This thesis examines individual and collective trauma in Elizabeth Bowen’s novel The Heat of the Day, published in 1948. The main purpose of this paper is to analyse how the duality of identities is portrayed, and which elements of repression compulsion and individual and collective trauma are present in Elizabeth Bowen’s novel The Heat of the Day by using elements from Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytical theory and Cathy Caruth’s trauma theory as theoretical frameworks. This thesis argues that the characters’ fragmented identities caused by repression compulsions as a result of individual and collective traumas reflect the individual and the wider society’s difficulties in recovering from the collective war trauma and defining a new postwar identity. Thus, this thesis suggests that Bowen’s novel could be read as an anti-war novel.

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The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the changes in levels of differentiation, as measured by the Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI) (Knauth & Skowron, 2004), that occurred among high school students who participated in a semester-long (n = 69) and year-long (n = 119) AFS (formerly known as American Field Service) program and a control group (n = 75) that did not study abroad. Gender of student and level of individualism of host country were also examined. The DSI full scale and four subscales: emotional reactivity, I position, emotional cutoff, and fusion with others were used to assess levels of differentiation. This study was a non-equivalent control group experimental pretest-posttest design. Pretest scores were used as the covariate in the posttest ANCOVA. Results revealed that female students who studied abroad for both one year and one semester experienced significant increases in levels of differentiation as measured by the DSI full scale versus female students who did not study abroad. There were no significant differences among males who studied abroad for one year, one semester or not at all. Additional results indicate a significant difference in changes in level of differentiation, as measured by the DSI full scale, between genders in the control group and the semester abroad group. Additional gender differences were revealed on the emotional reactivity and fusion with others subscales. Level of host country's individualism was not a significant factor. Results support previous literature which states that males and females engage in differing processes when forming their identity. Results also demonstrate that studying abroad is a meaningful life experience significant enough to assist females with increasing levels of differentiation. Additional results, a discussion of the results, limitations, and implications for practice and research are also provided. / Ph. D.

Sixty families who came to a county mental health center for a substance abuse evaluation for a teenager were interviewed. The parent(s) and teenager were administered the Emotional Cutoff Scale, a paper-and-pencil measure. The functioning of each parent was assessed by the researcher through the Global Assessment of Functioning. The child was evaluated on the Child and Family Assessment Scale, an eight dimension scale. Data were gathered and analyzed through a correlational matrix. Significant correlations at P>.01 were found for degree of cutoff of the mother from her mother and father and her level of self-functioning but not with the level of impairment of the teenager. The sample of fathers did not result in significant correlations. / Ed. D.

Chaos theory, a philosophical viewpoint from physics, is being adopted by some public organization theorists as a new standpoint for understanding and managing organizations besieged by instability and turbulence. A basic tenet of chaos theory, known as mutual causality, denies that an entity behaves or evolves in isolation. Rather, acting, behaving and evolving can only occur through mutual interaction with other entities (Briggs and Peat 1989). Concomitantly, any managerial theory of action consistent with chaos theory must be grounded in the concept of mutual, not linear, causality. I contend that in the nascent transdisciplinary journey by which chaos theory is moving into public administration as a metaphorical explanation of public organizations, the theory is in danger of being corrupted and bastardized. This is suggested by the fact that a number of managerial applications being inspired by chaos theory promote conventional, linear approaches to action aimed at command and control. Others present only an organizational-level application--rather than the holistic approach that chaos thinking entails. Such linear, bounded applications are inconsistent with the principle of mutual causality. I argue that as a corrective to this emerging trend, public organization theorists need to adopt a more complementary frame to chaos theory, viz., family systems theory, in order that the co-determined nature of human dynamics can be adequately brought to the level of practice. I present two case studies. The cases illustrate the difference between managing with a theory of action grounded in the principle of mutual causality and managing based on a theory of action undergirded by linear thinking. The complementarity of chaos theory and family systems theory offers managers of public organizations a more holistic understanding of processes in their organizations. Hence, public administrators who adopt this new, conjoint theoretical viewpoint can develop a different way of behaving in and effectively managing their organizations. / Ph. D.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-25T19:29:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADRIANE ALFARO.pdf: 478436 bytes, checksum: 38077f5d85fcdb2030ceb8b23724f463 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to assess and develop a physical mathematical model to estimats the net radiation. For this we used weather data collected from the meteorological station of the Department of Physics and Meteorology of the Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luis de Queiroz" - ESALQ - University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, Brazil, according to the global radiation (Qg) relative humidity (UR) and average daily temperature (T).The proposed methodology let us to determine the net radiation based on data more easily accessible and relevant to various daily human activities and therefore of great importance in engineering projects aimed at harnessing solar energy in its many forms. The performance of the model estimate of net radiation and its application in determining the potential evapotranspiration was verified by analyzing the coefficients of determination (R2) and agreement index of Willmott (d) applied to the observed and estimated data. The values estimated by the proposed method were compared with values measured by a net radiometer and the results showed that the proposed methodology was efficient for the estimation of net radiation with speed and simplicity. The data set was subjected to a simple linear regression analysis, obtaining a good adjustment between measured and estimated values. The use of estimated net radiation was efficient in the estimation of evapotranspiration by the methods of Penman Monteith, Priestley Taylor adjusted and Penman modified by the proposed model with a good adjustment when compared with the values measured for a period of 89 days, with determination coefficient (R2) ranging from 0.910 to 0.940. The proposed methodology is applicable when the meteorological variables needed to estimate potential evapotranspiration when not always are available, particularly those related to the solution of the aerodynamic term (wind velocity and vapor pressure deficit in the air), thus the methods are important to estimate the ETo based on climatic elements that can be obtained in a practice way. The satisfactory correlation found with the net radiometer makes the method of potential use in the region under study because the knowledge of evapotranspiration or latent heat flux contributes to a more rational use of water in crops in critical stages of growth and reproductive when water is a limited factors. Thus, for the climate of the town looked, it was possible to estimate with good precision the value of the net radiation, based on the theory proposed generating equivalent values those obtained by classical methodology for Piracicaba, SP. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo propor e aferir um modelo físico matemático para estimar a radiação líquida e sua aplicação na determinação da evapotranspiração potencial. Para tanto foram utilizados dados climáticos coletados da Estação Meteorologia do Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luis de Queiroz”- ESALQ – da Universidade de São Paulo – USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, em função da radiação global (Qg), da umidade relativa do ar (UR) e temperatura média diária (T). A metodologia proposta permite determinar a radiação líquida em função de dados mais facilmente disponíveis, sendo relevante nas diversas atividades humanas diárias e, portanto, de suma importância em projetos de engenharia que visam o aproveitamento da energia solar nas suas mais variadas formas. O desempenho do modelo proposto foi verificado através da análise dos coeficientes de determinação (R2) e dos índices de concordância de Willmott (d) aplicados aos dados estimados e observados. Os valores estimados pela metodologia proposta foram confrontados com os valores medidos por um saldo radiômetro e os resultados revelaram que a metodologia proposta mostrou-se eficiente para a estimativa da radiação líquida com rapidez e simplicidade. O conjunto de dados foi submetido a uma análise de regressão linear simples, obtendo-se bom ajuste entre os valores medidos e estimados. A utilização da radiação líquida estimada mostrou-se eficiente na estimativa da evapotranspiração pelos métodos de Penman-Monteith, Priestley-Taylor ajustado e Penman modificado, com bom ajustamento quando comparado com os valores medidos para um período de 89 dias, com coeficiente de determinação (R2) variando de 0, 910 a 0,940. A metodologia proposta tem aplicabilidade quando as variáveis meteorológicas necessárias para estimar evapotranspiração potencial nem sempre se encontram disponíveis, particularmente as relacionadas à solução do termo aerodinâmico (velocidade do vento e déficit de pressão do vapor d'água no ar); desta forma, tornam-se importantes os métodos para estimar a evapotranspiração potencial em função de elementos climáticos que podem ser obtidos de maneira mais prática. A correlação satisfatória verificada com o saldo radiômetro torna o método de uso potencial na região em estudo, pois o conhecimento da evapotranspiração ou do fluxo convectivo de calor latente contribui para uma utilização mais racional da água em uma determinada cultura em que as fases críticas de desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo são limitadas pelo fator hídrico. Assim, para as condições climáticas da localidade analisada, foi possível estimar com boa precisão o valor da radiação líquida, fundamentada na teoria proposta gerando valores equivalentes aqueles obtidos pela metodologia clássica para Piracicaba, SP.

No ciclo hidrológico, o processo de evapotranspiração (ET) representa a maior percentagem do total de precipitação. As maiores percentagens de ET são encontradas nas zonas ripárias visto a alta disponibilidade hídrica. Embora existam métodos acessíveis para estimativa da ET em zona ripária, como os baseados na flutuação diária do nível piezométrico, poucos estudos têm sido desenvolvidos devido à complexidade teórica da variável, ao elevado custo de equipamentos, e à reduzida largura dessas áreas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar 10 métodos baseados na flutuação diária do nível piezométrico usando o método de balanço de energia &#8211; Razão de Bowen. Para tal fim, foram construídos cinco poços e uma torre de monitoramento em uma área de zona ripária da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão da Onça (Brotas, São Paulo). Os dados dos poços e da torre de monitoramento foram coletados, a cada 15 minutos, no período de, respectivamente, abril de 2018 e junho de 2018, a janeiro de 2019. Para o processamento dos dados, foi feito um programa em linguagem Python. Nos dados do método de balanço de energia Razão de Bowen foram utilizados o critério de propagação de erros para a rejeição de estimativas, e o método de amostragem direta para a posterior reconstrução da série temporal. No período seco e chuvoso, as taxas médias de ET obtidas pelo método de balanço de energia &#8211; Razão de Bowen foram, respectivamente, de 3,62 &#177; 0,93 mm/dia e 5,09 &#177; 2,34 mm/dia. Entre os métodos baseados na flutuação diária do nível piezométrico, o método de Gribovski apresentou as melhores métricas na avaliação (<font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> &#961; = 0.69, <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> &#964;s = 0.55, <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> MAE = 1.77 mm/dia, <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> RMSE = 2.07 mm/dia e <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> MBE = 1.63 mm/dia), o qual mostra o potencial desse tipo de métodos para estimar a ET em zonas ripárias. / Evapotranspiration rate (ET) represents a significant percentage of precipitation in the water balance. At the riparian zones, ET slightly increases due to high water availability. Although there are available methods to ET estimation, such as the based on groundwater level variation, few studies have developed because of theorical complexity, high equipment cost and narrow band of the riparian zones. Thus, this work aims to evaluate 10 groundwater level variation methods using the energy balance &#8211; Bowen ratio method. For that, five wells and one monitoring tower were installed in a riparian zone of the Onça Creek basin (Brotas, São Paulo, Brazil). Data from wells and monitoring tower were collected at each 15 minutes from, respectively, April/2018 and June/2018 to January/2019. For data processing, a Python languague programme was developed. Error propagation method was applied to reject unreliable estimation of ET. Also, direct sampling was used to temporal serie rebuilding. The ET estimations from Bowen ration method range from 3,62 &#177; 0,93 mm/day and 5,09 &#177; 2,34 mm/day (dry and wet period, respectively). Among the groundwater level variation methods, the Gribovski method reached the smallest error (<font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> &#961; = 0.69, <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> &#964; s = 0.55, <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> MAE = 1.77 mm/day, <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> RMSE = 2.07 mm/day e <font style=\"text-decoration: overline;\"> MBE = 1.63 mm/day). Then, the Griboski method may be used to ET estimation in riparian zones.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2001. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-171).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity International University, 2001. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-171).