, 120, 180 e 240 min. de refrigeração do sêmen a 5ºC. O tempo de 180 minutos foi o considerado o melhor para a congelabilidade após a verificação dos resultados. No teste de fertilidade foram inseminados 418 vacas e o grupo que foi inseminado com sêmen congelado com M20 sem plasma seminal obteve uma tendência de superioridade (0,05<p<0,10) aos demais grupos. Com os resultados dos experimentos concluiu-se que as inovações propostas por este estudo incrementam os índices de congelabilidade do sêmen bovino / Abstract: Semen freezing is considered as one of the main reproduction biotechnologies that aim to accelerate genetic and economical gains of herds. Frozen bovine semen has been used in large scale for years and there were not great evolutions in freezing techniques to minimize the deleterious effects of the process in spermatozoa, actively contributing for the increase in herds fertility. Innovations in freezing techniques were proposed in this work by using a new formulation of the extenders, introducing centrifugation for the removal of prefreezing seminal plasma and determining the appropriate time for semen cooled. Three experiments were carried out: 1) the effect of three different extenders was tested, with or without the removal of seminal plasma, in the ejaculate of 40 different bulls; results showed that the extender M20 was superior (p<0,01) in relation to the other extenders in most of variables studied. The removal of the seminal plasma improved (P<0,01) semen freezability indexes. 2) verification of 60, 120, 180 and 240 min. times for semen cooling at 5ºC; after results, the time of 180 minutes was considered the most appropriate for freezability. 3) fertility test: 418 cows were inseminated and the group with frozen semen with M20 without seminal plasma obtained a superiority tendency (0,05<p<0,10) in relation to the other groups. The results of the experiments concluded that the innovations proposed in this work increase freezability indexes of bovine semen / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-02-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:19Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 alberti_k_me_botfmvz.pdf: 429138 bytes, checksum: 5c7610a2c5faf82b82e472d5ee545e50 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Dentre as biotecnologias de reprodução que visam acelerar os ganhos genéticos e econômicos dos rebanhos, a congelação de sêmen desponta como uma das principais. O sêmen congelado bovino é utilizado em larga escala há anos e não houve grandes evoluções nas técnicas de congelação visando minimizar os efeitos deletérios do processo nos espermatozóides, colaborando ativamente para o incremento da fertilidade dos rebanhos. Neste trabalho propôs inovações nas técnicas de congelação utilizando uma nova formulação de meio diluente, a introdução da centrifugação para a remoção do plasma seminal pré-congelação e a determinação do tempo ideal de estabilização do sêmen. Foram realizados três experimentos; o primeiro testou o efeito de três diferentes meios diluentes, com ou sem a remoção do plasma seminal, no ejaculado de 40 touros diferentes. Nos resultados exibidos o diluente M20 foi superior (p<0,01) aos demais diluentes na maioria das variáveis pesquisadas a remoção do plasma seminal melhorou (p<0,01) os índices de congelabilidade do sêmen. Outro experimento foi a verificação dos tempos de 60, 120, 180 e 240 min. de refrigeração do sêmen a 5ºC. O tempo de 180 minutos foi o considerado o melhor para a congelabilidade após a verificação dos resultados. No teste de fertilidade foram inseminados 418 vacas e o grupo que foi inseminado com sêmen congelado com M20 sem plasma seminal obteve uma tendência de superioridade (0,05<p<0,10) aos demais grupos. Com os resultados dos experimentos concluiu-se que as inovações propostas por este estudo incrementam os índices de congelabilidade do sêmen bovino. / Semen freezing is considered as one of the main reproduction biotechnologies that aim to accelerate genetic and economical gains of herds. Frozen bovine semen has been used in large scale for years and there were not great evolutions in freezing techniques to minimize the deleterious effects of the process in spermatozoa, actively contributing for the increase in herds fertility. Innovations in freezing techniques were proposed in this work by using a new formulation of the extenders, introducing centrifugation for the removal of prefreezing seminal plasma and determining the appropriate time for semen cooled. Three experiments were carried out: 1) the effect of three different extenders was tested, with or without the removal of seminal plasma, in the ejaculate of 40 different bulls; results showed that the extender M20 was superior (p<0,01) in relation to the other extenders in most of variables studied. The removal of the seminal plasma improved (P<0,01) semen freezability indexes. 2) verification of 60, 120, 180 and 240 min. times for semen cooling at 5ºC; after results, the time of 180 minutes was considered the most appropriate for freezability. 3) fertility test: 418 cows were inseminated and the group with frozen semen with M20 without seminal plasma obtained a superiority tendency (0,05<p<0,10) in relation to the other groups. The results of the experiments concluded that the innovations proposed in this work increase freezability indexes of bovine semen.

Compared to natural selection, the use of artificial insemination (AI) and other reproductive technologies rapidly increase the rate of genetic change in any population. In order to achieve success with AI, the semen used to inseminate cows must be of the highest possible quality. When semen is frozen, generally only about 50% of the spermatozoa survive the cryopreservation process. Thus, any factors possibly affecting the survival of spermatozoa through the numerous freezing-thawing steps should be studied, in order to identify the optimal conditions for the survival of spermatozoa. The discovery of protective agents within egg yolk and glycerol was a major milestone in sperm cryopreservation. These agents protect bovine spermatozoa during cooling and freezing procedures and result in increased survival rates. Cryopreservation of spermatozoa has become the most common technique for the preservation of male fertility of genetically superior sires even after their death. Using cryopreserved sperm to artificially inseminate females has become standard practice in commercial dairy cattle herds and the application of this reproductive management tool is also expanding to beef herds worldwide. The use of glycerol as a cryoprotectant for bovine spermatozoa is credited as the reason for the success in bovine semen cryopreservation. The purpose of this research was to quantify the effects of different cooling periods, as well as different glycerol equilibration periods on the post-thaw motility percentages and recovery fractions of semen collected from Boran and Nguni bulls. The research was subdivided into two experiments. In each experiment different cooling and glycerol equilibration times were researched. The first experiment involved shorter cooling times (30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes) with each cooling time followed by several longer equilibration times (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h). In the second experiment the cooling and equilibration times from the first experiment were reversed. This resulted in longer cooling times (4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 h) with each cooling time having shorter glycerol equilibration times (30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes). An egg yolk-Tris two-step extender was used in both the experiments. The general trend for the glycerol equilibration periods studied in Experiment 1 was that the resulting overall average post-thaw motility percentage and average recovery fraction increased with longer periods. There was a breed difference when comparing the average post-thaw motility percentages after 4, 5, 6 and 8 h (p<0.05), while the average post-thaw motility percentages also tended to differ after 7 h of equilibration. The general trend observed for equilibration periods used in Experiment 2 was that the average post-thaw motility percentage increased as glycerol equilibration period increased up to 120 minutes, but after 240 minutes of glycerol equilibration, there was a slight decline. The differences in average post-thaw motility percentage after the respective glycerol equilibration periods were not statistically significant. The results of each experiment were used to create a matrix that can be used in practice. The matrix using results from Experiment 1 demonstrated that a cooling period glycerol equilibration period combination of 240 minutes and 7 h resulted in the highest (not significantly different from most other combinations) average post-thaw motility rates. The matrix formed from the results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that an 8 h cooling period combined with a 60 minute glycerol equilibration period yielded the highest (not significantly different from most other combinations), average post-thaw motility percentage. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_karina_lemos_goularte.pdf: 3530828 bytes, checksum: ee940571a94dfd9dfaf6d9f911e7e113 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-17 / Although more than 12 million doses of bull frozen semen were sold in Brazil in 2012, the production process of the doses sold by the artificial insemination centers registered in the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply is not yet standardized. The hypothesis of the present study is that the design and implementation of a hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) system in a bull artificial insemination center can identify steps potentially harmful to the viability of semen doses, to decrease their rejection and to improvement their final quality, after the adoption of preventive and process control measures. The implementation of the HACCP system identified hazardous steps for the quality of the produced semen doses, leading to a reduction in their contamination during processing (P<0.05). There was also an increase in progressive motility and plasma membrane and acrosome integrity of spermatozoa (P<0.05) after implementing the HACCP system, which resulted in reduced rejection of semen batches and doses (P<0.05) and decreased production costs. Thus, the execution of the HACCP system standardized the production process of bull frozen semen, with improved sperm quality and reduction in both rejection of doses and costs to the industry. Additionally, during the sandwich doctorate program at the University of Calgary (Canada), the involvement of angiotensin converting enzyme in the capacitation process and in vitro fertilization in cattle was evaluated. After blocking the enzyme s activity by the specific inhibitor captopril, there were similar levels of tyrosine phosphorylation and cleavage and embryonic development until the blastocyst stage in comparison with the control group (P>0.05). Therefore, the present study suggests that the angiotensin converting enzyme is neither required for sperm capacitation nor involved in in vitro fertilization in cattle. / Apesar de o Brasil ter comercializado mais de 12 milhões de doses de sêmen bovino no ano de 2012, ainda não existe um padrão de processamento das doses comercializadas pelos estabelecimentos cadastrados pelo Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. A hipótese do presente trabalho é de que a elaboração e a implantação de um sistema de Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle (APPCC) para um centro de coleta e processamento de sêmen bovino seja capaz de identificar as etapas potencialmente danosas para a viabilidade das doses, diminuir a sua rejeição e melhorar a sua qualidade final, a partir da adoção de medidas preventivas e de controle do processo. A implantação do sistema APPCC identificou as etapas que apresentavam perigos para a qualidade das doses de sêmen produzidas, ocorrendo redução na contaminação durante o seu processamento (P<0,05), Também houve um incremento na motilidade progressiva e na integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal dos espermatozóides (P<0,05) após a implantação do sistema APPCC, bem como uma redução na rejeição de partidas e doses de sêmen (P<0,05), o que se refletiu em uma diminuição dos custos de produção. Assim, a utilização do sistema APPCC resultou na padronização do processo de produção de sêmen bovino congelado, com incremento da qualidade seminal, redução na rejeição de doses e nos custos para a indústria. Adicionalmente, durante o programa de doutorado sanduíche na Universidade de Calgary (Canadá),foi avaliado o envolvimento da enzima conversora da angiotensina no processo de capacitação espermática e fertilização in vitro em bovinos. Após o bloqueio da atividade da enzima com o inibidor específico captopril,observou-se níveis semelhantes de fosforilação da proteína tirosina e de clivagem e desenvolvimento embrionário até o estágio de blastocisto, em comparação com o controle (P>0,05). Portanto, o presente estudo sugere que a enzima conversora da angiotensina não é necessária para o processo de capacitação espermática nem está envolvida na fertilização in vitro, em bovinos.

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