Syfte: Denna studies syfte är att öka förståelsen för vilka personlighetsdrag konsumenter tillskriver varumärken beroende på logotypens färg. Metod: Eftersom studiens syfte har varit att öka förståelsen för ämnet har en kvalitativ metod använts och färgerna blå, grön, gul, röd och svart har legat till grund för undersökningen. För att samla in empiriskt material har semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts med tolv deltagare. Materialet har analyserats med hjälp av Aakers (1997) Brand Personality Scale samt tematisering. Resultat & slutsats: Studiens resultat visar att den blå logotypen associeras med kompetens, den gröna med uppriktighet och den gula med spänning. Den röda logotypen har även den associerats med kompetens och den svarta med robusthet, i Aakers (1997) Brand Personality Scale. Reaktionerna för den blå och den gröna logotypen har visat sig vara enklast för deltagarna att placera samt visat sig överensstämma med tidigare forskningsresultat. Den gula, röda och svarta logotypen har upplevts svårare och resultaten har avvikit mer från tidigare forskning. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Våra förslag för framtida forskning är att istället för att studera färger, studera vilken påverkan logotypens utformning har på varumärkets personlighet. Vidare kan framtidens forskning studera flerfärgade logotyper. Vår studie studerar endast en speciell subgrupp och framtida forskning kan därför studera en annan subgrupp för jämförelse. Uppsatsens bidrag: Som bidrag till framtida forskning ser vi att denna studie beskriver samband mellan färgerna blå, grön, gul, röd och svart och dimensionerna som återfinns i Aakers (1997) Brand Personality Scale. Detta tillägg ser vi skulle fungera som ett utvecklande ramverk och därför bidra till det teoretiska perspektivet i framtida studier utförda i Sverige. Som rekommendation kan företag rent praktiskt använda sig av dessa resultat när de ska välja färg för sin logotyp. / Aim: In this study we aim to increase understanding of the personality traits consumers ascribe to brands depending on the color of the logo. Method: Due to the aim of the study, which was to increase understanding of the topic, a qualitative method has been used. To collect empirical data semi-structured interviews were conducted with twelve participants. The material was analyzed using Aaker’s (1997) Brand Personality Scale and thematisation. Result & Conclusions: Results show that the blue logo is associated with competence, green with sincerity and yellow with excitement. The red logo has also been associated with competence and the black with ruggedness, in Aaker’s (1997) Brand Personality Scale. The reactions of the blue and green logo has proven to be the easiest for the participants to place and shown to be consistent with previous research. The yellow, red and black logo has been perceived more difficult and the results have deviated more from previous research. Suggestions for future research: Our suggestions for future research is that instead of examining colors, examine the impact of the logo design in brand personality. Furthermore, future research could investigate multi-color logos. Our study examines only a specific subgroup and future research can explore a different subgroup for comparison. Contribution of the thesis: As a contribution to future research, this study describes the relationship between the colors blue, green, yellow, red and black and the dimensions found in Aakers (1997) Brand Personality Scale. This addition would serve as a developed framework and thus contribute to the theoretical perspective in future studies carried out in Sweden. As a recommendation, companies can practically use these results when they are designing their logo.

Given highly competitive markets where numerous quality equivalent brands exist in the sport industry, a well-established brand personality of sport brands can help sport brand managers or practitioners differentiate their brands from competitors beyond utilitarian or functional characteristics. In addition, brand personality enables marketers to effectively communicate with their consumers about the brands as well as build a strong relationship. Given the importance of brand personality as a marketing tool, sport brand managers and marketers could benefit from a sport brand personality scale in order to measure their brands’ personality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was therefore to develop a valid and reliable instrument for measuring brand personality in sport based on the rigorous definition of sport brand personality that excludes non-human personality traits, focusing on understanding the symbolic meanings of sport brands within a specific category (professional sport leagues in the U.S.). I identified five factors (i.e., Agreeableness, Emotionality/Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Honesty) and developed a valid and reliable five-dimensional instrument in order to measure sport brand personality. The confirmatory factor analysis confirmed that the five-factor model has a satisfactory fit. This study contributes to the literature by (a) recognizing that defining the brand personality construct thoroughly can be a fundamental step in the process of developing a sport brand personality instrument; (b) developing a reliable and valid instrument that has five dimensional factors based on the rigorous brand personality definition; and (c) providing crucial information for brand managers or marketers to initiate effective positioning and advertising strategies.

Bakgrund: Brand personality beskrivs i litteraturen som den uppsättning avpersonliga egenskaper som beskriver ett varumärke, genom att försevarumärken med mänskliga drag kan konsumenten lättare relatera ochknyta an till sina egna preferenser utifrån sin egen karaktär (Aaker 1997).Det var år 1997 som forskaren Jennifer Aaker (1997) kom med denförsta definitionen om brand personality, som följde "the set of humancharacteristics associated with a brand" (Aaker 1997, p 347). Syfte: Syftet är att förklara hur Aaker’s (1997) modell brand personality “thebig five” kan revideras för att passa till den Svenska kontexten. Forskningsfråga: Vilka dimensioner i modellen brand personality “the big five” (Aaker,1997) behöver revideras för att appliceras i en Svensk kontext?Vilka personlighetsdrag och dimensioner är unika för den svenskakontexten och behöver därmed adderas till brand personality modellen? Metod: Denna studie har antagit en abduktivt angreppssätt, där tidigareforskning om brand personality har varit utgångspunkt. Författarna toggrund i befintlig teori med avsikt att testa modellen ”the big five” skapadav Aaker (1997) empiriskt i en ny kontext. Till studien tillämpadesfokusgrupp (förstudie) och enkät. Resultat och slutsats: Genom studien var det möjligt att fastslå att Aakers (1997) ursprungligamodell brand personality, inte var funktionell i den kontext som studienämnar. En revidering var nödvändig för att uppnå en effektiv brandpersonality i den svenska kontexten. Resultatet genererade 41personlighetsdrag fördelade i 15 fasetter och fem dimensioner. Unikt förden svenska kontexten är åtta nya personlighetsdrag och tvådimensioner. Dimensionerna sophistication och ruggedness (Aaker1997) förkastades och ersattes av dynamisk och elementär. Det påvisadesatt vissa personlighetsdrag hade en annan innebörd i den svenskakontexten och var därmed bättre lämpade till en annan dimension.

<p>How do consumers respond when they experience threats to interpersonal relationships, or social exclusion? This research suggests that consumers will seek brands that are characterized by a specific personality trait dimension. In particular, consumers will seek sincere brands as a means to fulfill the need to belong. I argue that this sincerity orientation effect occurs because the sincerity dimension is positively associated with relationship growth and strength. Several studies demonstrate that when excluded, consumers become biased in their impressions of and preferences for sincere brands; they also feel stronger self-brand connections to sincere brands. Further, two studies demonstrate the moderating roles of identity-relevant affirmation and self-esteem in the relationship between exclusion and sincerity orientation towards brands.</p> / Dissertation

This research experimentally investigated the interactive effects of regulatory focus and brand personality on persuasion in advertising. Specifically, the study sought to know whether the interplay would increase a positive attitude toward the advertisement, the brand and purchase intention. The results of this present research showed that excitement brand personality was concerned with a promotion focus and when an exciting brand is advertised with a promotion focused message, the effectiveness of the advertisement was increased. In contrast, competence brand personality was concerned with prevention focus and when a competent brand is advertised with a prevention focused message, the effectiveness of the advertisement was increased. / text

Titel: Varumärkens personlighet: En kvalitativ undersökning av relevanta faktorer. Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Douglas Svinge, Louisa Plymoth Hjalmarsson Handledare: Jonas Molin och Lars-Johan Åge Examinator: Maria Fregidou-Malama Datum: 2020 – 05 – 25 Syfte: Då det råder en brist på kvalitativa undersökningar – samt en brist på kunskap angående vilka faktorer som påverkar hur konsumenter upplever en varumärkespersonlighet – anser vi att det är av intresse att med hjälp av en kvalitativ undersökning skapa en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar hur konsumenter upplever en varumärkespersonlighet. Syftet med denna studie är därför att öka förståelsen för vilka faktorer som är relevanta för hur konsumenter upplever en varumärkespersonlighet. Metod: Vi har valt att utgå ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsdesign, där ett deduktivt förhållningssätt har valts för att kunna besvara syftet. Vi använder oss av tidigare framforskad teori inom varumärkespersonlighet och marknadsföringsmixen, vilka vi kombinerar för att undersöka hur teorin förhåller sig till vår insamlade empiri. Vi har sammanställt vår data och identifierat olika teman och mönster, vilket vi sedan ställt mot vårt teoretiska material. Tio stycken intervjuer har genomförts och den yngsta respondenten var 19 år och den äldsta 63 år. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Respondenterna valde olika personlighetsdrag för respektive varumärke, vilket innebär att de upplever distinkta varumärkespersonligheter. Vi ifrågasätter dock relevansen av personlighetsdragen charmig och glamorös för snabbmatsbranschen då de ej valdes någon gång. Vårt resultat tyder på att samtliga faktorer i 7P-ramverket påverkar upplevd varumärkespersonlighet, där vissa faktorer verkar vara viktigare än andra. Examensarbetets bidrag: Vår studie skapar en större förståelse för att företag bör beakta samtliga aspekter i 7P-ramverket vid utveckling och kommunikation av önskad varumärkespersonlighet. Genom att öka denna förståelse kan företag mer effektivt utvärdera och anpassa sina varumärkespersonligheter för att på så vis attrahera kunder och bygga långsiktiga kundrelationer. Vi ser även vår inkludering av negativa personlighetsdrag i form av motsatsord som ett viktigt praktiskt bidrag. Genom denna inkludering fick vi insikt om att flera faktorer som påverkar att konsumenter associerar varumärken med positiva personlighetsdrag även kan påverka att negativa personlighetsdrag tillskrivs varumärket om de inte sköts på ett korrekt vis. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Vi föreslår att framtida forskning genomför liknande studier för olika branscher och olika länder. Detta skulle öka möjligheten att generalisera resultaten, och det skulle även innebära en chans att identifiera nya mönster gällande faktorer som påverkar hur konsumenter upplever en varumärkespersonlighet. Framtida kvantitativa undersökningar vore önskvärt för att kunna avgöra om de mönster och teman vi urskilt står fast med ett större antal deltagare. Detta skulle till exempel kunna genomföras med hjälp av en enkät där respondenter får välja och rangordna faktorer som har påverkat upplevda personlighetsdrag. Ytterligare forskning krävs även för att kunna ta reda på vilken/vilka faktorer som har störst respektive minst påverkan på hur konsumenter upplever en varumärkespersonlighet. Nyckelord: Brand Personality Scale, Brand Personality, Marketing Mix, 7P Model, Modified Brand Personality scale, Antecedents of brand personality. / Title: Varumärkens personlighet: En kvalitativ undersökning av relevanta faktorer. Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor's Degree in Business Administration Authors: Douglas Svinge, Louisa Plymoth Supervisors: Jonas Molin och Lars-Johan ÅgeExaminator: Maria Fregidou-Malama  Date: 2020 - 05- 25 Aim: Since there is a lack of qualitative research - as well as a lack of knowledge about the factors that influence how consumers perceive the personality of a brand - we believe it is of interest to use a qualitative method to create a deeper understanding of the factors that influence how consumers evaluate brand personality. The purpose of this study is therefore to increase understanding of the factors that are relevant to how consumers evaluate brand personality. Method: We have chosen to base our study on a qualitative research design, and a deductive approach was chosen to answer our purpose. We use previously researched theory on brand personality and the marketing mix, which we combine to investigate how the theory relates to our collected empirics. We have compiled our data and identified different themes and patterns, which we then tested against our theoretical material. Ten interviews have been conducted and the youngest respondent was 19 years old and the oldest respondent 63 years old. Result &amp; Conclusions: Our respondents chose different personality traits for each brand, which suggests that distinct brand personalities were perceived. We question the relevance of the personality traits charming and glamorous for the fast-food industry since they were not chosen once in our study. Our results suggest that all the factors in the 7P-framework affect perceived brand personality, where some factors seem to be more important than others. Contribution of the thesis: Our study supports that brand should consider all factors of the 7P-framework in the development and communication of desired brand personality. This way brands will be able to assess and adjust their brand personalities more efficiently in order to attract customers and build long-lasting relationships. An inclusion of negative personality traits is suggested in the evaluation of brands as it may increase the understanding of how different factors affect how customers perceive brand personalities. Suggestions for future research: We suggest that future research perform similar studies among different industries and countries. This would increase the generalizability of the results and it would also provide a chance to identify new patterns regarding factors that affect how consumers perceive a brand personality. Future quantitative studies would be desirable in order to determine whether our results are valid for a larger number or respondents. An example would be to use a survey where respondents would choose and rank factors depending on their respective impact on perceived brand personality. Further research is also required in order to determine which factors of the 7P-model that are more/less important. Key words: Brand Personality Scale, Brand Personality, Marketing Mix, 7P Model, Modified Brand Personality scale, Antecedents of brand personality.

The purpose of this study was to determine if personality fit between NASCAR drivers and their major sponsors affects the sponsorship outcomes of consumer attitudes toward the sponsor, attitudes toward the brand, and purchase intentions during a NASCAR event. Moreover, fan identification and product involvement were examined as moderators between personality fit and the three sponsorship outcomes. A cross-sectional, non-experimental, exploratory study was conducted at a NEXTEL Cup event in April 2007, the NASCAR Samsung 500 at Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas. Several hundred paper-and-pencil questionnaires were distributed to willing participants prior to the start of the race. A total of 385 questionnaires were distributed during the event, and 347 were completed and useable for data analysis, resulting in a 90% response rate. The demographic variables analyzed in this study showed that there were approximately 58% males and 38% females (percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding or missing responses). The majority of the sample was Caucasian (82%) and married (62%). Respondents at this event were fairly evenly distributed according to age with 11.2% in the 18-24 range, 25.6% in the 25-34 range, 33.7% in the 35-44 range, 18.2% in the 45-54 range and 7.5% in the 55 and older age range. Finally, most of the respondents were high school graduates (31%) or had some college experience (23%). Data analyses conducted in the study included a factor analysis, descriptive statistics (i.e., frequencies, means, and standard deviations), bivariate correlations, and hierarchical moderated regression analyses. Results indicated that there were three personality dimensions present among the NASCAR drivers and their major sponsors: (1) Excitement/Ruggedness, (2) Competence/Sophistication, and (3) Sincerity. Personality fit on all dimensions had a positive effect on each of the three dependent variables: attitude toward the sponsor, attitude toward the brand, and purchase intentions, with personality fit on Dimension 1 having the strongest overall impact. Fan identification moderated the relationship between personality fit and all three dependent variables. Product involvement had a significant direct effect on all three dependent variables, but had only a slight moderating effect on personality fit and attitude toward the sponsor.

The concept of university branding has received considerable attention over the past decade, with numerous studies being conducted on university image, reputation and identity. However, few research studies have focused exclusively on the brand personality construct in relation to universities. This study develops a theoretical framework for the measurement and evaluation of university brand personality. Forty American universities were evaluated based on a set of personality traits by 209 college students and alumni from the United States. Five dimensions of university brand personality were observed: Sincerity, Prestige, Excitement, Distinctiveness and Ruggedness. This framework serves as a research tool to investigate brand personality characteristics, and facilitates the comparison of different institutions on a uniform scale. Numerous applications exist in the areas of brand strategy, positioning and crisis management. / text

Brand extension has been the source of strategic growth for many firms during recent decades. Introducing new products under existing brand names is one way to use the image of a brand name to enter new markets. Previous research has shown that the success of a brand extension depends on the transfer of the parent brand associations to the extended product. Although the transfer of brand associations from the parent brand to the extension is recognised as crucial for the success of brand extension, surprisingly little research has been conducted on how brand associations actually are transferred. In the present research, I argue for expanding the view on brand extension to include market communication of product introductions. Explanations are provided on how brand associations are transferred in multiple brand extension from an advertising perspective. The empirical data are based on a case study of the personal and skin care brand Nivea and include an advertising analysis that spans a time period of 72 years, interviews with executives, and a document analysis. The interpretation of the case is guided by a review of the literature on brand extension, brand associations, and brand personality. Insights into how brand associations are transferred in multiple brand extension are advanced in the conclusion, emphasising that brand associations are transferred not only from parent brand to extended product but also from one extension to another. The results also show that the brand associations change due to contextual changes as a consequence of the transfer to a new product. The context refers to the intended user or usage situation. Furthermore, the study suggests that corporate associations reinforce brand associations of extended products. Finally, I propose that future research should include the organisation as part of the brand extension process. The study is intended to contribute to an increased understanding of brand extension, facilitating the creation of new hypotheses, research designs, and methods in the research area.

Problematisering och Syfte: Tidigare studier visar att det essentiella i att skapa ett starkt varumärke är att utveckla strategier inom områdena destinationsvarumärke, destinationsmarknadsföring och brand personality, för att i slutändan nå ut med ett budskap om att vara en attraktiv destination. Detta innebär att det är av stor vikt för Söderhamn att hitta vad som är unikt med destinationen och skapa en varumärkespersonlighet, för att sedan kommunicera ut detta för att på så sätt öka attraktiviteten, och således skapa ett starkt varumärke så att dem kan vara konkurrenskraftiga sett till andra konkurrerande turistdestinationer. Syftet med studien är att analysera Söderhamn utifrån ett brand personality perspektiv. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där den teoretiska referensramen bygger på tidigare studier. Studiens empiri är utförd genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Studien antar en deduktiv ansats. Resultat och Slutsats: Empirin visar vilken varumärkespersonlighet destinationsvarumärket Söderhamn har utifrån Aaker´s (1997) modell Brand Personality Traits. Slutsatsen som jag kan dra är att modellen kan appliceras på ett destinationsvarumärke och inte endast på varumärken med produkter och tjänster. Studiens bidrag: Ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv har studien bidragit med ett sätt att tydliggöra ett destinationsvarumärkes varumärke genom en utarbetning av en varumärkespersonlighet. Det praktiska bidraget studien ger är tillvägagångssätt för praktiker att utarbeta en varumärkespersonlighet. / Problematization and Purpose: Previous studies shows that the essential in creating a strong brand, is to develop strategies within the area destination brand, destination marketing and brand personality, to ultimately reach out with the message of being an attractive destination. That means it is of great importance for Söderhamn to find out what is unique with the destination and create a brand personality. Then communicate this to increase attractiveness and through this build a strong brand that creates competitive advantages compared to other destinations. The purpose with this study is to analyze Söderhamn from a brand personality perspective. Method: This study is based on a qualitative research method in which the theoretical frame of references is based on previous studies while the empiricism is carried out through semi-structured interviews. The study assumes a deductive approach.  Result and Conclusion: The study shows the brand personality of Söderhamn based on Aaker´s (1997) model Brand personality Traits. The conclusion is that the model can be applied on a destination brand and not only on brands with products or services. Contribution of the study: The study addresses a way of clarifying what a destination brand stands for through developing a brand personality. The practical contribution the study makes is courses of action for practitioners to develop a brands  -brand personality.