Σκοπός της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας είναι ο σχεδιασμός ενός ελεγκτή πέδησης για την ρυμουλκόμενη μονάδα μιας νταλίκας, ώστε αυτή να μην αποκλίνει της πορείας της κατά το φρενάρισμα. Αναλυτικότερα, στο κεφάλαιο 1 παρουσιάζεται η μορφή των τυπικών και πιο συνηθισμένων ρυμουλκόμενων οχημάτων (οδικά τρένα) και ορίζονται τα βασικά κομμάτια που το αποτελούν. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 παρουσιάζονται με χρήση κατάλληλων μαθηματικών και φυσικών προτύπων οι ταχύτητες και οι επιταχύνσεις καθώς και τα διάφορα συστήματα συντεταγμένων που απαιτούνται για την περιγραφή της κίνησης του οχήματος. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 αναλύεται το σύνθετο αλλά και το απλουστευμένο μοντέλο των οδικών τρένων, ενώ στο κεφάλαιο 4 αναλύουμε το δυναμικό μοντέλο του οχήματος tractorsemitrailer που αποτελεί και το αντικείμενο έρευνας της εργασίας. Υπολογίζουμε πλήρως τις εξισώσεις που περιγράφουν το σύστημα, με βάση κάποιες προϋποθέσεις όπως ότι κινείται στην ευθεία, με σταθερή διαμήκη ταχύτητα ενώ επίσης δεχόμαστε και το γραμμικό μοντέλο για τα ελαστικά. Τέλος, στο κεφάλαιο 5 σχεδιάζουμε ένα PD ελεγκτή και βρίσκουμε τις βέλτιστες τιμές των παραμέτρων του ώστε το σύστημα μας να παρουσιάζει όσο το δυνατόν μικρότερα σφάλματα. / Aim of present diplomatic work is the planning of controller of braking for the followinf unit of lorry, in order that this does not deviate her course at the break. More analytically, in capital 1 is presented the form the formal and more usual road trains and is fixed the basic pieces where constituting. In capital 2 are presented with use suitable mathematic and natural models the speeds and the accelerations as well as the various systems of coordinates that are required for the description of movement of vehicle. In capital 3 is analyzed the complex but also simplified model of road trains, while in capital 4 we analyze the dynamic model of vehicle tractorsemitrailer that is the subject of this work. We calculate the equations that describe the system, with base certain conditions as that it is moved in the straight line, with constant speed while also we accepted the linear model for the tyres. Finally, in capital 5 we draw a PD controller and we find the most optimal prices of parameters in order that our system presents as much as possible smaller faults.

A presente tese descreve as etapas de desenvolvimento de um equipamento (tribômetro) e metodologia de ensaio para caracterização do efeito isolado da temperatura sobre o atrito medido em materiais de fricção utilizados em freios veiculares. O projeto deste equipamento foi baseado nas funcionalidades e limitações encontradas nas principais máquinas e procedimentos de ensaio para freios automotivos. São apresentados e discutidos detalhes do projeto mecânico e de automação do tribômetro, bem como são levantadas suas incertezas de medição instrumentais e precisão. Além disso, é proposta uma nova metodologia de ensaio para caracterização do efeito isolado da temperatura sobre os resultados de atrito obtidos durante os testes. O projeto mecânico atual do tribômetro contempla recursos que contribuem para facilitar a operacionalidade do equipamento e, consequentemente, reduzir o tempo envolvido na etapa de preparação dos testes. São exemplos destes recursos um mecanismo de fuso e manivela, o qual é empregado para a regulagem do raio de deslizamento, e um dispositivo para troca rápida da amostra a partir do ajuste de um único parafuso. O atual projeto de automação do tribômetro é composto por circuitos de controle da carga, rotação, torque e temperatura, os quais operam em malha fechada. A incerteza instrumental do sistema de medição de atrito do tribômetro é igual a ±2,9% do valor nominal medido, considerando a faixa típica de aplicação da máquina. Em termos de precisão, verificou-se experimentalmente que o equipamento projetado apresenta uma repetitividade de ±0,013. O projeto de automação também contemplou a ligação do tribômetro a um aquecedor indutivo. O uso da referida tecnologia em conjunto com a metodologia de ensaio proposta na presente tese mostraram-se capazes de caracterizar de forma acelerada e independente o efeito da temperatura sobre o coeficiente de atrito obtido a partir de ensaios de frenagem executados no tribômetro. Complementa o estudo ainda o desenvolvimento de uma técnica para pós-processamento dos dados relativos aos ensaios executados no tribômetro segundo a metodologia proposta. A referida técnica mostrou-se uma maneira eficiente e relativamente simples de avaliar os efeitos simultâneos da carga e da temperatura sobre o atrito. / The current thesis describes the development of equipment (tribometer) and testing procedure for characterizing the isolated effect of temperature on friction measurements obtained from vehicular friction materials. The design of this equipment was based on the features and limitations found in the main machinery and testing procedures for brakes. Details about the mechanical design and automation of the tribometer are presented as well as its instrumental measurement uncertainties and precision. Besides, a new testing procedure is proposed in order to characterize the isolated effect of temperature on friction results obtained in the tests. The current mechanical design of the tribometer comprises some features that contribute to make the equipment operation ease and thus reduce its setup time. A crank and screw mechanism, which is used for adjusting the sliding radius, and a device for rapid exchange of the samples by means of a single screw are both examples of those features. The current automation design of the tribometer consists of circuits for controlling load, speed, torque and temperature, which operate in closed loop mode. The instrumental measurement uncertainty from the friction measuring system is ±2,9% of the nominal friction measurement, considering the typical operating range of the machine. Experimental tests performed on the tribometer showed that the repeatability (precision) of the friction measurements is ±0,013. The automation design also included the connection between the tribometer and an induction heater. The use of this technology together with the proposed testing procedure proved to be a suitable tool for characterizing the isolated effect of temperature on friction during braking tests performed on the tribometer. This work is also complemented by the development of a technique for post-processing the data related to the tests carried out in accordance with the proposed testing procedure for the tribometer. This technique proved to be an efficient and clear way to assess the simultaneous effects of load and temperature on friction measurements.

A presente tese descreve as etapas de desenvolvimento de um equipamento (tribômetro) e metodologia de ensaio para caracterização do efeito isolado da temperatura sobre o atrito medido em materiais de fricção utilizados em freios veiculares. O projeto deste equipamento foi baseado nas funcionalidades e limitações encontradas nas principais máquinas e procedimentos de ensaio para freios automotivos. São apresentados e discutidos detalhes do projeto mecânico e de automação do tribômetro, bem como são levantadas suas incertezas de medição instrumentais e precisão. Além disso, é proposta uma nova metodologia de ensaio para caracterização do efeito isolado da temperatura sobre os resultados de atrito obtidos durante os testes. O projeto mecânico atual do tribômetro contempla recursos que contribuem para facilitar a operacionalidade do equipamento e, consequentemente, reduzir o tempo envolvido na etapa de preparação dos testes. São exemplos destes recursos um mecanismo de fuso e manivela, o qual é empregado para a regulagem do raio de deslizamento, e um dispositivo para troca rápida da amostra a partir do ajuste de um único parafuso. O atual projeto de automação do tribômetro é composto por circuitos de controle da carga, rotação, torque e temperatura, os quais operam em malha fechada. A incerteza instrumental do sistema de medição de atrito do tribômetro é igual a ±2,9% do valor nominal medido, considerando a faixa típica de aplicação da máquina. Em termos de precisão, verificou-se experimentalmente que o equipamento projetado apresenta uma repetitividade de ±0,013. O projeto de automação também contemplou a ligação do tribômetro a um aquecedor indutivo. O uso da referida tecnologia em conjunto com a metodologia de ensaio proposta na presente tese mostraram-se capazes de caracterizar de forma acelerada e independente o efeito da temperatura sobre o coeficiente de atrito obtido a partir de ensaios de frenagem executados no tribômetro. Complementa o estudo ainda o desenvolvimento de uma técnica para pós-processamento dos dados relativos aos ensaios executados no tribômetro segundo a metodologia proposta. A referida técnica mostrou-se uma maneira eficiente e relativamente simples de avaliar os efeitos simultâneos da carga e da temperatura sobre o atrito. / The current thesis describes the development of equipment (tribometer) and testing procedure for characterizing the isolated effect of temperature on friction measurements obtained from vehicular friction materials. The design of this equipment was based on the features and limitations found in the main machinery and testing procedures for brakes. Details about the mechanical design and automation of the tribometer are presented as well as its instrumental measurement uncertainties and precision. Besides, a new testing procedure is proposed in order to characterize the isolated effect of temperature on friction results obtained in the tests. The current mechanical design of the tribometer comprises some features that contribute to make the equipment operation ease and thus reduce its setup time. A crank and screw mechanism, which is used for adjusting the sliding radius, and a device for rapid exchange of the samples by means of a single screw are both examples of those features. The current automation design of the tribometer consists of circuits for controlling load, speed, torque and temperature, which operate in closed loop mode. The instrumental measurement uncertainty from the friction measuring system is ±2,9% of the nominal friction measurement, considering the typical operating range of the machine. Experimental tests performed on the tribometer showed that the repeatability (precision) of the friction measurements is ±0,013. The automation design also included the connection between the tribometer and an induction heater. The use of this technology together with the proposed testing procedure proved to be a suitable tool for characterizing the isolated effect of temperature on friction during braking tests performed on the tribometer. This work is also complemented by the development of a technique for post-processing the data related to the tests carried out in accordance with the proposed testing procedure for the tribometer. This technique proved to be an efficient and clear way to assess the simultaneous effects of load and temperature on friction measurements.

A presente tese descreve as etapas de desenvolvimento de um equipamento (tribômetro) e metodologia de ensaio para caracterização do efeito isolado da temperatura sobre o atrito medido em materiais de fricção utilizados em freios veiculares. O projeto deste equipamento foi baseado nas funcionalidades e limitações encontradas nas principais máquinas e procedimentos de ensaio para freios automotivos. São apresentados e discutidos detalhes do projeto mecânico e de automação do tribômetro, bem como são levantadas suas incertezas de medição instrumentais e precisão. Além disso, é proposta uma nova metodologia de ensaio para caracterização do efeito isolado da temperatura sobre os resultados de atrito obtidos durante os testes. O projeto mecânico atual do tribômetro contempla recursos que contribuem para facilitar a operacionalidade do equipamento e, consequentemente, reduzir o tempo envolvido na etapa de preparação dos testes. São exemplos destes recursos um mecanismo de fuso e manivela, o qual é empregado para a regulagem do raio de deslizamento, e um dispositivo para troca rápida da amostra a partir do ajuste de um único parafuso. O atual projeto de automação do tribômetro é composto por circuitos de controle da carga, rotação, torque e temperatura, os quais operam em malha fechada. A incerteza instrumental do sistema de medição de atrito do tribômetro é igual a ±2,9% do valor nominal medido, considerando a faixa típica de aplicação da máquina. Em termos de precisão, verificou-se experimentalmente que o equipamento projetado apresenta uma repetitividade de ±0,013. O projeto de automação também contemplou a ligação do tribômetro a um aquecedor indutivo. O uso da referida tecnologia em conjunto com a metodologia de ensaio proposta na presente tese mostraram-se capazes de caracterizar de forma acelerada e independente o efeito da temperatura sobre o coeficiente de atrito obtido a partir de ensaios de frenagem executados no tribômetro. Complementa o estudo ainda o desenvolvimento de uma técnica para pós-processamento dos dados relativos aos ensaios executados no tribômetro segundo a metodologia proposta. A referida técnica mostrou-se uma maneira eficiente e relativamente simples de avaliar os efeitos simultâneos da carga e da temperatura sobre o atrito. / The current thesis describes the development of equipment (tribometer) and testing procedure for characterizing the isolated effect of temperature on friction measurements obtained from vehicular friction materials. The design of this equipment was based on the features and limitations found in the main machinery and testing procedures for brakes. Details about the mechanical design and automation of the tribometer are presented as well as its instrumental measurement uncertainties and precision. Besides, a new testing procedure is proposed in order to characterize the isolated effect of temperature on friction results obtained in the tests. The current mechanical design of the tribometer comprises some features that contribute to make the equipment operation ease and thus reduce its setup time. A crank and screw mechanism, which is used for adjusting the sliding radius, and a device for rapid exchange of the samples by means of a single screw are both examples of those features. The current automation design of the tribometer consists of circuits for controlling load, speed, torque and temperature, which operate in closed loop mode. The instrumental measurement uncertainty from the friction measuring system is ±2,9% of the nominal friction measurement, considering the typical operating range of the machine. Experimental tests performed on the tribometer showed that the repeatability (precision) of the friction measurements is ±0,013. The automation design also included the connection between the tribometer and an induction heater. The use of this technology together with the proposed testing procedure proved to be a suitable tool for characterizing the isolated effect of temperature on friction during braking tests performed on the tribometer. This work is also complemented by the development of a technique for post-processing the data related to the tests carried out in accordance with the proposed testing procedure for the tribometer. This technique proved to be an efficient and clear way to assess the simultaneous effects of load and temperature on friction measurements.

Describe entire information about design of respective component in Formula (category Student) braking system is object of this thesis. Processing is divided to four main areas. The first one describes basic components in braking system, which goes on analysis of braking system in present used Formula Student Dragon 1. The second one, more spread part, consists of braking system proportioning for Formula Student Dragon 2, respecting pieces of knowledge from first generation Formula. The third part involves design single components of braking system for second generation Formula. This design is supported by measurements and results of calculations. The conclusion of master thesis involves design of caliper model and its FEM analysis.

Industrial robots are increasingly used within the manufacturing industry, especially in collaborative applications, where robots and operators are intended to work together in certain tasks. This collaboration needs to be safe, to ensure that an operator does not get injured in any way. One of several solutions to this is to use virtual safety zones, which limits the robots working range and area to operate within, and may be more flexible than physical fences. When the robot exceeds the allowed limit of the virtual safety zone, a control system that monitors the robot position, forces to robot to stop. Depending on the current speed and payload of the robot, the initialized stop has a braking distance until the robot has completely stopped. How far the separation distance between human and robot must be, is calculated using ISO-standard guidelines when doing risk assessments. To support affected personnel in their work, an investigation and experimentation of braking distances among several robots has been conducted. These testing experiments have been designed to simulate a collaborative operation which is an excessive risk in a robot cell. The tests have been performed with various speeds and payloads, for comparison between the robot models and for validation against already existing data. The difference with this study compared to existing ones is that several robot axis’ are used simultaneously in the testing movements, which is a benefit since a robot rarely operates with only one axis at a time.  Main results of the performed tests are that the robot doesn’t obtain speeds over 2000 mm/s when axis 1 is not involved, before the virtual safety zone is reached. Axis 1 can generate the highest speeds overall, and is therefore a significant factor of the braking distance. The results and conclusions from this thesis states that these kinds of tests give useful information to the industry when it comes to safety separation distance and risk assessments. When applying the information in a correct way, the benefits are that a shorter safety separation distance can be used without compromising on safety. This leads to great advantages in robot cell design, because space is limited on the factory floor.

The aim of this work is to investigate the potential of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) for identification of visually unrecognizable braking tracks. Identification of these tracks is based on different chemical composition of tire tread in comparison to road surface. The investigation was divided in several sequential steps – selection of suitable chemical element and its spectral line for break tracks identification; determination of the limits of detection and threshold intensity respectively for the selected chemical element; verification of LIBS ability to detect braking tracks on a real braking track. This testing braking track was prepared by exactly defined and described conditions. The detection was performed in two ways – laboratory analysis of tire treads particles collected via adhesive tape and in situ analysis via mobile apparatus. Results of both measurements showed that LIBS is able to detect visually unrecognizable braking tracks. Concepts of the devices capable of routine braking tracks identification for both possibilities were introduced.

In HEV and EV, higher fuel economy is achieved by operating the ICE and electric motor in the most efficient region and by using regenerative braking. Such a braking system converts, transfers, stores and reuses kinetic energy which would otherwise be dissipated as heat through friction brakes to the environment. This research investigates the control of braking for a mixed-mode braking system in a these vehicles based on the proportion of braking energy that can be stored. Achieving mixed-mode braking requires the ‘blending’ of the two systems (regenerative and friction), and in brake blending, the electric motor/generator (M/G) and the hydraulic actuation pressure are controlled together to meet the driver’s braking demand. The research presented here has established a new robust dynamic modelling procedure for the design of combined regenerative and hydraulic braking systems. Direct torque control and pressure control were selected as the control criteria in both brakes. Two simulation models have been developed in Matlab/Simulink to generate analysis the performance of the control strategy in the blended braking system. Integration of the regenerative braking system with ABS has also been completed, based on two conditions, with and without the deactivation of the regenerative braking. Verification of the models is presented, based on experimental work on two EVs manufactured by TATA Motors; the ACE light commercial vehicle and the VISTA small passenger car. It is concluded that braking demand and vehicle speed determine the operating point of the motor/generator and hence the regenerative braking ratio.

No description available.

Rapid adoption of battery electric vehicles means improving energy consumption is a top priority. Regenerative braking converts kinetic energy to electrical energy stored in the battery pack while the vehicle is decelerating. Coasting is an alternative strategy that minimizes energy consumption by decelerating the vehicle using only road load. This work refines a battery electric vehicle model to assess regen, coasting, and other deceleration strategies. A road load model based on public test data calculates tractive effort based on speed and acceleration. Bidirectional Willans lines are the basis of the powertrain model simulating battery energy consumption. Regen braking tractive and powertrain power are modeled backward from prescribed linear velocity curves, and the coasting trajectory is forward modeled given zero tractive power. Decel modes based on zero battery and motor power are also forward modeled. Multi-Mode decel (using a low power mode with regen) is presented as an intermediate strategy. An example vehicle is modeled in fixed-route simulations using these strategies and is scored based on travel time, energy consumption, and bias towards minimizing one of those metrics. Regen braking has the lowest travel time, and coasting the lowest energy consumption, but such bias increases overall cost. Multi-mode strategies lower overall cost by balancing reductions in travel time and energy consumption. The model is sensitive to grade and accessory load fluctuation, making this work adaptable to different vehicles and environments. This work demonstrates the utility of regen braking alternatives that could enhance connected and automated vehicle systems in battery electric vehicles. / Master of Science / As battery electric vehicle adoption accelerates, reducing energy consumption remains a priority. While regenerative braking saves energy by recharging the battery pack using kinetic energy, coasting (deceleration caused only by road load) has potential as well. This work focuses on refining a battery electric vehicle model and assessing various deceleration strategies. A road load model calculates wheel tractive effort, and Willans lines are used to model powertrain energy consumption. Coasting and other deceleration modes based on zero system power are modeled to produce speed trajectories, and regenerative braking power is modeled using prescribed linear velocity curves. Strategies that use multiple decel modes are also considered. An example battery electric vehicle is assessed using these strategies in fixed-route simulations. Vehicle performance is scored based on battery energy consumption and travel time. Regenerative braking has the lowest travel time, and coasting the lowest energy consumption, but those strategies also have the highest overall cost. Multi-mode strategies lower cost by balancing energy consumption and travel time. The strategies are sensitive to changes in road grade and accessory power, meaning the model can be used with different vehicles and environments. This work demonstrates the utility of alternatives to regenerative braking and how such strategies could enhance battery electric vehicles with autonomous capabilities.